Physical Science ES Chapter 19

Part A: There are five atoms in the methane molecule, CH4. One of these five is a carbon atom, which is 1/5×100=20% carbon. What is the percentage carbon in ethane, C2H6?

25%

Part B: There are five atoms in the methane molecule, CH4. One of these five is a carbon atom, which is 1/5×100=20% carbon. What is the percentage carbon in propane, C3H8?

27%

Part C: There are five atoms in the methane molecule, CH4. One of these five is a carbon atom, which is 1/5×100=20% carbon. What is the percentage carbon in butane, C4H10?

29%

Remember that carbon-carbon single bonds can rotate but carbon-carbon double bonds cannot rotate. How many different structures are shown below?

3

What is the percent volume of water in 80-proof vodka?

60%

Part B: Identify the functional group(s) present in each molecule.

Alcohol- CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2OH Ketone- CH3COCH3 Carboxylic acid- CH3CH2CH2COOH

Identify each property as that of alcohols, ethers, or both.

Alcohols: can hydrogen-bond with each other boiling point much higher than alkanes Ethers: boiling point close to that of alkanes Both: can hydrogen-bond with water contain oxygen have flammable vapors

Part B: Classify the following line-bond formulas as ketones or aldehydes.

Aldehyde- 2 hydrogens with a double bonded oxygen 3 hexagons with an oxygen coming off the top 4 bonds with double bonded oxygen at the top Ketone- hexagon with a double bonded oxygen at top 6 bonds with double bond on second bond double oxygen bond at top

Part C: What is the chemical formulas for the following structure?

C4H10O

Part D: What is the chemical formulas for the following structure?

C4H8O

Part B: What is the chemical formulas for the following structure?

C7H12

Part A: What is the chemical formulas for the following structure?

C7H16

Part A: The molecule below contains both an aldehyde and a ketone functional group. Select only the carbonyl carbon atom of the aldehyde functional group.

Carbon in the middle connected to a doubled bonded oxygen. Just select the C.

Rank the following hydrocarbons in order of increasing number of hydrogen atoms: Rank from least to most. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Cyclo with 2 double bonds Cyclo with 1 double bond Cyclo

Rank the following hydrocarbons in order of increasing number of hydrogen atoms: Rank from least to most. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Cyclobutane and 2-Butene are equal Butane

Rank the following organic molecules in order of increasing solubility in water:

Just regular structure with 4 carbons Structure with 1 OH bond Structure with 2 OH bonds

Part A: A functional group is a specific set of atoms, arranged in a specific structure, that defines a particular class of organic compounds. Classify each molecule according to its functional group.

Ketone- Long Structure with 5 Hydrogens and double bonded oxygen on the 3rd carbon Ester- Long structure with 2 carbons, then an oxygen, the 2 carbons, doubled bonded oxygen on the 2nd carbon Aldehyde- short structure with 2 carbons, double bonded oxygen on 1st carbon

Rank the following molecules in order of the phase they form at room temperature: solid, liquid, gas. Rank from solid to gas. To rank items as equivalent, overlap them.

Only one with a hexagon CH3CH2CH2CH2-OH CH3CH2CH2CH3

Rank the following organic molecules in order of increasing solubility in water:

Pentagon with O attached Pentagon with N and H attached Pentagon with N+, 2 H's, and Cl- attached

Part A: Add groups to complete polyvinyl alcohol, formed by the polymerization of the following monomer. If a carbon atom contains only one hydroxyl group, place it below the carbon backbone, as demonstrated by the hydroxyl group added for you.

Top- all hydrogens Bottom- H,OH,H,OH,H,OH

In water, does the following molecule act as an acid, a base, neither, or both?

a base

The polymer styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), shown here, is used for making tires as well as bubble gum. Is it an addition polymer or a condensation polymer?

an addition polymer

What is one way functional groups are distinguished from one another?

by the heteroatoms they contain

Part B: One of these products is a common food preservative. What is its name?

sodium benzoate

Part A: What products are formed upon the reaction of benzoic acid with sodium hydroxide, NaOH?

sodium benzoate,water