Psych 290 Final exam

What are types of plagiarism?

- Failure to give credit where it is due - difficult to fact check - makes it harder to trust researchers/scientists

What are some of the criticisms of the IRB?

- IRB may be too cautious in weighing the risk/benefit ratio leading to good studies never being completed. - There can be an overemphasis on certain models when evaluating proposals

What are types of data falsification?

- Not collecting data at all - cherry picking data

What is the difference between a content and process course?

- a process course empahsizes the "how" of getting information and also helps answer the "why" - a content course is the "what" of information

What is the difference between direct and conceptual replication?

Direct = same research repeated Conceptual = change certain aspects that could have affected previous research

What is the difference between induction and deduction?

Deduction moves from idea to observation, while induction moves from observation to idea. Deduction is idea-first, followed by observations and a conclusion. Sherlock Holmes usually used induction but said "I deduce"

How does laboratory and field research differ in control and realism?

Laboratory- allows greater degree of control Field research- higher level of realism

Thalidomide

Late 1950s - Thalidomide Approved as sedative in Europe but no FDA approval in USA Prescribed in US to control sleep and nausea during pregnancy...but later found that it caused severe deformities in fetus Many patients did not know they were taking an experimental drug, nor did they give informed consent

What are the levels of risk?

Minimal risk is situations that reflect normal life, anything higher than that can be considered at risk

Difference between manipulated independent variable and non-manipulated independent variable

Non-manipulated is something the researcher records but does not manipulate. Manipulated is when a researcher makes a change and records it to see how it will effect the dependent

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What are the 4 types of validity?

1. statistical conclusion validity (is proper analysis being done) 2. internal validity (how well is the study being preformed) 3. construct validity (are the operational definitions of the IV and DV sufficient?) 4. external validity (can we apply this to other situations, people, settings)

What are the different types of validity?

face- is it surface level valid (someone looks at questionnaire and is able to tell what you are asking) (not a real type) content- does the content measure what you want (a questionnaire on intelligence that looks at it in the way you intend) criterion- does it align with other valid measurespredictive- can be used to predict future events and occurrences validly) concurrent- does it validly describe what is currently occurring construct- is the construct itself valid and measureable

How are theory and research related?

good theories allow for us to continue research by testing the theories

What do we do when the results of a study support a theory? What do we do (and not do) when they don't?

great if they do, if they dont we reanalyze methodology and restructure the research if need be

What is a population?

group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area

What is matching and what are the 2 ways it can be done?

guarantee groups are equal in terms of external factors. 1. you can either use people that are all the same 2. or you can measure the external factor and then "find a match for them" (like IQ)

What are the threats to internal validity?

history, maturation, testing (knowing the format or questions from pretest), instrumentation (like if you use a different device to measure something)

What is dehoaxing?

if there was deception you need to clear it up

What is confirmation bias?

interpreting new evidence as confirmation of someone's preconceived ideas

What is the definition of experiment?

involves manipulation of the factor of interest and has a clearly defined independent and dependent variable

Why is an operational definition necessary when reporting research findings?

it allows for replication

What is random assignment?

participants have an equal chance of being in every experimental group

What is informed consent, and why is it important to research?

participants must be given enough information about the purpose and procedure of an experiment so they can make an informed decision of whether or not they want to participate

How are reliability and validity related, including which one is necessary for the other, and why?

reliability and validity play off of each other but reliability is necessary but not sufficient for validity - Something can be reliable but not accurate

What are the 4 emphasizes of that established the scientific rigor of psychology?

replication (hallmark characteristic of science) -use of valid and reliable measures -controlling for external factors that may influence outcomes (could be very simple factors) -objectivity

What's the difference between quantitative and qualitative research?

Quantitative is number based and qualitative is descriptive experience based

What are the requirements for animal studies?

Researchers must justify the reason for the study, care for the animals, and avoid pointless repetition of studies

What is the relationship between science and proof?

Science cannot prove things it just provides evidence in favor of a certain conclusion (theory). It more about disproving things

Who were the founding fathers of psychology?

Wilhelm Wundt and William James

What was the significance of Woolworth's "Colombia bible"?

Woodworth published Experimental Psychology in 1938, which covered 30 topics and the experimental methodology of each. Before this, the word "experiment" had not been clearly defined.

What does it mean to be objective? (Explain in both the ideal and practical sense)

You want to be as objective as possible (free from all possible bias) however realistically you can only eliminate so much bias so this is why we have peer review

What is an operational definition?

a concept is defined in terms of the variables used to measure it

What is a confounding variable?

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment. Somehow related to both the DV and IV - example, if you are researching how studying effects test grades you might record hours of studying. However, a confounding variable may be how many hours/days from the test they studied

What is a basic definition of ethics?

a set of standards for the conduct of people or members of a profession

What is a sample?

a subset of the population

What is a hypothesis?

a testable prediction

What is a theory?

a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations

What is validity?

accuracy, does It measure what you intend for it to

What is determinism?

all events, including behaviors, have causes (not predestination, simply things happen because something caused them)

What is debriefing?

answer questions and explain things at the end of an experiment

What is an extraneous variable?

any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study

What are participant problems?

)Things that have to do with the individuals of the study Subject selection effects (differences between groups that aren't due to the IV, they're due to the characteristics of the participants; if theres a difference from the start, its hard to conclude the effects of the IV) Attrition (some participants don't finish the study for reasons like death, discomfort with participation, moving out of the area, failing to continue to meet the criteria, or they change their minds; if the ones that leave share characteristics, then the remainder are a different sample than the original, influencing the external validity.)

What does a theory due? (4 things)

- best summarizes existing knowledge - organizes info into precise statements - proposes an explanation - gives basis of other predictions

What is meant by developing complexity, and why is that a good thing for psychological research?

- establish solid founding for research then see how more complex ideas are made - human behavior is incredibly complex so we need to look at each piece in order to understand how they influence each other

What are the 5 basic principals of the current code of ethics?

1. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence 2. Fidelity and Responsibility 3. Integrity 4. Justice 5. Respect for People's Right and Dignity

What are the 3 basic principals of the Belmont report?

1. Respect for persons 2. Beneficence 3. Justice

What are the characteristics of a good theory?

1. Testable: You can know whether you're right or wrong 2. Logically sound 3. Communicable 4. General: The theory should be explaining more than just a single event... so general enough to cover more than just one incident 5. Parsimonious We expect theories to explain reality in the most simple way possible The explanation that uses the smallest amount of assumptions is usually the best one

What does the APA code of ethics spell out?

1. Treat participants with respect, maintaining their dignity and rights 2. Care for the welfare of animals if they are the subject of research 3. Be scrupulously honest in the treatment of data

What are the two things about psychology the founding father emphasized to distinguish it from other disciplines?

1. emphasized scientific nature of the 'new psychology' to distinguish it from areas such as philosophy 2. emphasized laboratory nature to distinguish from areas such as physiology

What are the 2 requirements for random sampling?

1. every member has to have equal prob of being picked 2. every sample has to have equal prob of being picked

What is a construct?

It is an idea society has created and isn't tangible

What is counterbalancing?

An attempt to control for the effects of order in a repeated measures design: half the participants experience the conditions in one order, and the other half in the opposite order.

What must be true to make a question empirical?

Answerable/data with defined terms

What are the ways of knowing?

Authority, Intuition, Rationalism, Empiricism (learning through experience)

What is the difference between basic and applied research?

Basic research (knowledge for knowledge sake) expanding general knowledge without having a specific problem in mind while applied research is trying to find a solution to a specific problem.

Project MKUltra

Began in the 1950s, ran until 1973 Committed many illegal actions, including using unwitting U.S. and Canadian citizens as subjects Studied process and effects of mind control and manipulation of mental states, interrogation and torture Administration of drugs, including LSD (put in water supply and air) Hypnosis, sensory deprivation, isolation, Verbal and sexual abuse, and torture Off the books, no one knew about it

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What is stratified sampling?

Dividing the population into subgroups then selecting a sample from each of these groups

What is blocked random assignment?

Every condition occurs before any condition can be repeated (wrestling refs design with colors) each block is randomized

What is experimental realism?

How much a study impacts the participants, causes them to take it seriously, and involves them in the process (applies to both field and laboratory research and is highly important because it suggests validity)

What is the IRB and what is their job?

Institutional Review Board - THE ONLY THING THE IRB IS RESPONSIBLE FOR IS TO MAKE SURE A STUDY IS ETHICAL (composed of at least 5 people with one not being a scientist)

What are subject variables?

variables that characterize pre-existing differences among study participants

What are the types of manipulated independent variables?

Situational Variables- changes the characteristic of the environment (ex. Brightness of the room, number or people in the vicinity) Task Variables- varies what the participant needs to do; one group does one thing, another does another thing (ex. Participants must solve math vs. vocab problems) Instructional Variables- giving the same task to participants but with different instructions (ex. Solving a word problem by either vocalizing the steps or solving it silently

Wayne Dennis

Studied how environment would influence early development"Obtained" a pair of female newborn twins, and raised them in an impoverished environment (room with few toys, minimal view of the outside, little interaction with Dennis and his wife)Noted a delay in motor development, but paid little attention to the delay in language development. Claimed little effect of environmental deprivation on children.

Myrtle McGraw

Studied nervous system developmentTested children from birth to age 4 years, using 'pin pricks' on various parts of the body (face, arms, abdomen, legs)Children developed a fear of her, and of anyone with a pin

What are some reasons/examples where consent would not be required?

Studies are exempt from full review Use only of anonymous questionnaires Data that has already been collected Classroom projects only used for demonstration Certain employment-related data Observational studied in a public setting

What is Discoverability?

The assumption that it is possible to discover the regularities that exist in nature (the causes that we assume happen can be uncovered with a certain level of confidence)

What is meant by the "what's next?" question, and how does that lead to research?

The more we discover the more we realize we don't know which can lead to more research

Tuskegee Syphilis Study

US Public Health Service research study 600 low-income African-American males in Alabama monitored for 40 years 400 who had already been infected with syphilis Told they were being treated for "bad blood"; free medical examinations but not told about syphilis diagnosis In 1950s proven cure (penicillin) discovered but study continued until 1972 with participants being denied treatment

Milgram Obedience Study

Was conducted to determine why it was that the German soldiers, and to a lesser extent the German populace, went along with the atrocities that occurred during World War II. A common excuse given by soldiers during the Nuremberg Trials was "I was just following orders." He wanted to determine if there was something wrong with the German people, or if this is something that people do because of circumstances Study was explained to the participants as testing the effect of punishment on learningIn reality is was testing obedience

Explain little Albert

Watson and Rayner attempted to show that phobias can develop by the process of Classical Conditioning. They would make a loud sound every time a small boy would try and play with a rat. He then became afraid of rats. Albert B, an 11-month-old boy, was the subject of the study. It was conducted decades before the code of ethics was put in place - They did acknowledge a certain responsibility for their actions, but stated that he was a healthy child, and probably would have learned these things anyway, so at least this way some benefit could be gained - The study suffered from methodological issues, as well as failures to replicate - There is also debate as to just how strong the conditioning was, and how much generalization occurred

When can deception be used?

When The importance of that information must outweigh the risk of not telling the participants. Must be integral to the study

What are floor effects?

When scores are too low so it is impossible to tell the difference between conditions (like if something was too difficult)

What is reliability and how is it related to error?

consistency, every measure has error so try to minimize

What is are some types of non-probability sampling procedures?

convenience - whoevers around purposive - grabbing ppl who u want to analyze snowball - tell a friend to do it, they tell a friend, and so on

What is convergent and discriminant validity?

convergent- 2 measures of same construct align divergent- doesn't align with non-related constructs

What is mundane realism?

degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations

What are the 4 goals of science?

describe, explain, predict, apply

Describe the Strayer and Johnston Cell Phone use study and its results?

distracted driving, even hands free caused more error on the driving simulator Single mode task (simulated driving-like demands) vs dual mode task (simulated demands plus processing verbal input) Compared hands-free vs handheld- both reduced driving ability Audiobooks didn't cause significant impairments text free laws, education campaigns, settings like do not disturb when driving

What is Within-subjects design?

each participant experiences all levels of the IV, repeated measures (can have low internal validity)

What is between subject design?

each participant experiences one level of the IV, they don't experience both (assigned to either control condition or experimental condition) (disadvantage is that it requires more people)

What is cluster sampling?

making groups (called clusters) and then choosing from the groups. grouping is not random but selection of groups can be. ex: residence halls on campus, and then randomly closing to look at Mahoney Pearson

What is an independent variable?

manipulated variables that all must have at least 2 levels (if they don't, they are controls and controls aren't necessary)

What is Desensitizing?

need to make sure there are no lingering psychological trauma and if so correct it

What is availability heuristic?

overestimating frequency of an event (mental shortcut, like when a plane crashes and people are more afraid even tho its rare)

What is an empirical question?

questions that can be answered by observing experiences in the real world

What is Belief Perservation?

still holding onto belief no matter how much contrary proof is provided

What are ceiling effects?

the point at which scores are so high that no difference can be determined between conditions (like if you make a test to easy)