psyc334 ch.13

Based on current research, which statement is most justified? a. Genetics play such a strong role, they are a sufficient condition for schizophrenia. b. Genetics increase a person's vulnerability to develop schizophrenia. c. Genetics may not be sufficient for schizophrenia, but everyone who develops schizophrenia must have some number of "schizophrenia genes." d. Genetics cannot play a significant role in the cause of schizophrenia because most people with the disorder have no close relatives who have it.

b. Genetics increase a person's vulnerability to develop schizophrenia.

Which of the following is an example of a negative symptom of schizophrenia? a. Julia heard voices that told her she was evil. b. Karen no longer socialized with her friends. c. Ellen suspected that her husband had poisoned her food. d. Georgia's speech sounded normal, but made no sense

b. Karen no longer socialized with her friends.

Which of the following is likely a sign of disorganized schizophrenia? a. Dillon believes he is God, but will respond to any direction he is given. b. Peter appears to feel no emotion and tends to make odd facial expressions and movements. c. Kyle constantly is asking for a doctor as he is convinced that his stomach is going to explode. d. Trista fears for her life because the pictures on the wall have told her that she is not safe.

b. Peter appears to feel no emotion and tends to make odd facial expressions and movements.

Which of the following has been found to lead to an increased risk of developing schizophrenia? a. Prenatal alcohol exposure. b. Prenatal influenza exposure. c. Alcohol use during middle adulthood. d. Influenza exposure between ages 5 and 10.

b. Prenatal influenza exposure.

Which of the following statements is correct about changes for the diagnosis of schizophrenia in the DSM-5? a. Schizophrenia will not be included in the DSM-5 b. Subtypes of schizophrenia were removed but the diagnosis of schizophrenia will remain c. Only the paranoid subtype remains d. Only the catatonic subtype remains

b. Subtypes of schizophrenia were removed but the diagnosis of schizophrenia will remain

Which of the following people is more likely exhibiting paranoid schizophrenia? a. The teen who has been in a catatonic state for several days b. The woman who believes she is being persecuted because she is Helen of Troy c. The man who shows little emotion,and who makes no sense when he speaks d. The mother of three who first showed signs of schizophrenia in her teens and now is unable to care for herself or her children.

b. The woman who believes she is being persecuted because she is Helen of Troy

Which of the following statements most clearly summarizes our understanding of schizophrenia? a. The relative influence of nature and nurture has been established. b. While much is known about the causes of schizophrenia, there are many questions still to be answered. c. The role of genes in schizophrenia is negligible. d. Schizophrenia is primarily caused by expressed emotion in families.

b. While much is known about the causes of schizophrenia, there are many questions still to be answered.

Which of the following people has the highest risk of developing schizophrenia? a. A person who came from New Guinea b. Someone who was physically abused as a child c. A person whose father was over 50 when he/she was born d. Someone who has a history of depression

c. A person whose father was over 50 when he/she was born

Which of the following accounts for the belief that schizophrenia is becoming more common in males than females? a. Males are more likely to hallucinate than females so may be overdiagnosed. b. Men are more likely to seek treatment. c. Females with schizophrenia have less severe symptoms so may be misdiagnosed. d. Women respond better to treatment than men.

c. Females with schizophrenia have less severe symptoms so may be misdiagnosed.

The first-generation antipsychotics seem to work because they block dopamine. This is supported by the new research findings that

changes in symptoms begin to occur very quickly after starting the medications, not weeks later as previously thought.

Most people with schizophrenia

continue to show signs of illness.

Which of the following best describes the person with paranoid schizophrenia? a. Jake, who shows bizarre behavior, delusions, and disordered speech but has normal emotions. b. Lincoln, whose schizophrenia involves a chronic pattern of wild excitement followed by muteness and immobility. c. Constance, whose speech is incoherent and filled with invented words but whose emotions are inconsistent and inappropriate for the situation. d. Pauline, who is convinced that her husband is poisoning her food and can hear voices (that others cannot hear) calling her a liar and a thief.

d. Pauline, who is convinced that her husband is poisoning her food and can hear voices (that others cannot hear) calling her a liar and a thief.

Which of the following could be described as "short-term" schizophrenia? a. Undifferentiated schizophrenia b. Schizoaffective disorder c. Delusional disorder d. Schizophreniform disorder

d. Schizophreniform disorder

Which of the following is true about second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia? a. They are more effective than first generation antipsychotics. b. They work by decreasing frontal lobe activity. c. They prevent prenatal brain damage. d. They are no more effective than first generation antipsychotics

d. They are no more effective than first generation antipsychotics

Sterling believes that the TV special that was on last night was shown to tell her that she should break up with her boyfriend. She is absolutely certain this is true and plans to do it. This type of belief is an example of a

delusion of reference.

The term "demence precoce" was used by Benedict Morel to describe schizophrenia and to also explain the

difference between schizophrenia and dementias of old age

Moira is schizophrenic. She giggles a lot, acts silly, and talks "baby talk." She experiences frequent auditory hallucinations and bizarre delusions. Moira most likely belongs to the ________ subtype of schizophrenia.

disorganized

People with schizophrenia may have difficulty with the form of thought - in other words, their thoughts do not make sense. The observable sign of this is

disorganized speech.

Over the course of the disorder, most individuals with schizophrenia

display a mix of positive and negative symptoms

Delusions are

disturbances in the content of thought.

Aberrant salience means that

dysregulated dopamine can cause people with schizophrenia to pay too much attention to stimuli that are not actually important.

"Familial" does not mean the same thing as "genetic" because

families share both genes and the environment.

People with schizophrenia often show poor performance on tasks like the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, which is thought to indicate a dysfunction of the

frontal lobe

Schizophrenia is best described as a

genetically influenced multiple gene disorder.

In genetic studies, a "proband" or "index case" is someone who

has the disorder of interest.

Compared to his nonschizophrenic identical twin, Matthew (who is schizophrenic) is more likely to

have been considered "different" or "odd" in childhood.

Joe has a delusional belief. When people argue with him,

he doesn't admit he could be wrong, no matter what proof he is shown.

The best predictor of overall functioning over time for someone with schizophrenia is

how severe the person's negative symptoms are

When adoption studies of schizophrenia contain all the necessary controls and measurements,

index subjects are more likely to develop schizophrenia than the control subjects.

Most of the evidence suggests that, if schizophrenia is inherited, it

involves a multitude of genes that work in concert

Linkage analysis

is being used to help locate genes associated with schizophrenia

Disorganized schizophrenia

is characterized by disorganized speech

The majority of cases of schizophrenia begin in

late adolescence or early adulthood

Communication deviance

may be an environmental risk factor for the development of schizophrenia.

Neuroimaging studies of hallucinating patients suggest that auditory hallucinations

may reflect a cognitive error.

"My father and I swiggered to the beach yesterday." This is an example of a

neologism

The Danish adoption studies have been criticized for

not assessing the child-rearing environments of the index and control groups

Studies of monochorionic and dichorionic twins

offer further evidence of the role of the prenatal environment in schizophrenia.

There is some debate as to whether ________ is a variant of schizophrenia or a form of mood disorder.

schizoaffective disorder

Julia clearly had psychotic symptoms. As she also showed symptoms of bipolar disorder, she was ultimately diagnosed with

schizoaffective disorder.

DeJuan is highly suggestible and automatically obeys the commands of his brother. He sometimes stands in the same strange posture for hours despite his hands and feet becoming swollen due to immobility. This has been going on for over a year. Which diagnosis does this best illustrate?

schizophrenia

Harold and Tanya both have a wide range of schizophrenic symptoms. Harold's symptoms have lasted for eight months; Tanya's have lasted only eight weeks. According to the DSM-5, their diagnoses should be

schizophrenia for Harold; schizophreniform disorder for Tanya.

Virginia exhibits a variety of schizophrenic symptoms including delusions, auditory hallucinations, and formal thought disorder. She has been symptomatic for a little more than a month. Virginia qualifies for a diagnosis of

schizophreniform disorder.

One-on-one psychotherapy for people with schizophrenia

seems to be very effective when combined with medication

Hallucinations are

sensory experiences with no basis in reality

Patients in a catatonic stupor

show pronounced motor signs.

Adopted children who were high risk for schizophrenia, who were raised in healthy families,

showed lower risk for schizophrenia than those adopted into dysfunctional families - a good environment may protect people with genetic vulnerabilities from developing schizophrenia.

Enlarged brain ventricles

suggest that there has been a loss of brain tissue

Studies of family concordance patterns for schizophrenia have found

that the more genetically related you are to someone with schizophrenia, the greater your risk of the disorder.

If schizophrenia were exclusively a genetic disorder,

the concordance rate for monozygotic twins would be 100 percent.

Based on developmental studies of children who later developed schizophrenia,

the first signs are usually seen in the way children move.

One aspect of family environment that has been found to be important in schizophrenia is

the level of expressed emotion

There is a new trend to focus on dopamine receptor sensitivity rather than on dopamine itself because

there is no strong evidence that people with schizophrenia have too much dopamine.

Individuals with delusional disorder differ from those with schizophrenia in that

they behave relatively normally other than the delusions

One disadvantage of early descriptions of schiziophrenia, such as Kraepelin's use of the term "dementia praecox," is that

they did not distinguish between the varying types of schizophrenia that we know about today.

Adoption studies are typically used

to separate the effects of nature and nurture.

Social-skills training for people with schizophrenia

tries to help people gain the skills they need for daily living outside the hospital.

Cognitive-behavioral treatment for people with schizophrenia

tries to help people question their delusions to help reduce their intensity

Kraepelin used the term "praecox" to convey that schizophrenia typically develops early in life. The actual age of onset of the condition

typically is during the mid-twenties.

The individual diagnosed with schizophreniform disorder

usually exhibits symptoms of schizophrenia that last for at least a month but less than 6 months.

The fact that a significant number of monozygotic twins share the same placenta, while no dizygotic twins do, suggests that

we may have overestimated the influence of genetics in schizophrenia

First-generation antipsychotics

work by blocking dopamine receptors

Schizophrenia occurs in about ________ of the general population.

1 out of 100

What type of hallucinations are the most common?

Auditory

What is a stressor that has been found to increase the risk of developing schizophrenia?

Being a recent immigrant

Both of Mary's parents have been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Bob has an identical twin who has schizophrenia. Who is more likely to develop schizophrenia and why?

Bob, because he has inherited the same susceptibility that his twin is expressing.

A mother constantly demands that her son show her how much she is loved, but when he tries to hug her she yells at him to be more discreet. No matter what the child does, he is wrong. Further, the mother prohibits him from commenting on this paradox. What does this interaction pattern best illustrate?

Double-bind communication

Which of the following is a brain area that has been shown to be involved in schizophrenia? a. Parietal lobe b. Occipital lobe c. Hippocampus d. Hypothalamus

Hippocampus

Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter that researchers suspect might be involved in schizophrenia because

alterations in glutamate levels can produce schizophrenic-like symptoms in normal subjects.

The finding that prenatal viral exposure, rhesus incompatibility, and early nutritional deficiency are associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia indicates that

anything that interferes with normal brain development might lead to a greater risk of schizophrenia.

Negative symptoms

are characterized as an absence or deficit of normal behaviors.

Extrapyramidal side effects

are involuntary movements that result mainly from taking first-generation antipsychotic drugs.

Studies on neurocognition have found that people with schizophrenia

are unable to pay attention on demand

Which of the following is an example of a delusion? a. Bob thought the CIA was controlling his thoughts. b. The voices in Jaimie's head told him not to trust the priest. c. Tracy did not think she could get pregnant the first time she had sex. d. Carla saw and felt bugs crawling up her arm.

a. Bob thought the CIA was controlling his thoughts.

Which type of training has an emphasis on helping patients deal with their neurocognitive deficits? a. Cognitive remediation training b. Social skills training c. Case management d. Family therapy

a. Cognitive remediation training

Which of the following is most likely seen in an individual with paranoid schizophrenia? a. Have delusions of reference b. Exhibit primarily negative symptoms c. Show more significant cognitive impairments than are seen in the other subtypes d. Respond poorly to treatment

a. Have delusions of reference

Lori just found out that she is pregnant. Her husband has schizophrenia. What is her unborn child's risk of developing schizophrenia?

10 percent

Which of the following is an example of a negative symptom? a. Hallucinations b. Emotional unresponsiveness c. Emotional turmoil d. Delusions

Emotional unresponsiveness

Why might Kraepelin's idea that schizophrenia was similar to dementia not be as far from the truth as previously thought?

Evidence suggests that there sometimes are progressive changes in brain volume over time in people with schizophrenia

What is the value of research that monitors children at high risk for schizophrenia for a long time?

It can identify factors that precede breakdown and aid in intervention efforts.

What are endophenotypes?

Measurable traits that are thought to be linked to specific genes that might be important in schizophrenia

How common are delusions in schizophrenia?

Over 90 percent of those with schizophrenia experience delusions.

What is the major difference between a diagnosis of schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder?

The duration of symptoms

Ursula has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. If PET scans were done to measure her brain's activity, which area would probably be underactive?

The frontal lobes

Studies of adopted children who were at high-risk for developing schizophrenia found that which of the following appeared to increase the likelihood that these children would show high levels of thought disorders?

Vague, confusing, and unclear communication

When Bleuler coined the term "schizophrenia," the kind of split he believed was central to the disorder was

a break with reality.

Studies of the offspring of nonschizophrenic co-twins from discordant twin pairs suggest that

a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia may remain unexpressed in some individuals unless it is released by some unknown environmental factors.

Psychosis is a striking and essential feature of schizophrenia. Psychosis means

a significant loss of contact with reality.