PSY 238 practice exam
Alexa and Mandy are discussing the best parenting strategies in relation to a child'stemperament. Alexa thinks that the best strategy is putting standard goals in place to dealwith children's individualities. However, Mandy disagrees with Alexa's view. Which of thefollowing statements supports Mandy's view?A) A goal may be accomplished in one way with one child, but it does not necessarilymean the same can be applied to all children.B) Dealing with children's individualities cannot be considered a strategy to deal with achild's temperament, as there is no correlation between the two.C) A child's individuality changes so frequently that it is impossible to come up withgoals to deal with it.D) It has been proved that focusing on structuring a child's environment is a betterstrategy than paying attention to a child's individuality and coming up with goals todeal with it.
A) A goal may be accomplished in one way with one child, but it does not necessarily mean the same can be applied to all children.
Three-year-old Jesse used to call all moving vehicles "car." He now accuratelycategorizes moving vehicles into trucks, cars, motorcycles, and buses. Jesse has _____ thescheme to fit new information into it.A) accommodatedB) assimilatedC) amalgamatedD) applied
A) Accommodated
Esperanza, who is in the 11th week of her pregnancy, is undergoing a prenatal diagnostic testthat involves the removal of a small sample of the placenta. The doctor informs her that thetest may detect any genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus and that shewill have to wait for at least 10 days for the diagnosis. In this scenario, which of thefollowing prenatal medical procedures is Esperanza most likely undergoing?A) chorionic villus sampling (CVS)B) amniocentesisC) noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD)D) triple screen
A) Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
Divya is 65 years old. She undergoes training and uses effective strategies to improve hermemory. As a result, her memory does not decline but rather improves as she ages.According to Paul Baltes, which of the following aspects of the life-span perspective mostlikely explains the improvement in Divya's memory?A) Development is plastic.B) Development is contextual.C) Development is multidirectional.D) Development is multidimensional.
A) Development is plastic.
Bella is making a presentation about social neuroscience and infant attachment. Sheexplains to the audience the role of oxytocin in the formation of the parent-infant bond.Which of the following is an accurate statement she may make during her presentation?A) Gazing at their babies, expressing positive affect toward them, and touching them aresome of the behaviors that increase mothers' oxytocin levels.B) Oxytocin release is stimulated by birth and lactation in mothers. Therefore, malescannot form a bond with the infant like the maternal-infant bond.C) When fathers are administered oxytocin, their parenting behavior remains the same.D) Oxytocin is an analgesic drug administered to mothers after childbirth to relieve pain.This drug is thought to be a likely candidate in the formation of the mother-infantattachment, but it is yet to be proved
A) Gazing at their babies, expressing positive affect toward them, and touching them aresome of the behaviors that increase mothers' oxytocin levels.
Kate is addicted to smoking. Even though her doctor advises her to quit smoking during herpregnancy, she continues smoking. Which of the following is a possible consequence?A) Her baby will suffer from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.B) Her baby will have higher than average birth weight.C) Her baby will suffer from autism.D) Her baby will suffer from schizophrenia
A) Her baby will suffer from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Breast milk contains _____ components that benefit the maturation of the infant's immunesystem and provide defenses for fighting off disease.A) immunomodulatingB) immunodeficientC) immutableD) incandescent
A) Immunomodulating
Carla and Mike are discussing secure attachment in infancy. Carla believes that secureattachment in an infant's life provides an important foundation for psychologicaldevelopment that occurs later in life. She strongly feels that there is enough evidence tosupport this. However, Mike rejects her view. Which of the following is among the criticismsof the emphasis on secure attachment and supports Mike's position?A) Studies have shown that a mother's negative emotional reactions (anger and anxiety)to her infant's crying do not have an effect on the child's attachment security or on thechild's psychological development later in life.B) It has been proven that social agents and contexts seldom influence an infant's secureattachment and thereby later development.C) Biologically based factors such as genes and temperament have not been givenadequate consideration in terms of how they influence an infant's secure attachmentand later development.D) It has been observed and proven in all cultures that secure attachment is the leastlikely factor to influence an infant's later development.
A) Studies have shown that a mother's negative emotional reactions (anger and anxiety)to her infant's crying do not have an effect on the child's attachment security or on thechild's psychological development later in life
Jeremy is a securely attached infant, while Jason is an insecure infant. Which of thefollowing statements about later functioning for these children is true?A) There will be no differences in their social functioning by age 8.B) Jeremy is likely to have more learning difficulties in elementary school than Jason.C) Jeremy is likely to be more shy and withdrawn than Jason.D) Jeremy is likely to have more self-confidence than Jason
A) There will be no differences in their social functioning by age
Genetic testing has found that Gary, Ben, Tara, and Matt all carry a copy of a gene forhemophilia. However, Tara, who is the only female of the four, does not show any signs ofthe disease, whereas Gary, Ben, and Matt have developed the disease. In this scenario, it canbe inferred that hemophilia is most likely a(n)A) X-linked disease.B) sex-linked chromosomal abnormality.C) gene-linked abnormality.D) autosomal dominant disorder.
A) X-linked disease.
If a baboon learns to eat different kinds of fruit instead of relying on only one kind for itsnutritive needs, we would argue that this behavior promotes its survival. Thus, the behaviorisA) adaptive.B) aggressive.C) dominant.D) submissive
A) adaptive.
Andy is 9 months old, but he seems to be struggling with following another's gaze anddirecting adults' attention. These could be early indicators ofA) autism.B) dyslexia.C) ADHD.D) low vision
A) autism
Newborns born to mothers who used marijuana during pregnancy were more likely toA) be born preterm or low birth weight.B) be overweight at birth.C) develop smoking habits in adolescence.D) display withdrawal symptoms.
A) be born preterm or low birth weight.
Samantha is diagnosed with a genetic disorder. She suffers from a glandular dysfunction thathinders mucus production. She has difficulty breathing, and her digestion is hampered. Shealso has frequent lung infections and suffers from shortness of breath. In this scenario, whichof the following genetic disorders is Samantha most likely suffering from?A) cystic fibrosisB) Huntington diseaseC) phenylketonuriaD) Tay-Sachs disease
A) cystic fibrosis
Baby Max watches his mother jingle her keys in front of him. After several minutes, he looksaway, no longer interested. This would indicate that he is habituated to the jingling keys andis showing _____ the stimulus after repeated presentations.A) decreased responsiveness toB) increased familiarity withC) increased interest inD) decreased anxiety about
A) decreased responsiveness to
Angela is 30 weeks pregnant. Since her due date is approaching, she is looking for acaregiver who will provide her with continuous physical, emotional, and educational supportbefore, during, and after childbirth. Which of the following terms refers to this kind ofcaregiver?A) doulaB) midwifeC) pregnancy preparation specialistD) healer
A) doula
Trenton was playing in a sandbox. He was pouring sand from a short and wide containerinto a tall and narrow container. When he poured the sand into the tall and narrow container,it appeared as if it had more sand in it. Trenton could not figure out where the extra sandcame from and how it got into his container. As Trenton continued to try to solve this puzzle,he experienced considerable movement between states of cognitive _____ and _____ toproduce cognitive change.A) equilibrium; disequilibriumB) adaptation; organizationC) classification; modificationD) equilibration; categorization
A) equilibrium; disequilibrium
Nikita is 18 months old, and she has a tendency to cry when strangers come near her. Sheis displaying one of a baby's earliest emotions,A) fear.B) embarrassment.C) jealousy.D) pride.
A) fear
Tristan has a genetic disorder that results in his having an intellectual disability. His motherinforms Tristan's pediatrician that Tristan has an extremely short attention span for any task.Based on Tristan's symptoms, the pediatrician is most likely to diagnose Tristan withA) fragile X syndrome.B) XYY syndrome.C) Turner syndrome.D) Tay-Sachs disease
A) fragile X syndrome.
While watching a football game, Martin jumped up to cheer and dropped baby Theresa to thefloor. If she later has trouble with higher-order thinking, planning, problem solving, orvoluntary movement, it would indicate that the _____ lobe of her brain was damaged.A) frontalB) parietalC) occipitalD) temporal
A) frontal
Monsena is an independent and adventurous child who likes to explore new places in herenvironment. However, her mother is overprotective and forbids Monsena from playing inthe back yard or the garden of their house. Developmental psychologists would say that thisdiscrepancy concernsA) goodness of fit.B) nonreciprocal interactions.C) social dysfunction.D) insecure attachment
A) goodness of fit.
Dr. Perkins predicts that children who spend years playing a musical instrument are smarterthan children who do not play music. This testable prediction is known as a(n)A) hypothesis.B) classification.C) variable.D) axiom.
A) hypothesis
Carla's husband was 50 years of age when she became pregnant. Studies have shown that thispaternal factor is connected toA) increased risk of autism and schizophrenia in the baby.B) increased success of in vitro fertilization.C) increased risk of childhood cancer.D) increased cardiac malfunction in the fetus
A) increased risk of autism and schizophrenia in the baby.
Carrie is a 19-year-old single mother. She often feels overwhelmed and depressed abouther situation and frequently neglects her 8-month-old son and his needs. On severaloccasions, she has slapped his hand when he reaches for her cell phone. Carrie's baby is mostlikely to develop a(n) _____ toward her.A) insecure avoidant attachmentB) insecure disorganized attachmentC) insecure resistant attachmentD) secure attachment
A) insecure avoidant attachment
A fall from the changing table resulted in damage to the temporal lobe of Emily's brain. Herdoctor told her parents that this would most likely affect herA) memory.B) sense of taste.C) vision.D) voluntary movement
A) memory.
Thomas is a teenager who lives with his parents in an American city. One year while he isstill in high school, Thomas's house gets destroyed in a fire, forcing his family to relocate to arural area. According to Paul Baltes, this incident is likely to affect Thomas's developmentand life and is most likely an example of aA) normative history-graded influence.B) nonnormative life event.C) minority influence.D) cohort effect.
A) normative history-graded influence.
While birth fathers are often less likely to be included in open adoption, a recent studyindicates that they would like to be part of theA) open adoption triad.B) adoption-for-pay scheme.C) open sperm donation model.D) foreign adoption program
A) open adoption triad.
Sylvia is almost nine months pregnant and is very close to her delivery date. The doctorshave found that she has an active case of genital herpes. Which of the following is the bestcourse of action to prevent Sylvia's baby from contracting the disease?A) performing a cesarean sectionB) terminating the pregnancyC) delivering the baby through the birth canalD) giving the baby blood transfusions
A) performing a cesarean section
Bruce Chan, a 57-year-old accountant, decides to enroll in a short-term course on creativewriting. He performs well in the course and is surprised that he does so despite not havingengaged in creative writing for over 25 years. This scenario most likely illustrates PaulBaltes' view that development isA) plastic.B) multidisciplinary.C) lifelong.D) contextual.
A) plastic
One day when baby Mark was crawling around, he fell down the stairs. After the doctorexamined him, Mark's parents learned that he had damaged the parietal lobe of the brain.Mark's parents were told to expect that he would have difficulty withA) registering spatial locations.B) processing auditory information.C) vision.D) initiating movement.
A) registering spatial locations.
When Karen Adolph and Justine Hoch explain that motor development is enculturated, theymean to make the point thatA) social and cultural contexts influence motor behavior.B) motor development contributes to infants' and children's development in otherdomains.C) motor behavior involves the current status of a child's body.D) environmental circumstances can facilitate or restrict possibilities for motor behavior.
A) social and cultural contexts influence motor behavior.
Mary and Jim are expecting a child. During prenatal diagnostic testing, the doctor confirmsthat the fetus has a genetic abnormality that will lead to a neural tube disorder, causing brainand spine abnormalities. He also tells the parents that the baby will most likely haveprotruding tissue, especially from the lower back, and that the abnormality can be treatedwith corrective surgery at birth, orthopedic devices, and physical or medical therapy. Whichof the following disorders is Mary and Jim's child suffering from?A) spina bifidaB) Tay-Sachs diseaseC) phenylketonuriaD) Huntington disease
A) spina bifida
Which of the following illustrates the meaning of embedded motor development?A) steep slopes, narrow passageways, and stairs requiring the infant's flexibilityB) caregivers placing infants in the proper settings for motor developmentC) infants learning how to balance their body weight as they walkD) caregivers holding infants' hands and walking them around the room
A) steep slopes, narrow passageways, and stairs requiring the infant's flexibility
Carla is diagnosed with breast cancer. She informs her doctor that her mother and hergrandmother have also had breast cancer. The doctor explains to Carla that she has specificgenes that make her more vulnerable to breast cancer and that she is genetically predisposedto develop the disease. In this scenario, these genes are known asA) susceptibility genes.B) conditional lethal genes.C) complementary genes.D) duplicate genes
A) susceptibility genes
Ethel is 50 years old but appears much more aged. Most of Ethel's relatives have not livedpast the age of 60. Which of the following genes are responsible for the accelerated agingobserved in Ethel and her family members?A) susceptibility genesB) longevity genesC) vulnerability genesD) mutated genes
A) susceptibility genes
Jane asks Harry, "You didn't go to the party, didn't you?" In the context of the fivesystems of rules involved in language, this is grammatically incorrect because of an error inA) syntax.B) semantics.C) pragmatics.D) phonetics.
A) syntax
A researcher is interested in the effect of exercise on stamina in elderly patients. The patientsare randomly assigned to be in a high-exercise or low-exercise training program for eightweeks. At the end of the program, their stamina is measured by seeing how long they canwalk comfortably on a treadmill. In this study, the dependent variable isA) the number of minutes on the treadmill.B) the exercise program (high versus low).C) the number of elderly patients.D) the eight-week duration of the exercise program
A) the number of minutes on the treadmill.
Wang Ying is a clinical psychologist who specializes in counseling young adults. She helpsher clients cope with depression, anxiety, and life transitions. In this scenario, Wang is mostlikely toA) work individually with clients.B) instruct clients to resolve their problems without seeking outside help.C) refrain from referring clients to medical facilities.D) conduct research on the effects of specific policies on children's well-being.
A) work individually with clients
Carla is discussing stranger anxiety in toddlers with her friend, Maria. She tells Mariathat her toddler, Beth, showed less stranger anxiety when she met her new nanny in theirhome. Which of the following statements best explains Beth's reaction?A) Beth showed less stranger anxiety because she is used to being taken care of bynannies.B) Beth showed less stranger anxiety because she was in a familiar setting.C) Beth showed less stranger anxiety because she likes meeting strangers and iscomfortable with them.D) Beth showed less stranger anxiety because she is a disorganized child who wasconfused and did not know how to react
B) Beth showed less stranger anxiety because she was in a familiar setting.
Baby Kendra, who is 6 days old, is presented with two breast pads: one that has been used byher mother and that smells of the mother, and the other that has not been used at all. Whichone will Kendra probably prefer?A) Kendra will probably not show any preference.B) Kendra will prefer the pad that has been used by her mother.C) Kendra will prefer the clean breast pad.D) Whether she shows a preference depends on whether or not she has been fed recently.
B) Kendra will prefer the pad that has been used by her mother
Megan and Kate are studying nursing, having chosen obstetrics as their elective. They arehaving a discussion on the causes and effects of genital herpes on a newborn baby. Meganthinks that the newborn will contract the virus while still in the mother's uterus; howeverKate, who is more familiar with the infection, thinks otherwise. Which of the followingstatements supports Kate's views?A) Newborns contract the virus during gestation across the placenta.B) Newborns contract the virus when they are delivered through the birth canal of amother with the infection.C) Newborns contract the virus when they are breast fed by a mother who has theinfection.D) Newborns have the virus in their blood, but the symptoms only show up once they areborn
B) Newborns contract the virus when they are delivered through the birth canal of a mother with the infection.
Which of the following would Erik Erikson most likely recommend when faced with acrying infant?A) Do not soothe the baby, because he or she will be spoiled.B) Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.C) Allow the infant to cry, because this will encourage the development of a self-sufficient child.D) Soothe the baby every other time, so that he or she does not become dependent onexternal comfort
B) Pick up the baby and soothe him or her so that a healthy sense of trust develops.
The doctor warned Selena, a 30-year-old pregnant woman, that using methadone for hertreatment will result in severe consequences. Why is Selena considering methadone for hertreatment, and what is the consequence of using this drug?A) Selena is addicted to alcohol. Methadone is a common treatment for alcohol addictionbut is known to cause very low birth weight in newborns.B) Selena is addicted to heroin. Methadone is a common treatment for heroin addictionbut is known to cause very severe withdrawal symptoms in newborns.C) Selena is addicted to smoking. Methadone is a common treatment for nicotineaddiction but is known to cause lower intelligence in children.D) Selena is addicted to marijuana. Methadone is a common treatment for marijuanaaddiction but is known to cause lower quality of reflexes at one month of age
B) Selena is addicted to heroin. Methadone is a common treatment for heroin addiction but is known to cause very severe withdrawal symptoms in newborns.
Benny has been diagnosed with a gene-linked abnormality characterized by deceleration ofmental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system.He has been put on medication and a special diet, but his family has been told that he willprobably not live beyond the age of 5. Benny is suffering fromA) spina bifida.B) Tay-Sachs disease.C) phenylketonuria.D) Huntington disease
B) Tay-Sachs disease
Tracy's parents are avid sports fans. Since Tracy was small, they have taken her to numerousbaseball and football games, and Tracy has regularly watched the sports channel with herdad. When Tracy was old enough, her parents signed her up for the little league team at herschool, and she performed well. This is an example of a(n)A) evocative genotype-environment correlation.B) active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation.C) passive genotype-environment correlation.D) gene-gene correlation
B) active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation.
Betty and Allen are part of a theatrical group, so they travel frequently. Their child, Cara,is an 11-month-old baby and travels everywhere with them. Even though Cara is usuallycomfortable with strangers, a full-time nanny that Cara grew fond of in a day helps take careof her when her parents are performing. Cara has a regular routine but easily adapts to neweating and sleeping habits whenever the family moves across states. According to Chess andThomas, Cara would be classified asA) a passive child.B) an easy child.C) a slow-to-warm-up child.D) an inhibited child
B) an easy child
Baby Elise has developed a sucking scheme. She knows that to get food, she must suckon her mother's breast. Now, her mother has begun to introduce solid foods with a spoon.Elise immediately sucks on the spoon. This is an example ofA) accommodation.B) assimilation.C) amalgamation.D) application
B) assimilation
Paul has a gene-linked abnormality, and as a result he suffers from an X-linked inheritancedisease. Because of this disease, Paul suffers from internal and external bleeding due todelayed blood clotting. Which of the following will effectively treat Paul's condition?A) hydroxyureaB) blood transfusionsC) anticoagulantsD) blood irradiation therapy
B) blood transfusions
Lisa is a clinical psychologist. She decides to conduct a study on whether the progression ofmemory loss in older adults with Alzheimer disease can be slowed down. According to thescientific method, which of the following describes the sequence Lisa should follow?A) collect data, conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, analyze data, drawconclusionsB) conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect data, analyze data, drawconclusionsC) collect data, analyze data, conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, drawconclusionsD) conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, draw conclusions, collect data,analyze data
B) conceptualize a process or problem to be studied, collect data, analyze data, draw conclusions
Hidalgo, age 8, is very good at addition and subtraction, but he has a hard time understandingthe complex algebraic problems that his 14-year-old sister does. Hidalgo is currently inwhich of Jean Piaget's stages of development?A) preoperationalB) concrete operationalC) formal operationalD) conceptual operational
B) concrete operational
Sophia has just learned that she is pregnant. Her doctor advises a change in her diet to avoidany potential neural tube defects. Which of the following does her doctor recommend?A) consuming foods rich in vitamin CB) consuming adequate amounts of the B vitamin folic acidC) consuming additional calcium supplementsD) consuming additional iron supplements
B) consuming adequate amounts of the B vitamin folic acid.
Ariel wants to describe the strength of the relationship between the number of airplanecompanies in the world and global warming. Which of the following kinds of research isAriel most likely to perform?A) descriptiveB) correlationalC) collaborativeD) discrete.
B) correlational
Jenny is 4 years old. She becomes self-sufficient and develops school readiness skills. In thisscenario, identify the developmental period that Jenny is most likely in.A) infancyB) early childhoodC) prenatal periodD) late childhood
B) early childhood
A newborn baby widens her eyes after her mother widens her eyes and mouth and smilesat the baby. Meltzoff would say that this baby isA) exhibiting a reflex.B) engaging in true imitation.C) showing deferred imitation.D) habituating to the mother's facial expression
B) engaging in true imitation.
Rebecca says, "Milk spill," to which her grandfather replies, "Yes, the milk spilled on thefloor." This is an example ofA) reframing.B) expanding.C) correcting.D) labeling.
B) expanding
Josh is 3 months old. His mother observes that he sucks even when there is no bottle ornipple present nearby, and even in the absence of any object touching his lips. In the contextof Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development, Josh is most likely in the _____sensorimotor substage.A) simple reflexesB) first habits and primary circular reactionsC) tertiary circular reactionsD) coordination of secondary circular reactions
B) first habits and primary circular reactions
Kiara is a 2-month-old infant. Her mother informs Kiara's pediatrician that during thefirst month after birth, Kiara sucked when a bottle or nipple touched her lips and thatcurrently she sucks even when no bottle or nipple is present nearby. In the context of JeanPiaget's sensorimotor stage of development, Kiara is most likely in Jean Piaget's _____substage of sensorimotor development.A) coordination of secondary circular reactionsB) first habits and primary circular reactionsC) tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosityD) secondary circular reactions
B) first habits and primary circular reactions
Harry is an autistic child and has a short attention span for any task. His intellectual abilitiesare much lower than other children his age. His pediatrician reveals that Harry has a geneticdisorder due to an abnormality in his X chromosome, which has become constricted. Harrymost likely suffers fromA) Turner syndrome.B) fragile X syndrome.C) XYY syndrome.D) Klinefelter syndrome
B) fragile X syndrome.
Martha was a very good swimmer during her twenties. Then, because of an injury, shewas unable to swim and gave up the sport entirely. After several years, she visits a swimmingpool and feels apprehensive about getting into the water, as she believes she has forgotten herswimming skills. However, after she gets into the water, she is surprised that she can swimwell and believes that with a bit of practice, she can regain her former skills. In this scenario,which of the following is most likely responsible for Martha's recollection of her swimmingskills?A) joint attentionB) implicit memoryC) habituationD) explicit memory
B) implicit memory
Carla has brown hair, and her husband also has brown hair. However, Carla's son is bornwith blond hair. This most likely indicates that Carla's sonA) inherited the dominant genes for blond hair.B) inherited the recessive genes for blond hair.C) has a susceptibility gene.D) has a longevity gene.
B) inherited the recessive genes for blond hair.
When put on the floor to play, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When hermother picks her up, though, Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away.Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine isA) securely attached.B) insecure avoidant.C) insecure resistant.D) insecure disorganized
B) insecure avoidant.
Eleven-month-old Maya points to her cup when she wants some water to drink. Maya'sbehaviorA) is considered slow for her age; she should be using simple words by this time.B) is considered appropriate for her age.C) is considered advanced for her age; most children do not point until after 12 months.D) should be discouraged so that she will learn to speak
B) is considered appropriate for her age
Erin, a 90-year-old, is healthy and leads an active lifestyle. Most of her relatives have lived toan old age. Researchers have found that Erin's family carries genes related to stressresistance, immunity, and metabolism that help extend life by repairing and protecting bodytissues. In this scenario, which of the following genes is most likely responsible for Erinliving to an old age?A) susceptibility genesB) longevity genesC) complimentary genesD) mutated genes
B) longevity genes
Which of the following substances does NOT put infants at increased risk for opioidwithdrawal symptoms?A) fentanylB) marijuanaC) OxyContinD) Vicodin
B) marijuana
Amy is a 5-month-old baby girl. She tends to smile and become comfortable when hermother picks her up. However, when she sees an unknown face, she gets upset and cries forher mother. Which of the following phases of Bowlby's conceptualization of attachment isAmy currently in?A) phase 1B) phase 2C) phase 3D) phase 4
B) phase 2
Jake, age 11 months, is able to pick up cereal and bits of fruit off the tray of his high chair bygrasping them with his thumb and forefinger. Jake has developed theA) palmar grasp.B) pincer grip.C) Moro reflex.D) fencing reflex.
B) pincer grip.
Carla is writing an article for a women's magazine. The article mainly highlights thechild-care policies in different nations. She hopes that one of the beneficial child-carepolicies in Sweden will also be implemented in the United States in the near future. Which ofthe following policies is she referring to?A) inclusion of the father in parental leaveB) provision of low-cost child careC) inclusion of the extended family in child-care benefitsD) provision of developmentally appropriate child care
B) provision of low-cost child care
While playing with his toy truck on the couch, Nezzy points to the toy truck and says,"Truck go." His father responds to this by saying, "Oh! Did you see the truck going?" Thisscenario illustrates the caregiver strategy ofA) labeling.B) recasting.C) overextending.D) underextending
B) recasting
Mateo, an infant, is on a special diet, as his parents are aware that he has a genetic disorder inwhich he cannot metabolize phenylalanine, an amino acid. Mateo's parents are also aware ofthe importance of this diet and that excess phenylalanine buildup in the infant will produceintellectual disability and hyperactivity. This genetic disorder results from aA) dominant gene.B) recessive gene.C) complementary gene.D) longevity gene.
B) recessive gene.
Cindy has worked from home as a freelancer ever since she had a baby. Now that herbaby, Hailey, is 15 months old, Cindy has accepted a full-time job offer. Every day, whenCindy drops Hailey off at the day-care, Hailey screams and cries for a couple of minutes.Which of the following terms best describes Hailey's behavior?A) scaffoldingB) separation protestC) surgencyD) social referencing
B) separation protest
Tamara, an African American, is born with a genetic disorder that causes her body's redblood cells to become hook shaped instead of being disk shaped, impairing the normaloxygen-carrying capacity of the cells. The doctors explain to Tamara's parents that thiscondition, however, makes her resistant to malaria. Which of the following disorders isTamara most likely suffering from?A) Tay-Sachs diseaseB) sickle-cell anemiaC) leukemiaD) Huntington disease
B) sickle-cell anemia
Alicia is pregnant and is a heavy smoker. Which of the following risks does her baby face?A) facial and limb deformitiesB) sudden infant death syndromeC) cognitive defectsD) tremors and increased general irritability
B) sudden infant death syndrome
Consider the sentence, "The boy the ball with a hit bat." Which of the following rulesystems of language does the sentence violate?A) phonologyB) syntaxC) morphologyD) pragmatics
B) syntax
Baby Jane, a 3-day-old infant, is shown four images: a bright blue square, a white oval, ayellow circle, and a drawing of a face. According to Robert Fantz's visual preference method,which image would she probably prefer to look at for a longer time?A) the white ovalB) the drawing of a faceC) the bright blue squareD) the yellow circle
B) the drawing of a face.
Mariah is at a particular stage of pregnancy in which the fetus's heartbeat is audible with anordinary stethoscope. Which prenatal developmental stage is the fetus currently in?A) the first trimesterB) the second trimesterC) the fourth trimesterD) the conception stage
B) the second trimester
26) Dr. Jackson's research has found that the correlation between IQ and head circumference is+.10. From this information, we can conclude thatA) people with large heads have a higher IQ than people with small heads.B) there is a weak relationship between head size and IQ.C) people with small heads tend to have a higher IQ than people with large heads.D) head circumference is an important predictor of IQ
B) there is a weak relationship between head size and IQ.
How many morphemes does the word "marker" have?A) oneB) twoC) fourD) six
B) two
Eight-month-old Andrew suffered brain damage at birth. His identical twin, Alex, had nobrain damage. Research on habituation will likely predict thatA) Alex will not habituate as well as Andrew.B) both twins will habituate at about the same level.C) Andrew will not habituate as well as Alex.D) Alex will not exhibit any sort of habituation
C) Andrew will not habituate as well as Alex
Ariel is 9 months old. She understands that a bird is an animal and that an airplane is avehicle even though both the objects have wings. According to Jean Mandler, which of thefollowing statements is most likely true of Ariel's categorization of the objects?A) Ariel has conceptually categorized the objects.B) Ariel has categorized the objects by making perceptual discriminations betweendifferent categories of objects.C) Ariel has perceptually categorized the objects.D) Ariel has categorized the objects on the basis of prototypes that she extracted from thestructural regularities of the objects.
C) Ariel has perceptually categorized the objects.
Ruth, an infant, sucked everything that touched her lips and also sucked nearby objects.A few months later, she learned that certain objects such as her mother's breasts or a milkbottle can be sucked, but other objects such as spoons, her toys, or her blanket cannot besucked. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of infant development, the cognitive processesmost likely responsible for Ruth's actions areA) coordination and internalization.B) equilibration and organization.C) assimilation and accommodation.D) habituation and dishabituation
C) Assimilation and Accommodation
In the Strange Situation, created by Mary Ainsworth, which of the following babieswould appear disoriented?A) Tina, a baby who is securely attached to her caregiverB) Henry, who is an insecure resistant babyC) Clara, who is an insecure disorganized babyD) Tobias, a baby who is insecure and avoidant toward his caregiver
C) Clara, who is an insecure disorganized baby
Clark's eyes are brown in color. However, both his parents have eyes that are blue in color.According to the dominant-recessive genes principle, the most likely reason for Clark's eyesbeing brown in color is thatA) Clark's grandparents had brown-colored eyes.B) Clark has a mutation in his genotype, resulting in a change in eye color.C) Clark's family, as would be seen in a family history, has a dominant gene for brown-colored eyes.D) Clark's parents are carriers of genes contributing to brown eyes
C) Clark's family, as would be seen in a family history, has a dominant gene for brown-colored eyes.
Mindy's doctor recommends a diagnostic X-ray to check her lungs for a possible respiratoryinfection. Since she is in her first trimester, she is concerned about the possible risks of theX-ray radiation on her baby. Which of the following precautions should the doctor take toavoid any complications in Mindy's unborn baby due to the X-ray?A) Give Mindy a mild dose of an analgesic.B) Give Mindy an epidural block to numb her body from the waist down.C) Cover Mindy's abdomen with a lead apron.D) Cover Mindy with several thick, woolen quilts
C) Cover Mindy's abdomen with a lead apron.
Jason, a 4-year-old, has an intellectual disability and has shorter limbs than other children hisage. His pediatrician observes that Jason has a protruding tongue and an extra fold of skinover his eyelids. Jason's mother informs the pediatrician that she was 30 at the time of Jason'sbirth and that he was born with a flat skull. From this information, the pediatrician will mostlikely diagnose Jason withA) Turner syndrome.B) Klinefelter syndrome.C) Down syndrome.D) XYY syndrome
C) Down syndrome.
One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is thatA) Freud underestimated the role of the unconscious mind in determining the life-spandevelopment of an individual.B) Erikson believed that development lasted only until the age of 20.C) Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences.D) Erikson overemphasized the role of sexuality in the life-span development of anindividual.
C) Erikson emphasized the importance of both early and later experiences.
Who among the following is most likely taking the traditional approach to the study ofdevelopment? A) Daren, who emphasizes developmental change throughout adulthood as well as childhood B) Nick, who emphasizes extensive change in adulthood C) James, who emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age D) Gregory, who emphasizes development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual
C) James, who emphasizes extensive change from birth to adolescence, little or no change in adulthood, and decline in old age.
Timothy's wife is having trouble conceiving a child, despite reports of her reproductivefitness being normal. However, on examining Timothy, the doctor determines that his testesare undeveloped, and that he has enlarged breasts. He also observes that Timothy isunusually tall, although his parents and grandparents are of short stature. The doctor informsTimothy that these symptoms are due to Timothy having an extra X chromosome, makinghim XXY instead of XY. Timothy most likely suffers fromA) Down syndrome.B) fragile X syndrome.C) Klinefelter syndrome.D) Turner syndrome.
C) Klinefelter syndrome.
Johnathan and his wife Tracy are in their mid-fifties. They are expanding their personal andsocial responsibilities and assisting their children in becoming competent, mature individuals.Which of the following developmental periods are Johnathan and Tracy currently in?A) early adulthoodB) emerging adulthoodC) middle adulthoodD) adolescence
C) Middle adulthood
Before the delivery of her baby, Karen experiences several traumatic life changes. Sheseparates from her husband, discovers that her mother is seriously ill, and begins a morestressful job. Will Karen's baby be significantly affected by all the stress in Karen's life?A) Yes; the baby is likely to develop good coping skills.B) No; fetuses are not significantly affected by the mother's emotional stress.C) No; any effects on the fetus will be temporary and will not produce lasting problems.D) Yes; the baby will be at risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) andlanguage delay
C) No; any effects on the fetus will be temporary and will not produce lasting problems.
Tammy is pregnant with her first child. She tells you that she loves swordfish and has it fordinner two or three times a week. Based on current research, what advice should you giveTammy about her diet?A) Swordfish is a great source of protein and she should continue to consume it.B) Swordfish is not as good for her as king mackerel; she should try to eat moremackerel.C) Swordfish is not recommended for pregnant women because it can contain high levelsof mercury.D) Swordfish can be a good part of her diet, but Tammy should also eat other large fishthat contain omega-3 fatty acids
C) Swordfish is not recommended for pregnant women because it can contain high levels of mercury.
Marlena, who just found out she is pregnant, has very poor eating habits. Her total calorieintake is very low. She eats little protein and unbalanced amounts of vitamins and minerals.If she continues her present eating habits, which of the following is most likely to occur?A) The baby will not be affected.B) The baby will develop Down syndrome.C) The baby is more likely to be malformed.D) The baby is more likely to have severe withdrawal symptoms.
C) The baby is more likely to be malformed.
Sandra excels in reading and spelling but struggles with mathematics. She is shorter than herpeers and has a webbed neck. Her doctor has determined that she has one X chromosomemissing. Sandra most likely hasA) XYY syndrome.B) fragile X syndrome.C) Turner syndrome.D) XXO syndrome.
C) Turner syndrome.
Based on results of a study that analyzed the exposure to six stressors among poor childrenand middle-income children in the United States, which of the following is a differencebetween children in poor families and children in middle-income families?A) Unlike children in poor families, children in middle-income families are much morelikely to separate from a parent.B) Unlike children in poor families, children in middle-income families are much lesslikely to have a peaceful home.C) Unlike children in middle-income families, children in poor families are much morelikely to be exposed to violence.D) Unlike children in middle-income families, children in poor families are much lesslikely to be exposed to family turmoil.
C) Unlike children in middle-income families, children in poor families are much morelikely to be exposed to violence.
Brad is an athletic child, and he is in every sports team in school, as he enjoys sportsimmensely. He regularly practices football, tennis, and basketball and hopes to become thecaptain of one of the sports teams. This scenario most likely reflects a(n) _____ correlation,the type that occurs when children seek out environments that they find compatible andstimulating.A) passive genotype-environmentB) evocative genotype-environmentC) active (niche-picking) genotype-environmentD) influential genotype-environment
C) active (niche-picking) genotype-environment correlation.
Two-year-old Anita has learned the word "dog" to identify the family pet Rover. Now, Anitasays the word "dog" when she sees any animal. Anita has _____ these animals into herexisting scheme.A) amalgamatedB) accommodatedC) assimilatedD) applied
C) assimilated
Benji has started calling his father "dad," but he also calls other the men "dad." According toPiaget, this error is due to the phenomenon ofA) amalgamation.B) accommodation.C) assimilation.D) application
C) assimilation
Two-year-old Julia is learning to talk, and her parents would say that her favorite word is"no." This would be considered normal for a child in Erik Erikson's life-span stage ofA) initiative versus guilt.B) intimacy versus isolation.C) autonomy versus shame and doubt.D) trust versus mistrust.
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt.
When Alice speaks to her 6-month-old nephew, her voice immediately takes on a higherpitch, her speech becomes slower, and she begins to use more simplistic words and phrases.This change in Alice's language behavior is an example ofA) echoing.B) recasting.C) child-directed speech.D) morphology.
C) child-directed speech
Recent research indicates that the process of methylation may be involved in which of thefollowing?A) Parkinson diseaseB) baldnessC) colorectal cancerD) bulimia
C) colorectal cancer
Eleven-month-old Jenny looks at her toy golf club, grasps it tightly, and visually inspectsit. She then uses the toy golf club to bring another toy within reach. In the context of Piaget'stheory of infant development, Jenny is in the _____ substage of the sensorimotor stage.A) simple reflexesB) secondary circular reactionsC) coordination of secondary circular reactionsD) first habits and primary circular reactions
C) coordination of secondary circular reactions
When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class, he was quite upset.He cried for a long time and would not play with the other children. This behavior continuedfor a few more days. Some days, Josh would throw tantrums right before his mother droppedhim off, and on other days he would cry and scream after his mom left him at the preschool.According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, what type of temperamentdoes Josh have?A) slow-to-warm-upB) easyC) difficultD) inflexible
C) difficult
Gina's therapist attributes her delinquent behavior to heredity and to the gross neglect shesuffered as a baby at the hands of her alcoholic mother. Gina's therapist appears to beemphasizing the _____ aspect of her development.A) personalityB) life-long learningC) discontinuityD) stability
C) discontinuity
A recent television documentary concluded that, from birth, girls are more nurturing than areboys. Daniel agrees with this because he believes nurturing is an evolutionary trait passed onthrough the generations, because females needed to be more nurturing to aid the survival ofthe species. Daniel's view reflects the _____ perspective of development.A) ideologicalB) clinicalC) ethologicalD) theological
C) ethological
Emma and Anna are identical twins who were adopted by different families a few weeksafter their birth. Although genetically identical, they grew up with different physical andpsychological characteristics. For example, though both inherited a tendency to grow large,Anna was slim and athletic because of the active lifestyle practiced in her adoptive family.This variability can be explained by howA) each zygote is unique.B) longevity genes can make an individual less vulnerable to certain diseases.C) for each genotype, a range of phenotypes can be expressed.D) mutated genes can be a source of genetic variability
C) for each genotype, a range of phenotypes can be expressed.
Sylvia, a 28-year-old pregnant woman, has been diagnosed with an illness that carries therisk of delivering very large infants, weighing 10 pounds or more. Which of the followingdiseases has Sylvia been diagnosed with?A) genital herpesB) AIDSC) gestational diabetesD) syphilis
C) gestational diabetes
Farah showed her baby a colorful block. Farah then hid the block and showed it to thebaby again, and she repeated this activity for some time. After the first few attempts, thebaby, who initially paid close attention to the block, became disinterested in the block. In thecontext of attention, this scenario demonstrates the process ofA) distraction.B) imitation.C) habituation.D) dishabituation
C) habituation
Blanca rarely holds Joey, her baby, and tends to respond to his needs in an angry, irritablefashion. It is most likely that Joey will develop a(n) _____ with his mother.A) secure attachmentB) insecure avoidant attachmentC) insecure resistant attachmentD) disorganized resistant attachment
C) insecure resistant attachment
In the Strange Situation, Cameron did not explore the playroom, he clung to his motherwhen she was in the room, and he was very upset when she left the room. When she returned,he appeared to be ambivalent—wanting to be comforted by his mother but pushing her awaywhen she attempted to do so. Mary Ainsworth would most likely classify Cameron as beingA) securely attached.B) insecure avoidant.C) insecure resistant.D) insecure disorganized.
C) insecure resistant.
Caitlin, age 25, has a good job as a financial analyst, but she has few friends and has had nosuccess in dating. She admits that being close to others is a problem for her. According toErikson's psychosocial theory, Caitlin is at risk of reaching the state ofA) stagnation.B) guilt.C) isolation.D) shame and doubt.
C) isolation.
As they walk in the park together, Damon's dad points out various objects to him—flowers, birds, butterflies, slides, swings, vehicles, and so on—and helps Damon name eachof them. Damon's dad is using _____ to help his son learn language.A) echoingB) encodingC) labelingD) recasting
C) labeling
Red-feathered and blue-feathered birds occupy the same environment. The birds with the redfeathers are better able to survive and avoid predators. This means that the population of red-feathered birds will increase in future generations. This illustrates the process ofA) genetic selection.B) natural adaptation.C) natural selection.D) genetic survival.
C) natural selection.
When she was a child, Anna's home was wrecked by a tornado, and her neighbor was killed.More than 30 years later, she is still terrified of storms. This is an example of how a _____event can influence a person's development.A) normative age-gradedB) normative generationalC) nonnormative lifeD) normative history-graded
C) nonnormative life
While scooting on the floor, baby Giovanni fell down the stairs. If he can no longer see, it islikely that the _____ lobe of his brain was damaged.A) frontalB) parietalC) occipitalD) temporal
C) occipital
Makiko feels ashamed when her friend, who has come over for a play date, teases herabout wearing nighttime diapers. This is an example of _____ emotions.A) primaryB) other worldlyC) other-consciousD) conscious
C) other-conscious
Anthony is just starting to crawl and has taken to following his mother around the house.He also lifts his arms up to her when he wants to be picked up. According to Bowlby'sconceptualization of attachment, which phase is Anthony currently in?A) phase 1B) phase 2C) phase 3D) phase 4
C) phase 3
Kyoko is 13 months old and can understand about 50 words but can say only about 10.This demonstrates how Kyoko's _____ vocabulary is more developed than her _____vocabulary.A) expressive; spokenB) spoken; receptiveC) receptive; spokenD) spoken; expressive
C) receptive; spoken
Sarah, a 7-month-old infant, loves to repeatedly shake a toy that lights up and playsmusic when it is shaken. She repeats this action out of sheer fascination with theconsequences of the action. In the context of Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage ofdevelopment, Sarah is most likely in Jean Piaget's _____ substage of sensorimotordevelopment.A) simple reflexesB) first habitsC) secondary circular reactionsD) primary circular reactions
C) secondary circular reactions
Joshua, a 2-year-old, has been diagnosed with _____, a blood disorder that limits the body'soxygen supply and can cause joint swelling and heart and kidney failure. This geneticdisorder can be treated through penicillin, pain medication, antibiotics, blood transfusions,and hydroxyurea.A) spina bifidaB) Tay-Sachs diseaseC) sickle-cell anemiaD) Huntington disease
C) sickle-cell anemia
Kelly responds to her infant's needs in a consistent and timely way. When he is tired she putshim down for a nap, and when he is hungry she feeds him. Erikson would say that Kelly ishelping her son to develop a sense ofA) autonomy.B) initiative.C) trust.D) integrity.
C) trust.
Melania has tested positive with a pregnancy test. She is very happy and visits her doctor tofind out the sex of her unborn child so that she can hold a gender reveal party for her family.Her doctor tells her that it is too early to determine the sex of the child and that it can bedetermined only after _____ weeks.A) 2B) 4C) 8D) 12
D) 12 weeks.
Cathy is preparing for the birth of her first child. She asks her doctor when her baby maybegin to assume the birth position. Which of the following would be her doctor's response?A) 16 weeks onwardB) 20 weeks onwardC) 24 weeks onwardD) 32 weeks onward
D) 32 weeks onward
Salma is trying to get pregnant and is visiting her doctor to understand more about pregnancyand childbirth. She asks her doctor about the duration of typical prenatal development.Which of the following would be her doctor's response?A) 20 to 28 weeksB) 24 to 30 weeksC) 28 to 33 weeksD) 38 to 40 weeks
D) 38 to 40 weeks
Susan is trying to conceive. She has been advised by her doctor that because of her age sheshould be prepared for adverse perinatal outcomes, including spontaneous abortion, pretermbirth, stillbirth, and fetal growth restriction. Which of the following age groups does shebelong to?A) 18 years or youngerB) between 18 and 25 yearsC) between 35 and 39 yearsD) 40 years and older
D) 40 years and older
Bella contracted a sexually transmitted infection from her partner a couple of years ago.When she became pregnant, her doctor advised her to avoid breast feeding her baby, as thebaby could contract the infection from her. Which of the following maternal diseases didBella have?A) rubellaB) syphilisC) genital herpesD) AIDS
D) AIDS
Rachel loves to read books, and she has encouraged her daughter to read by regularly takingher to the local library and buying her lots of books. Rachel's daughter is now an avid reader.This reflects a(n) _____ correlation.A) passive genotype-environmentB) evocative genotype-environmentC) influential genotype-environmentD) active (niche-picking) genotype-environment
D) Active (niche-picking) genotype environment
Eva's mother describes Eva as a mildly active child. She also feels that Eva's mood ismarginally negative. According to Chess and Thomas' classification, which of the followingcharacteristics is Eva most likely to demonstrate?A) Eva tends to throw tantrums and cry frequently.B) Eva accepts and adapts easily to changes around her.C) Eva displays a low intensity of mood.D) Eva engages in irregular daily routines
D) Eva engages in irregular daily routines
David and Kelly are seeking help for infertility. Under their physician's guidance, they decideto undergo a procedure in which Kelly's eggs are combined in a laboratory dish with herhusband's sperms. What is this procedure called?A) gamete transferB) intracytoplasmic sperm injectionC) zygote intrafallopian transferD) in vitro fertilization
D) In vitro fertilization
Which of the following statements best distinguishes neurogenesis from neuronal migration?A) Neurogenesis refers to the closure of the neural tube 27 days after conception,whereas neuronal migration refers to the formation of the neural tube 18 days afterconception.B) Neurogenesis is the occurrence of connections between neurons postnatally, whereasneuronal migration is the formation of the blastocyst and trophoblast.C) Neurogenesis occurs 24-30 hours after fertilization, whereas neuronal migrationoccurs during the first two weeks after conception.D) Neurogenesis refers to the formation of new neurons, whereas neuronal migrationrefers to the movement of cells outward to create the different levels, structures, andregions of the brain
D) Neurogenesis refers to the formation of new neurons, whereas neuronal migration refers to the movement of cells outward to create the different levels, structures, and regions of the brain.
When imprinting goes awry, development is disturbed, as in the case ofA) cancer.B) schizophrenia.C) spina bifida.D) Prader-Willi syndrome
D) Prader-Willi syndrome.
Who among the following most likely exhibits the developmental pattern of successfulaging?A) Khalid, who is 79 years old and has started experiencing a modest decline in hispsychological functioningB) Shyam, who is 81 years old and frequently forgets where he places his belongingsC) Carlo, who is 78 years old and suffers from Parkinson disease, which impairs hisdaily functioningD) Selena, who is 80 years old and capable of walking without the support of a cane
D) Selena, who is 80 years old and capable of walking without the support of a cane
Natasha has a short stature, although everyone else in her family is tall. Unlike her familymembers and relatives, she has a webbed neck. She dislikes mathematics, as she hasdifficulty understanding the subject. However, she takes part in and enjoys activities thatrequire verbal communication. Natasha's doctor informs her parents that she is missing an Xchromosome, making her XO instead of XX. The symptoms and the cause of the symptomsmost likely indicate that Natasha hasA) fragile X syndrome.B) XYY syndrome.C) Klinefelter syndrome.D) Turner syndrome.
D) Turner syndrome.
Gwendolyn is pregnant and is undergoing a prenatal medical procedure in which her doctordirects high-frequency sound waves into her abdomen to create a visual representation of thefetus's inner structures. The doctor informs her that the procedure will reveal the number offetuses she is carrying, detect abnormalities in the fetus, and give clues as to the sex of thebaby. In this scenario, which of the following prenatal medical procedures is Gwendolynmost likely undergoing?A) chorionic villus samplingB) triple screenC) amniocentesisD) ultrasound sonography
D) Ultrasound Sonography
When Monica was born, she showed the typical grasping reflex by closing her fingersaround anything that brushed against her palm. After a few weeks, she showed this graspingbehavior even when nothing touched her palm. Monica had developed a _____, which is ascheme based on a reflex that has become completely separated from its eliciting stimulus.A) habitB) simple reflexC) primitive symbolD) circular reaction
D) circular reaction
Mandy, a 9-month-old infant, saw a little girl in a toy store pushing buttons on a musicaltoy that plays a different song for each button. When Mandy's grandmother gave the sametoy to her the following day, Mandy immediately started pushing the buttons. In the contextof infants' cognitive development, Mandy was most likely displayingA) dishabituation.B) categorization.C) object permanence.D) deferred imitation.
D) deferred imitation.
Timothy is a shy 6-year-old who is usually withdrawn in class. He is always distracted andrefuses to cooperate with other students during class activities. He does not volunteer toanswer questions, and as his teachers find it difficult to elicit any response from him, theychoose to ignore him. He is not liked by his classmates, as he never shares his belongings. Asa result, he mostly plays by himself. According to Sandra Scarr's description of the threeways that heredity and environment can be correlated, which of the following correlations ismost likely exhibited in this scenario?A) passive genotype-environment correlationB) active genotype-environment correlationC) niche-picking genotype-environment correlationD) evocative genotype-environment correlation
D) evocative genotype-environment correlation.
Jessica is a 25-year-old woman who often drinks alcohol. Now that she is pregnant, herdoctor has advised her to avoid alcohol, as it has been proven to cause abnormalities in theoffspring. According to recent research, which of the following is a known abnormality?A) lower birth weightB) withdrawal symptomsC) lower quality of reflexes at one month of ageD) facial deformities
D) facial deformities
Agatha is 83 years old. According to Baltes and his colleagues, _____ and _____ in hercapacities will take center stage.A) growth; maintenanceB) maintenance; regulation of lossC) regulation of loss; augmentationD) growth; regulation of loss
D) growth; regulation of loss
In a recent U.S. study, newborns that were born in water were more likely toA) be admitted to a NICU.B) have fetal heart rate abnormalities.C) have respiratory complications.D) have lower rates of fetal heart rate abnormalities
D) have lower rates of fetal heart rate abnormalities
Janis, a 30-year-old woman, has been in and out of drug rehabilitation programs severaltimes over the past few years. Recently, she gave birth to a baby girl. The doctor noticed thatthe infant showed symptoms of tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, andimpaired motor control. The doctor diagnosed these withdrawal symptoms as the effects of adrug to which Janis was addicted. Identify the drug.A) methamphetamineB) nicotineC) marijuanaD) heroin
D) heroin
Daniel is 10 months old and is completely dependent on his parents. He is just beginning toacquire language and develop symbolic thought. In this scenario, which of the followingdevelopmental periods is Daniel most likely in?A) adolescenceB) middle childhoodC) early childhoodD) infancy
D) infancy
On your first day of class, Professor Red-Elk claims that for too long we have focused on thedevelopment of young children, especially infants. She argues that the development of adultsand elderly people is just as important. This professor is articulating a(n) _____ approach.A) evolutionaryB) constructivistC) normativeD) life-span
D) life-span
Jeremy becomes fluent in English at the age of 4. At the age of 6, he becomes fluent inFrench. However, when Jeremy's parents try to teach him Spanish when he is 8 years old,they find that Jeremy's capacity to acquire a new language has decreased. This scenario mostlikely illustrates Paul Baltes' view that development isA) plastic.B) contextual.C) multidisciplinary.D) multidirectional
D) multidirectional
Heather is shown a teddy bear. The teddy bear is then hidden from her, and she searchesfor it. This shows that Heather has developed a sense ofA) symbolic manipulation.B) infinite generativity.C) telegraphic thinking.D) object permanence.
D) object permanence.
George, a child, sees a hammer in his father's toolbox, but he only has a vague idea abouthow to use it. He also sees some nails in the toolbox and learns that they can be driven intowalls. George later realizes that the hammer is hard and heavy and can be used to drive thenails into walls. In the context of Jean Piaget's theory of infant development, the grouping ofknowledge or thoughts by George into a higher-order system is known asA) assimilation.B) accommodation.C) equilibration.D) organization
D) organization
Peter uses phrases and words such as "May I," "Please," and "Thank you" and arespectful tone when speaking to his teachers. In the context of the five systems of rulesinvolved in language, this scenario indicates that Peter has knowledge ofA) phonology.B) syntax.C) morphology.D) pragmatics
D) pragmatics
A mother hands her baby a rattle, saying, "Here you are." She then gently takes the rattleaway, smiling and saying, "Thank you." She does this repeatedly, letting the baby keep therattle for several seconds each time and encouraging the baby to offer the rattle. Eventually,the baby takes the rattle, holds it for a few seconds, and then holds it out to her mother andsmiles. This is an example ofA) sociability.B) scaffolding.C) emotionality.D) reciprocal socialization
D) reciprocal socialization
Nellie, age 3, bangs her head against the wall repeatedly throughout the day. How could Skinner's concept of operant conditioning be applied to address this behavior?A) explore experiences from Nellie's early childhood and address them in therapyB) test Nellie to determine her current level of cognitive functioningC) investigate her psychosocial environment and eliminate stressorsD) reward Nellie when she does not bang her head and punish the head-banging behavior
D) reward Nellie when she does not bang her head and punish the head-banging behavior
Antonio swings his arms while lying in his crib. One of his arms accidentally hits themobile hanging above him. This causes the mobile to move. Antonio continues to swing hisarms but is unable to strike the mobile again. This is an example of aA) habit.B) reflex.C) primary circular reaction.D) secondary circular reaction.
D) secondary circular reaction.
Alice, who is three weeks old, sucks everything that touches her lips. After a few weeks,her mother observes that she has started to suck even if a nipple or bottle is only nearby andnot touching her lips. In the context of Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage of development,Alice is most likely in the sensorimotor substage known asA) simple reflexes.B) first habits.C) primary circular reactions.D) secondary circular reactions.
D) secondary circular reactions.
Adam, who has a cardiovascular disease, participated in a research study to identify geneticvariations linked to cardiovascular disease. His DNA was obtained, along with DNA fromother patients suffering from the same cardiovascular disease. For the purpose of comparison,the researchers also took DNA samples from participants who did not have the disease. Eachparticipant's DNA was assessed to determine markers of genetic variation. The researchersfound that genetic variations occurred more frequently in people who had the cardiovasculardisease. This led them to pinpoint the region in the human genome linked to the disease.Which of the following approaches to gene identification and discovery did the researchersuse in this study?A) next-generation sequencingB) linkage analysisC) the Thousand Genomes ProjectD) the genome-wide association method
D) the genome-wide association method
Sixteen-month-old Akel plays endlessly with a ball, rolling it, throwing it, using it toknock over other toys, standing on it, and trying to ride on it. Which of the followingsubstages of the sensorimotor stage is represented by Akel's behavior?A) the primary circular reactions substageB) the secondary circular reactions substageC) the coordination of secondary circular reactions substageD) the tertiary circular reactions substage
D) the tertiary circular reactions substage
Which of the following correlations is the strongest?A) −.65B) +.46C) +.70D) −.77
D) −.77
