PSY 120 Exam 3 review

The textbook suggests that _____ and _____ memory are the newest modifications to Atkinson and Shiffrin's classic model of memory.

automatic processing; working

In classical conditioning, the _____ response is the unlearned, naturally occurring reaction to the unconditioned stimulus, such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

unconditioned

A garden snake slithers past Shayla's feet as she walks to her driveway. Shayla startles, momentarily frightened. A spike of activity is probably occurring in the _____ in Shayla's brain.

amygdala

_____ memory refers to one's tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current emotions.

Mood-congruent

_____ interference occurs when something learned now interferes with one's ability to recall something learned earlier.

Retroactive

The _____ need is the need to build relationships and to feel a part of the group.

affiliation

Down syndrome is an intellectual disability associated with a physical cause. It is caused by:

an extra chromosome 21.

Rhonda cannot remember anything about the first several minutes immediately following a car crash in which she was injured. Rhonda is experiencing _____ amnesia.

anterograde

Through direct experience with animals, people come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This BEST illustrates:

associative learning.

Ivan Pavlov was associated with the study of what?

classical conditioning

Three-year-old Kirsten was playing with a balloon she was given by her father. While playing with the balloon, it popped in her face, which frightened her and caused her to cry loudly. That weekend, she was attending a birthday party and saw some balloons and began to cry and ran out of the room. This is an example of:

classical conditioning

While 5-year-old Martha was looking at one of the balloons her mother set out for her birthday, Martha's brother Timmy took a pin and popped the balloon, causing her to flinch and blink quickly. Later, during the party, Martha's mother approached her with a balloon and she blinked and flinched. This is an example of:

classical conditioning.

Because we are human, language allows us to learn things we have neither experienced nor observed. This type of learning is called:

cognitive learning.

Baby boomers, generation X, and millennials refer to groups of people born within several years of each other; that is, they refer to:

cohorts.

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivating in response to the tone is called a(n) _____ response.

conditioned

Dr. Milano compares the performance of a group of 20-year-olds, a group of 45-year-olds, and a group of 70-year-olds on several tests of fluid intelligence and several tests of crystallized intelligence. Dr. Milano's investigation BEST exemplifies a:

cross-sectional study.

During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

fixed-interval

Jonah works in a packaging plant. For every 100 packages he completes, he is given an additional 10-percent increase in his hourly pay. This is a _____ reinforcement schedule.

fixed-ratio

One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly is referred to as _____ intelligence.

fluid

Richard learned at an early age how to sell numerous items ranging from chocolate to small electronics. Many say his best education came from the streets he grew up on. This BEST illustrates Sternberg's concept of _____ intelligence.

practical

Which term refers to a person's ability to reason quickly and abstractly?

fluid intelligence

Which choice pairs a brain structure or region with the correct memory system?

frontal lobes—explicit memory

According to Charles Spearman, _____ intelligence underlies specific mental abilities, such that it is measured by every task on an intelligence test.

general

Marlee was attacked at gunpoint in a parking garage. Her attacker was wearing strong cologne, and she now refuses to go through the male fragrance department at the store, will not be alone with any man, and will not park in any garages. This reaction BEST illustrates:

generalization.

The process of acquiring new and enduring behaviors and information through experience is called:

learning

Conditioning is the process of:

learning associations.

Casual observations and intelligence tests in children younger than 3:

predict future aptitude only very modestly.

In operant conditioning, a(n) _____ reinforcer is innately reinforcing, often by satisfying a biological need.

primary

Sarah is a 13-year-old girl who is unpopular with her classmates. They often taunt her by calling her a freak, and generally will have nothing to do with her. According to the textbook, these experiences may cause Sarah to show _____ empathy toward others.

less

When people end a bad marriage, they are likely to experience _____ happiness as single people than their married counterparts.

less

Research has shown that familiarity breeds:

liking.

Human capacity for storing long-term memories is:

limitless.

Which factor is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory?

long-term potentiation

Research studies that retest the same group of people throughout their lives are known as _____ studies.

longitudinal

Karl Lashley trained rats to solve a maze, and then removed pieces of their cortices. He reported that, no matter what part of the cortex was removed, the rats retained partial memory of how to solve the maze. This indicates that:

memories are not located in single, specific locations in the brain.

Morris was sitting in the park one day and witnessed a robbery. When asked by a police officer to describe the young criminal, Morris recalled erroneously that the criminal was a teenager rather than an adult. Morris' experience BEST illustrates the _____ effect.

misinformation

Whenever Valerie experiences intense feelings of fear, she is overwhelmed with childhood memories of her abusive parents. Valerie's experience BEST illustrates:

mood-congruent memory.

Dr. Schmidt studies the factors that energize and direct human behavior. Dr. Schmidt studies:

motivation.

Food deprivation is to ______________ as hunger is to _____________.

need; drive

Owen has trouble remembering a friend's new phone number; he keeps recalling the old number instead. Completing a rental application, Pippa finds she cannot recall one of her previous addresses, as she's had several addresses since. Owen is experiencing _____ interference. Pippa is experiencing _____ interference.

proactive; retroactive

Older people are LEAST able to _____ when making decisions.

reason abstractly

Retrieving is to _____________ as identifying is to ______________.

recall; recognition

If one has NOT studied well for a test, in which format is one likely to get a higher score?

recognition

Joe is happy to hear that the test will be all multiple-choice questions as he feels he has a good chance to pass by using:

recognition.

Tarik has a chemistry test in two days. He has to memorize the elements on the periodic table, so he writes them on index cards. He keeps the cards with him at all times and frequently reads through them. Tarik is using _____ to encode information in short-term memory for longer-term storage.

rehearsal

Mrs. Alvarez cannot consciously recall how frequently she criticizes her children because it would cause her too much anxiety. Sigmund Freud would have suggested that her poor memory illustrates a defense mechanism called _____.

repression

In daily life, when one says one remembers some information or a piece of knowledge, one means that one is able to use it. Memory, therefore, entails not only encoding and storage but also _____.

retrieval

An oldie playing on the radio reminds Donald of events that occurred when the song was current. For Donald, the song is acting as a:

retrieval cue.

Ivan recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to:

retrieval failure.

Dana is suffering from _____ when she fails to remember events preceding traumatic brain injury.

retrograde amnesia

Jonny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He has MOST likely suffered damage to his:

right hippocampus.

Which behavior(s) can be considered instinctual for human infants?

rooting and sucking

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when Don selects either the A or B choices. Don continues to frequent this machine regularly. This BEST illustrates:

operant conditioning.

The cognitive processes in _____ involve the organism developing an expectation that a response will be reinforced or punished with or without reinforcement, whereas in _____ an organism develops an expectation that the conditioned stimulus signals the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus.

operant conditioning; classical conditioning

Connecting events is to _____ as acquiring mental information is to _____.

operant conditioning; cognitive learning

Deliberate social exclusion of individuals or groups is called:

ostracism.

People's ability to recognize material can make them feel _____, which might lead to poorer performance on certain tests.

overconfident

Jackie has an extremely low intelligence quotient of 65. She lives at an assisted living center where she works part time in the kitchen cleaning dishes. Jackie's ability to work effectively displays her _____ skills.

practical

Immortalized in the movie Rain Man, Dustin Hoffman's character performs mind-boggling feats of mathematical calculations, yet cannot perform the simplest of tasks such as determining how much change he would receive when buying a candy bar. This is known as:

savant syndrome.

Ashley, a psychology major, remarks that she has become interested in the study of intelligence. Thus, Ashley is interested in:

the capacity to solve problems, adapt to the environment, and learn from experience.

Before the tone ever sounded, Pavlov's dog salivated each time food was presented, exemplifying a(n):

unconditioned response.

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) _____ repeatedly comes before a(n) _____.

unconditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus

Scores on a test of _____ will probably be at LEAST as high when one is in one's nineties as when one is in one's twenties.

vocabulary

The Lazarus theory of emotion suggests that people experience emotion:

when appraising an event as harmful or harmless.

In a movie the main character has to write everything on his body and take notes, otherwise he quickly forgets. This is because he has sustained an injury that has left him without _____ memory.

working

Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is unable to follow along during her favorite television shows. Millie is having difficulty with her _____ memory.

working/short-term

Some individuals have an amazing ability to remember things. For example, college student Feng Wang could repeat back _____ digits.

200

Which statement correctly classifies one of the types of learning mentioned in the textbook? A. Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning. B.Observational learning is a type of associative learning. C. Classical conditioning is a type of cognitive learning. D. Operant conditioning is a type of cognitive learning.

A. Operant conditioning is a type of associative learning.

_____ is the ability to learn new behaviors that helps one cope with new or changing circumstances.

Adaptability

Episodic memory is exemplified by one's memory for: A. the name of Montana's state capital. B. how to ride a bicycle. C. one's first kiss. D. the formula for the area of a triangle.

C. one's first kiss.

Which list contains an item that does NOT fit? A. voluntary, operant conditioning, operant behavior B. operant behavior, deliberate, operant conditioning C. voluntary, respondent behavior, classical conditioning D. classical conditioning, respondent behavior, automatic

C. voluntary, respondent behavior, classical conditioning

Charles looks down while sitting at the top of the Ferris wheel. He immediately feels his heart start to pound and he simultaneously experiences fear. Which theory BEST explains this emotional response?

Cannon-Bard theory

_____ is the process of learning associations.

Conditioning

Why is it difficult to identify differences in emotions based only on physiological measurements?

Different emotions can have very similar physiological signatures.

Marshall was involved in a traumatic head injury that damaged the right frontal lobe of his brain. Based on the textbook's discussion, Marshall may experience which emotional change?

He may be less irritable and more affectionate.

An instructor has just asked the class, "What is intelligence?" Which definition embodies the spirit of psychology's simplest answer?

Intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure.

Alone in the woods, Chris hears a noise. He thinks he sees a bear coming toward him. Chris' heart starts pounding and then, a moment later, he realizes how frightened he is. This sequence of events is BEST explained by which theory of emotion?

James-Lange

The two earliest theories of emotion in psychology's history differed with respect to the relationship between bodily arousal and emotional experience. One of these theories was the _____ theory.

James-Lange

The widely used American revision of Alfred Binet's original intelligence test was developed by:

Lewis Terman.

_____ behavior produces events in the environment, whereas _____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to a stimulus

Operant; respondent

The eminent psychologist _____ became known for shaping rat and pigeon behaviors by delivering rewards as the animals more closely approximated a desired behavior.

Skinner

Regarding long-term memory, which statement is MOST accurate?

The capacity of long-term memory is essentially limitless.

Sam's cat salivates in response to the taste of food in its mouth. Each morning, Sam places the cat's food on the back porch. Each time Sam opens the door the bell rings. Now, Sam's cat salivates when the bell rings. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

The cat's food

Godden and Baddeley conducted a study using two groups of scuba divers. One group listened to a list of words while sitting on a beach. The other group listened to the same list of words while 10 feet underwater. What did the researchers discover about context and learning?

The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (for example, learn underwater, get tested underwater).

What is a difference between the multiple intelligence model developed by Robert Sternberg and the multiple model of intelligence developed by Howard Gardner?

The main difference is the number or types of intelligences: three versus eight, respectively.

How might one describe the shape of the function relating the probability of an item's recall to the item's position on a list?

U shaped

Spearman's g factor refers to

a single measure of intelligence

A midterm test in a psychology course is an example of a(n) _____ test.

achievement

The memory of facts and experiences that people consciously know and can easily recite is known as:

explicit memory.

Studies in which researchers test and compare people of various ages at one point in time are known as _____ studies.

cross-sectional

Fluid intelligence _____ with age. Crystallized intelligence _____ with age.

declines; does not decline

A problem requiring an individual to find the next letter and number that completes a pattern measures _____ intelligence.

fluid

Recalling something that one had once merely imagined happening as something one had directly experienced BEST illustrates _____ amnesia.

source

A _____ test measures what it is supposed to measure.

valid

Research discussed in the textbook suggests that it takes just over _____ days for a behavior to become a habit.

60

Which choice correctly pairs a type of learning or conditioning with a closely related concept? A. cognitive learning—observational learning B. operant conditioning—respondent behavior C.operant conditioning—observational learning D.classical conditioning—operant behavior

A. cognitive learning—observational learning

In June 2018, noted fashion designer Kate Spade and famed food and travel journalist Anthony Bourdain both committed suicide by hanging. Some commentators noted a 25 to 30 percent increase in the suicide rate in the United States and suggested that feelings of disconnection may be part of the problem. The psychologist _____ might identify this problem as a frustrated urge for community.

Alfred Adler

Jeff's psychology assignment is to observe and list any behaviors of his relatives that indicate learning. Which example should be included on his list? A. Jeff's mother forgets her keys. B. Jeff's little brother whines whenever he wants something. C. Jeff's father falls asleep watching television. D. Jeff's sister bumps into a door when she has a high fever.

B. Jeff's little brother whines whenever he wants something.

Respondent behavior is to operant behavior as _____ is to _____. A. operant conditioning; classical conditioning B. automatic; deliberate C. voluntary; involuntary D. associative learning; observational learning

B. automatic; deliberate

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner are known for their study of:

Little Albert and conditioned fear.

Lara's mouth is dry and she realizes that she has not had anything to drink all morning. The water level in her cells has dropped and she feels thirsty. Watching people drink large glasses of soda is upsetting her and, at the next opportunity, she will take an extra-large drink. Which concept can be used to explain why Lara is motivated to get a drink?

drive-reduction theory

The perspective on motivation that focuses on how inner pushes and external pulls interact is known as:

drive-reduction theory.

From another room, Amanda called out to Juan to ask where he had put the car keys. At first, Juan thought he had not heard what Amanda had asked. A second later, the question registered in his mind and he answered, "On the bedroom dresser." A type of sensory memory called _____ memory can explain this phenomenon.

echioc

Studying for a psychology test requires _____. It takes attention and conscious work, but pays off with lasting and accessible memories.

effortful processing

Which phenomenon is a form of social intelligence?

emotional intelligence

Carlos cannot remember Juan Alvarez's name because he was not paying attention when Juan was formally introduced. Carlos' poor memory is BEST explained in terms of _____ failure.

encoding

Three-year-old Marvin is waiting with his older brother in their pediatrician's examination room. As soon as the nurse, wearing a white uniform, enters the room his older brother screams and cries loudly, which scares Marvin and he begins to scream and cry. The next week when Marvin is going for his first dentist appointment, the dental assistant enters wearing her white uniform and Marvin screams and cries loudly. Marvin's crying in response to the white uniform in the dentist office, just as he did in the pediatrician's office, is an example of:

generalization.

Susan's determination to finish college is evident in the hours she spends studying every night after working long hours at a full-time job. Susan's passionate dedication is known as:

grit.

Professor Wallace studies memory in people who have had strokes. Professor Hansen studies people who claim to have clear memories of events that happened over three decades ago. Such research on the extremes of memory:

helps one to understand how memory works

Brody is doing quite well as the manager of a large electronics store. He writes clear memos to the staff, delegates tasks effectively, and knows how to read other employees. Robert Sternberg would predict that Brody would score:

highly on a test of practical intelligence.

Kirsten is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is likely due to the fact that the _____ in her brain was NOT fully developed at that age.

hippocampus

Lara is trying to remember events from her life as an 18-month-old. However, as hard as she might try, she has no conscious memory for anything that occurred before her third birthday. This is MOST likely due to the fact that her _____, which is involved in storing explicit memories, was NOT fully developed at that age.

hippocampus

Nine-year-old Jade has just discovered something very interesting. She can look at a picture in a book and, when she closes her eyes, she can still see the picture very clearly for a few tenths of a second. Jade is experiencing _____ memory.

iconic

Research conducted by George Sperling showed that people have something akin to a fleeting photographic memory. This _____ provides a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, like a picture-image, that lasts only a few tenths of a second.

iconic memory

After spending years in the ocean, a mature salmon swims up its home river to return to its birthplace. This behavior is an example of a(n):

instinct.

Serena is only one hour old. Remarkably, when she feels anything touch her cheek, she starts rooting and, when she makes contact with a nipple, sucking. These behaviors are:

instincts.

Bob, a successful businessman in his late fifties, has decided that he wants to retire from work. While he is in a position to earn a lot more money, he knows he has more than enough. Instead, Bob wants to put his skills to work helping the charities that he supports. In addition, Bob and his wife want to take an active part in the raising of their grandchildren. Bob is motivated by _____ needs.

self-actualization

In the 1990s, the U.S. Army used the recruiting slogan, "Be all that you can be." This phrase is MOST nearly reminiscent of Abraham Maslow's need for:

self-actualization.

Although Jordan cannot recall the exact words of a poem he heard recently, he clearly remembers the poem's meaning. This BEST illustrates the importance of:

semantic encoding.

Animals can be trained to perform many behaviors through _____; that is, by providing well-timed rewards as the animals progressively better approximate the desired behaviors.

shaping

Suppose you are out of town and have to access one of your password-protected accounts. You look up the number on your password list, but by the time you are ready to access the account, you have forgotten that password. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ________________ memory.

short term

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Daniel began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall BEST illustrates _____ amnesia.

source

In order to be widely accepted, a psychological test must meet all of these criteria EXCEPT for:

stability.

Sandra has been told that her infant has an extra chromosome 21 in his genetic makeup. This suggests that the infant will:

suffer from Down syndrome.