PSYC 581 Chapter 5

Erica's child shows signs of intellectual disability. The child's diagnosis reveals that this is due to phenylketonuria (PKU). The child's intellectual disability is caused by lack of _____. a) myelination b) canalization c) axons d) dendrites

a

How long does it take for a child's brain to reach 70% of its adult weight? a) one year b) two years c) three years d) five years

a

In the context of cephalocaudal development, the torso increases in length by _____ between birth and maturity. a) three times b) five times c) four times c) two times

a

In the embryonic stage, which of the following develops before other parts of the body? a) The head b) The foot c) The spine d) The stomach

a

Infants begin to walk by themselves by the age of _____. a) 12 to 15 months b) 15 to 18 months c) 6 to 9 months d) 9 to 12 months

a

Messages are released from axon terminals in the form of chemicals called _____. a) neurotransmitters b) axons c) myelin sheaths d) dendrites

a

Myelin allows electrical messages to be conducted efficiently in the nervous system. a) true b) false

a

Samantha, a three-year-old girl, showed stunted growth. She weighed only 22 pounds and was much shorter than most of her peers six months ago. She was treated for failure to thrive. She is now returning to her normal growth rate, and her weight is showing an increase. Which of the following phenomena does this scenario represent? a) Canalization b) Myelination c) Differentiation d) Habituation

a

The tendency to return to one's genetically determined pattern of growth is referred to as _____. a) canalization b) habituation c) differentiation d) integration

a

Toddlers begin to run with their legs in a bowlegged fashion because: a) the head and the torso are heavier than the rest of the body. b) this action requires visual-motor coordination, which is absent in toddlers. c) they lack the Babinski reflex. d) the principle of cephalocaudal development prevents them from running.

a

Which of the following is an example of shape constancy? a) Recognizing that a door is a rectangle whether closed or ajar b) Being able to see someone by means of peripheral vision c) Scanning a human face from the edges inward d) Perceiving a ruler to be 12 inches long whether it is two feet or six feet away

a

Which of the following is true of the pincer grasp? a) It involves using the thumb. b) It involves using the palms. c) It involves arching the back. d) It involves biting the teeth.

a

Which of the following is true of the stages of locomotion in an infant? a) Most infants begin to crawl at about eight to nine months of age. b) Most infants begin to roll over, from back to stomach and from stomach to back, at one month of age. c) Most infants begin to sit up by themselves by about two months of age. d) Most infants begin to roll over by about three months of age.

a

Which of the following is true of visual preferences in infants? a) Most one-month-old infants direct their attention to the edges of objects. b)Most infants show distinct preferences for straight lines over curved ones. c) Most infants look at blobs rather than at stripes. d) Most two-month-old infants focus particularly on the mouth and nose rather than the eyes.

a

Which of the following is untrue about breastfeeding? a) breast-feeding CANNOT transmit HIV b) breast-feeding helps shrink the uterus after delivery c) breast milk can transmit poly-chlorinated biphenyls d) breast-feeding reduces the risk of ovarian cancer

a

_____ refers to the phenomenon of becoming used to a stimulus and therefore paying less attention to it. a) Habituation b) Canalization c) Integration d) Constancy

a

breast milk contains the mother's __________ and helps the infant ward off health problems such as ear infections and pneumonia.

antibodies

A _____ is a fatty, whitish substance that encases and insulates axons. a) neuron b) myelin sheath c) neurotransmitter. d) dendrite

b

According to Eleanor Gibson, which of the following changes do infants experience as they grow? a) Unsystematic search replaces systematic search. b) Intentional action replaces automatic responses to stimulation. c) Attention becomes less selective and more indiscriminate. d) Relevant information is ignored, and irrelevant information gains attention.

b

Among neonates, the arms: a) develop more slowly than the legs after the first birthday due to cephalocaudal development. b) are about the same length as the legs. c) are shorter than the legs. d) are longer than the legs.

b

Movement from one place to another is called _____. a) acclimatization b) locomotion c) habituation d) adaptation

b

Research on language development in infants show that: a) they are only able to recognize sounds that do not belong to any language. b) they are born ready to learn any language but quickly adapt to their native language. c) they are born with the ability to speak any language, and this ability never goes away. d) they are able to perceive most of the speech sounds present in the world's language.

b

Which of the following is true of auditory acuity in children? a) The range of the pitch of the sounds infants can detect at birth is 20 to 20,000 cycles per second. b) By the age of one month, infants perceive differences between speech sounds that are highly similar. c) Infants can learn to discriminate the sounds of their parents' voices at around two years of age. d) By four months of age, the accuracy of sound-localizing ability approaches that of adults.

b

Which of the following is true of locomotive development in infants? a) Most infants can remain in a standing position by holding on to something at the age of five months. b) By about seven months, infants usually begin to sit up by themselves. c) Crawling appears a month or so after creeping. d) Most infants begin to crawl at about six months.

b

Which of the following statements is true of the medulla? a) It is primarily responsible for controlling temperature changes in the human body. b) Many nerves that connect the spinal cord to higher levels of the brain pass through the medulla. c) It is primarily responsible for controlling motor behavior in humans. d) The medulla lies above the cerebellum.

b

Grasping objects between the fingers and the palm is called the _____ grasp. a) fisted b) pincer c) ulnar d) palmer

c

In the context of cephalocaudal development, the head increases in length by _____ between birth and maturity. a) four times b) three times c) two times d) five times

c

Jaden, a nine-month-old infant, is placed face down at the edge of a table. In the context of depth perception, how will Jaden respond in this situation? a) Jaden's heart rate will remain the same. b) Jaden's breathing rate will decrease. c) Jaden's breathing rate will increase. d) Jaden's heart rate will decrease.

c

Myelination of the neurons involved in the sense of hearing begins: a) in the germinal phase b) in the embryonic phase c) in the fetal stage d) after birth

c

Samson is a seven-year-old boy. He always gets poor grades in school. His language teacher complains that he does not remember anything that she teaches and he speaks in an incoherent manner. If Samson's condition is caused by brain damage, which part of the brain is his physician most likely to check first? a) The medulla b) The cerebellum c) The cerebrum d) The auditory cortex

c

The American Academy of pediatrics reccomends that infants be fed breast milk for at least: a) 4-6 months b) 6-9 months c) one year d) two years

c

The _____ is the largest, rounded part of the brain, responsible for learning, thought, memory, and language. a) medulla b) cerebellum c) cerebrum d) hippocampus

c

Vision is the infant's dominant sense at a) birth b) 1-4 months c) 5-6 months d) one year

c

Which of the following is true of cephalocaudal development? a) It involves development of control over the hips and upper legs and then the lower legs and feet. b) It involves development of life functions like heartbeat, respiration, and digestion. c) It involves development of the ability to hold up the head before gaining control over the arms and torsos. d) It involves development from the trunk outward, from the body's central axis toward the periphery.

c

Which of the following is true of motor development? a) only nature is involved b) only nurture is involved c) both nature and nurture are involved d) neither nature nor nurture are involved

c

Which of the following is true of the first major growth spurt in the brain? a) It occurs due to the proliferation of axon terminals. b) It occurs due to the proliferation of dendrites. c) It occurs during the fourth and fifth months of prenatal development. d) It occurs between the 25th week of prenatal development and the end of the second year after birth.

c

____ are short fibers that extend from the cell body and receive incoming messages from up to 1,000 adjoining transmitting neurons. a) Synaptic vesicles b) Myelin sheaths c) Dendrites d) Axons

c

Native american Hopi indians typically spend the first year strapped to a(n) _________.

cradle board

Baby Marla's brain cannot control her heartbeat and respiration. Which part of her brain is most likely damaged? a) The hypothalamus b) The cerebellum c) The cerebrum d) The medulla

d

In the context of cephalocaudal development, the head is about half the length of the body at the beginning of the _____ stage. a) neonatal b) embryonic c) latency d) fetal

d

Many women bottle-feed because: a) they are embarrassed to breast-feed in public. b) they are convinced that breast-feeding increases the likelihood of developing allergic responses in infants. c) they are unsure of the health benefits of breast-feeding. d) they return to work after childbirth and are unavailable to breast-feed.

d

Which of the following happens during the fourth and fifth months of prenatal development? a) A growth spurt occurs due to the completion of myelination. b) A growth spurt occurs due to dendrites proliferating. c) A growth spurt occurs due to axon terminals forming. d) A growth spurt of the brain occurs due to neurons proliferating.

d

Which of the following is a downside of breast-feeding? a) It increases the likelihood of infants developing serious cases of diarrhea. b) It increases the likelihood of infants developing allergic responses and constipation. c) It increases the likelihood of infants developing obesity in later life. d) It increases the likelihood of transmitting alcohol or drugs to an infant.

d

Which of the following is a similarity between sensory changes and motor changes in infants? a) Both can be achieved without sensory stimulation. b) Both are fully developed at the time of birth. c) Both are passive modes of development. d) Both are linked to the maturation of the nervous system.

d

Which of the following is an advantage of breast-feeding? a) It is free of drugs, such as alcohol, in the mother's body and is safe for the infant's consumption. b) It provides adequate nourishment for the infant regardless of the mother's level of nourishment. c) It does not transmit the HIV virus unlike other fluids from the body. d) It increases the infant's chances to ward off health problems.

d

Which of the following is true of motor development in infants? a) Infants begin moving their heads to the side at six months of age. b) Infants begin to lift their chests while lying on their stomachs at nine months of age. c) Infants begin to raise their heads at three months of age. d) Infants begin holding their heads up without support by three to six months of age.

d

Which of the following is true of neurons? a) They are mainly involved in receiving messages. b) They are located exclusively around the spinal cord. c) They are of the same length throughout the body. d) They are usually tightly wrapped with myelin sheaths.

d

Which of the following is true of the cerebrum? a) It is concerned with functions like heartbeat and respiration. b) It is concerned with the control of motor behavior. c) It is concerned with the maintenance of balance. d) It is concerned with the development of memory.

d

Which of the following is true of the pincer grasp? a) It involves arching the back. b) It involves using the palms. c) It involves biting the teeth. d) It involves using the thumb.

d

Which of the following is true of visual acuity in children? a) Most gains in visual acuity is made from three to five years. b) Newborns are extremely farsighted. c) Visual acuity is about 20/50 in newborns. d) Visual acuity approximates to adult levels by three to five years.

d

_____ refers to perceiving objects as maintaining their identity although sensations from them change as their positions change. a) Perceptual error b) Perceptual mapping c) Perceptual coding d) Perceptual constancy

d

______ is the disease where myelin is replaced with hard, fibrous tissue that disrupts the timing of neural transmission, interfering with muscle control.

multiple sclerosis

The first major growth spurt of the brain occurs during the 4th and 5th months of prenatal development, due to the proliferation of _______.

neurons

Myelination of motor pathways allows neonates to engage in:

reflexes

Boys generally reach half of their adult height by their _____________ birthday.

second

Fantz shows 2-month-old infants disks colored red, white, yellow, newsprint, bull's eye, and a face. What did the infants fixate longest on?

the human face

By 12 to 15 months or so, infants walk by themselves, earning them the name-

toddler

Animals reared in darkness show shrinkage of the ____?

visual cortex