Protein Synthesis

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After all of the amino acids are assembled, a protein is made!

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Protein synthesis exists becasue it makes proteins, based on information in DNA, and proteins are needed for repairing and building cell structures.

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The DNA is rewritten by a type of RNA called mRNA, or messenger RNA, so it can fit through the nucleus.

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The first step, which is in transcription, is when the DNA is needed in RNA form, which starts by the DNA untwisting, the RNA polymerase binds to the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds, then the polymerase uses the DNA strand as a template to make the mRNA, the mRNA then separates, and goes to the ribosomes.

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The mRNA reads a combination of any three nucleotides called a codon, and each codon makes one amino acid.

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The mRNA then carries the message from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to find a ribosome.

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The next step is translation, where the mRNA makes the proteins.

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The process of protein synthesis has 2 main steps, but many other mini-steps built into to those.

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The ribosomes are also another type of RNA, called rRNA, or ribosomal RNA.

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The tRNA anticodon attaches to the mRNA codon and releases the amino acid.

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The tRNA, or transfer RNA, then picks up free amino acids from the cytoplasm to bring to the ribosomes.

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The whole process finishes when a stop codon appears in the mRNA.

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Then the process is repeated with more amino acids joining to the chain, connected by peptide bonds.

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This occurs because DNA is too big to fit outside of the nucleus, unlike the RNA, which travels throughout the cell.