PSB3002 Chapter 9
Adenosine receptors are blocked by ____which in turn promotes ____
caffeine; wakefulness
Circadian rhythms are
endogenous cycles of activity over the course of a day.
An electro-oculogram is an instrument used in sleep studies to measure
eye movements.
Symptoms of narcolepsy involving REM sleep (such as cataplexy) are effectively treated by drugs that
facilitate both serotonin and catecholamine activity.
The "ticking" of a clock cell within the SCN appears to involve
feedback loops of intracellular protein production.
Neural activity in the suprachiasmatic nuclei tissue from rats is
higher during the day and lower at night.
Insomnia is defined
in relation to a person's particular needs.
A full day of tourist activities at an amusement park would be expected to
increase the amount of time spent that night in slow-wave sleep.
A key source of noradrenergic neurons in the brain is the
locus coeruleus.
Seasonal rhythms are under the control of ____secreted by cells within the ____
melatonin; pineal gland.
The sleep disorder known as ________ can be produced by degeneration of hypocretin neurons in the brain.
narcolepsy
Enforced bed rest for 6 weeks resulted in ___in healthy subjects.
no change in sleep patterns
Narcolepsy is characterized by all of the following EXCEPT
nocturnal enuresis.
Sleep stages 1-4 are termed ____, whereas stages 3 -4 are referred to as _____
non-REM sleep; slow-wave sleep.
The increased arousal and sleeplessness produced by amphetamine is related to the release of
norepinephrine.
Hypocretin neurons are more active during ____but are inactive during _____
normal waking ;sleep.
Sleep deprivation in humans results in
perceptual disorders.
Damage to the ventrolateral preoptic area would be expected to
produce insomnia.
The negative effects of aging on sleep quality may reflect a(n)
reduced sensitivity in adenosine receptors due to fewer receptors.
The primary function of slow-wave sleep is to
rest the brain.
The primary function of stage 4 of slow-wave sleep is to
rest the brain.
The sleep pattern of the dolphin is unique in that
sleep and waking occur independently in the two hemispheres.
It is untrue that
sleep patterns are similar in all species.
Somnambulism is synonymous with
sleep walking.
Weight gain is a common outcome for a person suffering from
sleep-related eating disorder.
Another name for sleep stages 3 and 4 is
slow-wave sleep.
Nightmares that are particularly terrifying occur during
stage 4 of slow-wave sleep.
A common cause that elicits an episode of cataplexy is
strong emotions or physical exertion.
REM-ON neurons are located within the _______, whereas REM-OFF neurons are located within the _______.
sublateral dorsal nucleus; ventrolateral PAG
Which of the following do NOT belong together?
REM sleep; EEG synchrony
The predictable changes in blood flow to the male genitals that occur during ________ can be a useful clinical indicator of ________.
REM sleep; impotence
Which of the following is NOT true of sleep?
Sleep is not a behavior.
Which of the following is true of sleeping medications?
Sleeping pills can lead to daytime hangovers.
Narcolepsy is predominantly a problem involving
an attack of sleep during the day.
The symptoms of REM-sleep behavior disorder are exaggerated by administration of
antidepressant drugs.
The theta brain wave pattern is characterized by changes in frequency of electrical activity of
3.5-7.5 Hz.
A single cycle of non-REM through REM sleep lasts about
90 minutes
____neurons play a key role in cerebral activation during alert wakefulness.
Acetlycholine
Damage to the rat SCN would be expected to disrupt circadian rhythms related to
All of the above are correct.
It may be inappropriate to use a sleeping medication to treat insomnia because
All of the above are correct.
Persons suffering from fatal familial insomnia resemble sleep-deprived rats in terms of
All of the above are correct.
Prolonged sleep deprivation in humans results in
All of the above are correct.
The symptom known as ______ is an abnormality of REM sleep.
All of the above are correct.
Wakefulness is promoted by the neurotransmitter substance
All of the above are correct.
Which of the following is true of sleep?
All of the above are correct.
Which of the following is true of human sleep cycles?
As the night goes on, the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle.
Humans show which pattern of blood flow and mental activity during REM sleep?
Cerebral blood flow is low in the primary visual cortex; Cerebral blood flow is high in the visual association cortex and low in the frontal cortex.
____will occur soon after the appearance of rapid eye movements in the sleep record.
Paradoxical sleep
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of REM sleep?
EGG synchrony
Which of the following treatments in rats would be expected to increase locomotion and to enhance the amount of cortical arousal evident in an EEG record?
Electrical stimulation of the raphe nuclei
____during REM sleep may be controlled by projections from the dorsal pons to the ____
Eye movements ; tectum
________ refers to the vivid dreams that may occur during sleep paralysis.
Hypnagogic hallucination
Which of the following represents a mental state that accompanies slow-wave sleep?
Nightmares
A key symptom of REM-sleep behavior disorder is
a lack of paralysis during REM sleep.
Electrical stimulation of brain neurons that release ____produces cortical arousal.
acetylcholine
Caffeine promotes wakefulness because it is a(n)
adenosine antagonist.
The symptoms of REM-sleep behavior disorder are opposite to those noted in
cataplexy.
Microdialysis studies indicate that the synaptic level of acetylcholine within the ________ is elevated during waking as well as during REM sleep.
cerebral cortex
The various stages of sleep are easily distinguished by
changes in the electrical activity of the brain.
The mood change and cognitive dysfunctions associated with jet-lag and shift work can be reduced by
consumption of melatonin.
The firing rates of noradrenergic cells within the locus coeruleus
decrease during sleep and increase at awakening
The____is an instrument used to record electrical potentials from muscles during sleep.
electromyogram
Adenosine may promote sleep by
suppressing the release of GABA within the VLPA.
The capacity of circuits involving the vlPOA and the locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and dorsal pons to show mutual inhibition may result in
the alternation between sleep and waking.
An effective treatment for REM-sleep behavior disorder is the administration of
the drug clonazepam.
The notion that sleep or wakefulness is produced by a substance that circulates within the blood is
unlikely given that the cerebral hemispheres of a dolphin sleep at different times.
A ___is a stimulus that resets an internal biological clock.
zeitgeber
