Psychology 107 Exam 4 (Chapters 15, 16, & 11)

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ________ of U.S. adults experienced mental illness in 2012.

19%

Statistics show that ________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness.

26%

Why do so many people believe there is a link between autism and the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine?

A prestigious medical journal published a paper, which was later retracted, that identified a link.

Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this?

Active listening

Who developed social-cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura

Svetlana admires her boss, Helga. One day Helga forgets her briefcase and Svetlana loses all admiration for Helga. Svetlana thinks that a boss is either always perfect or not worthy of admiration. What kind of cognitive distortion is this?

All-or-nothing thinking

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development?

An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan.

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

An internal locus of control

If parents are too lenient in the ________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.

Anal

Which childhood disorder is characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests?

Autism spectrum disorder

Kaz wants to stop biting his nails, so he rubs a strong bitter paste under his nails to make his nails taste bad. What technique is Kaz using to stop biting his nails?

Aversive conditioning

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, ________ believed that we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.

B. F. Skinner

According to Carl Jung, which of the following best served the goal of self-realization?

Balance between extroversion and introversion

Karen Horney suggested ways in which people typically cope with day-to-day problems. According to Horney, these strategies could ________ if used rigidly and compulsively.

Become neurotic strategies

Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors?

Behavior

Which of the following is a major risk factor for developing a social anxiety disorder?

Behavioral inhibition

Piper is diagnosed with agoraphobia because she experiences intense fear and anxiety of ________.

Being outside the home alone

Cognitive processes refer to all characteristics previously learned: ________.

Beliefs and expectations

The ________ perspective suggests that psychological disorders result largely from faulty physical processes, and the ________perspective emphasizes the importance of factors such as stress and thoughts as well as environmental factors in the development of psychological disorders.

Biological; psychological

Which of the following is not something the theories of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow have in common?

Both theories focus on the personality formed in infancy.

The belief that you ________ is an example of a delusion.

Can perform miracles

Who developed client-centered therapy?

Carl Rogers

Etiology is another word for ________.

Causes

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Acrophobia is characterized by intense fear, anxiety, and avoidance of situations in which it might be difficult to escape or receive help if one experiences symptoms of a panic attack."

Change the word "acrophobia" to the word "agoraphobia"

According to Galen, the ________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

Choleric

What is comorbidity?

Co-occurrence of two disorders

Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

Cognitive therapy

The ________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next.

Collective unconscious

________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

Congruence

The ________ Concerning Blacks Test is a projective test designed to be culturally relevant to African-Americans, using images that relate to African-American culture.

Contemporized-Themes

Exposure therapy is a ________ technique.

Counterconditioning

Aversive conditioning is a ________.

Counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

Denial

Jerry allows others to take over and run his life. He is submissive and clings to those around him. He cannot make decisions without advice and reassurance from others, probably because he lacks self-confidence. He finds it impossible to do things on his own, and he feels uncomfortable and helpless when he is alone. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jerry's personality?

Dependent personality disorder

Anti-anxiety agents work by ________.

Depressing central nervous system activity

Cole spends a few weeks being treated for major depressive disorder. He eventually stops exhibiting symptoms, but a few months later they reoccur. Once again the symptoms dissipate, but a few months later they reoccur. Cole's major depressive disorder is ________?

Episodic

In the ________ stage, there is a sexual reawakening as the incestuous urges resurface. The young person redirects these urges to other, more socially acceptable partners (who often resemble the other-sex parent).

Genital

Which of the following is an example of flight of ideas?

Gilbert talks loudly and quickly, switching topics rapidly.

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

Giving them unconditional love

Which treatment modality involves 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meeting together with a trained clinician?

Group therapy

Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis?

In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious.

The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) is a projective test ________.

In which people are presented with ambiguous images

The ________ approach to the study of personality came about in reaction to the dominance of Western approaches to the study of personality in non-Western settings.

Indigenous

A(an) ________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

Inferiority

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The stress model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with stress."

Insert the word "diathesis-" before the first appearance of the word "stress"

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports?

Latency

Ocean Therapy involves group discussion and ________.

Learning how to surf

Janice is in the middle of a distinct period of an abnormally and persistently elevated mood. In the last week she has cleaned her house from top to bottom (breaking windows and dishes in the process), bought a new car that she can't afford, and dug up most of her yard in case she might want a garden next year. Janice is experiencing ________.

Mania

According to research, how does the public view children and teens with mental health disorders?

Over 1,300 U.S. adults believe children with depression are prone to violence.

Which of the following is an example of a diathesis-stress model?

Ozzie has a genetic predisposition towards depression, but he did not experience depression until his mother and father died.

An archetype is a ________.

Pattern that exists in our collective unconscious across cultures and societies

What did a 2006 special report by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) suggest about the amount of mental illness in the criminal justice system?

People with mental illnesses are overrepresented in probation and parole populations.

Deinstitutionalization refers to the ________.

Process of closing large asylums

Which institutional setting replaced asylums in caring for the mentally ill?

Psychiatric hospitals

Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

Psychodynamic psychotherapy

Schizophrenia is considered a ________ disorder.

Psychotic

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________.

Race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of paranoid personality disorder?

Rafe is extremely suspicious of the people around him and mistrusts them for no identifiable reason.

Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Reaction formation

After Mike does not get the job he interviewed for, he moves back in with his parents and spends his days playing video games. Which defense mechanism does this exemplify?

Regression

Repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse is called ________.

Relapse

Joffrey talks and moves slowly. When asked a question, he answers slowly in monotone monosyllables, if he answers at all. Joffrey is experiencing psychomotor________.

Retardation

Which psychological disorder is characterized by major disturbances in thought, perception, and behavior?

Schizophrenia

The concept of ________ suggests that people choose to move to places that are compatible with their personalities and needs.

Selective migration

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is ________.

Self-actualization

Electroconvulsive therapy is effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________.

Severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

Who developed psychoanalysis?

Sigmund Freud

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using?

Systematic desensitization

The ________ uses images and storytelling that relate to Hispanic culture.

TEMAS Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test

Peripartum onset depression is a kind of depression ________.

That applies to women who experience an episode of major depression either during pregnancy or in the four weeks following childbirth

Who argued that the notion of mental illness was invented by society (and the mental health establishment) to stigmatize and subjugate people whose behavior violates accepted social and legal norms?

Thomas Szasz

________ theorists attempt to explain our personality by identifying our stable characteristics and ways of behaving.

Trait

Lexi cannot control her impulses to pull out her hair. Her friend Paul suggests that she see a therapist and Lexi agrees. She gets a referral from her primary care physician for a therapist and begins seeing Dr. Clark four times a month. What kind of treatment does this describe?

Voluntary

Due to Dominique' s obsessive-compulsive disorder, she may ________.

Wash her hands every 10 minutes throughout the day.

How long does psychoanalysis typically take?

Years

Antipsychotic medicines were first introduced in ________.

1954

Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________.

Antidepressants

A panic disorder is a type of ________disorder characterized by panic attacks, along with at least one month of worry about panic attacks or self-defeating behavior related to the attacks.

Anxiety

________ disorders are characterized by excessive, persistent fear and apprehension and by related disturbances in behavior.

Anxiety

Which mental disorder is least likely to be treated in children 8-15 years old?

Anxiety disorder

Dr. Griffiths diagnosed Manuel with major depressive disorder because he ________.

Appears tearful to others and spends weeks at a time feeling sad, empty, and hopeless

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

Archetype

________ were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders.

Asylums

________ can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; it can also cause constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness.

Atypical antipsychotics

Dr. Bronson treats anxiety disorders with Xanax, which exemplifies ________ therapy.

Biomedical

Mae notices that her daughter, Natalie, is extremely preoccupied with the freckles on her nose. Mae can barely see the freckles, but Natalie spends hours in front of the mirror and recently declared that her nose is deformed and she is ugly. She spent her entire weekend applying products to eliminate the freckles, and she recently announced her plans to save money for plastic surgery. Mae believes her daughter may have a ________ disorder.

Body dysmorphic

Phyllis cannot be alone. Her moods and behaviors are unstable, as are her relationships with other people. She often displays inappropriate and intense anger. Recently, Phyllis wrote a suicide note and offered to show it to her husband. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for her personality?

Borderline personality disorder

What often happened to patients in the early years of using electroshock therapy?

Broke their backs

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "A person diagnosed with a specific anxiety experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear about a particular object or situation."

Change the word "anxiety" to the word "phobia"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "For centuries, psychological disorders were viewed from a natural perspective: attributed to a force beyond scientific understanding."

Change the word "natural" to the word "supernatural"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "The psychological perspective views disorders as linked to biological phenomena, such as genetic factors, chemical imbalances, and brain abnormalities."

Change the word "psychological" to the word "biological"

Chapter 11 Questions

Chapter 11 Answers

Chapter 15 Questions

Chapter 15 Answers

Chapter 16 Questions

Chapter 16 Answers

Which group is play therapy often used to treat?

Children

In the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the ________.

Client says whatever comes to mind at the moment

The amount of time spent in therapy depends on the needs of the client and the ________.

Client's personal goals

What is the emphasis in humanistic therapy?

Client's present and future

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Identify the obsession in the following sentence. "Keisha is overly concerned about germs, so she spends hours wiping the surfaces of her home and washing her hands."

Concern over germs

A psychological disorder is a ________.

Condition characterized by abnormal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so?

Confidentiality

Which classification system is used by most mental health professionals in the United States of America?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

The ________ model suggests that people with a predisposition for a disorder are more likely to develop the disorder when faced with adverse environmental or psychological events.

Diathesis-stress

Exhibiting a personality that ________ is a common characteristic of all personality disorders.

Differs markedly from the expectations of one's culture

What symptom of schizophrenia is illustrated by the following example? So bees with knees have fleas and fleas jump, I jump like a jack, Jack the Giant Killer. Giants kill and transform things and something happened, but we can't hear because our eyes are like flies that flew away.

Disorganized thinking

Fidel suddenly wanders away from his home and experiences confusion about his identity. Fidel may be experiencing a(n) ________.

Dissociative fugue

Donna exhibits two separate personalities, each well-defined and distinct from one another, so Dr. Paulson diagnosed Donna with ________ disorder.

Dissociative identity

Who led the reform efforts for mental health care in the United States?

Dorothea Dix

Which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care?

Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized.

The ________ personality is anxious, self-conscious, artistic, thoughtful, quiet, and private.

Ectomorph

ECT stands for ________.

Electroconvulsive therapy

What does research show regarding race and ethnic differences in those who receive mental health services?

Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than White, middle-class Americans.

Which of the following is a good example of a flashback?

Eugene was in a motorcycle accident. When he hears a sudden loud noise he relives the accident and feels as if it is happening all over again.

Which of the following is a common characteristic of all anxiety disorders?

Excessive, persistent fear and anxiety

Which of the following factors does not strongly predict the development of posttraumatic stress disorder?

Experiencing trauma in isolation

A(an) ________ locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an ________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.

External; internal

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.

Extroversion/introversion; neuroticism/stability

Dr. Xavier encourages his client to relax and say whatever comes to mind at the moment. Dr. Xavier is using ________ to treat his client.

Free association

Asa is buying a gift for his mother, an overbearing woman who is difficult to please. When a clerk asks him who he is shopping for he replies, "my smother" instead of "my mother." What does this exemplify?

Freudian slip

Which of the following exemplifies a symptom of autism spectrum disorder?

Gemma exhibits deficits in social interaction by not initiating conversations with other children, and she turns her head away when spoken to.

Miguel worries excessively about things beyond his control, and his worries often interfere with his life. He avoids driving because he worries about car accidents. He calls his parents twice a day because he worries they are dead. He checks his credit card statement three times a day because he worries about identity theft. Miguel probably suffers from ________.

Generalized anxiety disorder

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), three factors work together to produce successful treatment. Which of the following is not one of the three factors?

Having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex

What is the goal of humanistic therapy?

Helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

High self-efficacy

Which principle underlies cognitive therapy?

How you think determines how you feel.

Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using?

Humanistic therapy

What was the primary finding of the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart?

Identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development, in which an individual assesses and makes sense of her life and the meaning of her contributions?

Integrity vs. despair

Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe?

Involuntary

Which of the following statements about psychoanalysis is false?

It was the dominant form of therapy in the 19th century.

Who identified psychological disorders as a harmful dysfunction?

Jerome C. Wakefield

Who proposed the locus of control concept?

Julian Rotter

Grace is talking with her wife, Myanna. Myanna starts crying, and Grace immediately assumes that Myanna wants a divorce. What kind of cognitive distortion is this?

Jumping to conclusions

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

Karen Horney

Which of the following is an example of avolition?

Lack of motivation to bathe yourself

Antipsychotic drugs, such as Haldol, are used to treat all of the following except ________.

Manic episodes

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview.

The ________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively toward them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?

Moving against people

When Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay using?

Moving away from people

When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using?

Moving toward people

Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following is not one of them?

Moving with people

Carl Jung's view of extroverted and introverted types serves as a basis of the ________.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Nathan has an overinflated and unjustified sense of self-importance. He is preoccupied with fantasies of success and believes that he is entitled to special treatment from others. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Nathan's personality?

Narcissistic personality disorder

What kind of symptoms involves reflecting noticeable decreases and absences in certain behaviors, emotions, or drives?

Negative

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex.

People with ________ disorders experience thoughts and urges that are intrusive and unwanted and/or the need to engage in repetitive behaviors or mental acts.

Obsessive-compulsive

Jeff is an unforgiving perfectionist who would rather deliver work a week late than turn in a project with even minor mistakes. In fact, he spends so much time working that he never has time for anything else. Jeff is known to be rigid, inflexible, and stubborn, and he never compromises. Which of the following diagnoses accounts for Jeff's personality?

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

If Laura has bipolar disorder, then she ________.

Often experiences mood states that vacillate between depression and mania

Which brain region is believed to play a critical role in OCD?

Orbitofrontal cortex

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other.

Self-efficacy is ________.

Our level of confidence in our own abilities

Carl Jung referred to the ________ as the mask we adopt.

Persona

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism.

Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ________ person.

Phlegmatic

Yuri experiences excessive, distressing, and persistent fear or anxiety about heights. Yuri suffers from a(n) ________.

Phobia

Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify?

Play therapy

Which therapeutic process involves the use of toys?

Play therapy

The ________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

Rorschach

________are mental or behavioral acts that reduce anxiety in social situations, such as wearing bland, neutral clothes to avoid drawing attention to oneself.

Safety behaviors

Veena's thoughts, perceptions, and behaviors are impaired to the point where she is unable to function normally in life. She experiences significant difficulties in many day-to-day activities, such as holding a job, paying bills, grooming, maintaining personal hygiene, and sustaining relationships. Which of the following disorders is Veena living with?

Schizophrenia

Alexis experiences the symptoms of major depressive disorder, but only during midwinter. What kind of depression does Alexis have?

Seasonal pattern

Diondre harbors the belief that spider eggs have been implanted underneath his fingernails. What kind of delusion is this?

Somatic

The use of ________ can result in decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, and headache.

Stimulants

For Burt, who has claustrophobia, a small dark room creates a small amount of fear, a stairwell creates a bit more fear, and an elevator creates the most fear. Burt's therapist induces deep relaxation and asks him to imagine a small dark room. Gradually, they will work up to having Burt imagine being in an elevator. What aspect of exposure therapy is this?

Stimulus hierarchy

Carl Rogers called his therapeutic orientation client-centered therapy because he thought the term "patient" ________.

Suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?

Suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

________ involves thoughts of death by suicide, thinking about or planning suicide, or making a suicide attempt.

Suicidal ideation

Which of the following is not a reason that ADHD may be overdiagnosed?

The amount of ADHD in the population has increased tenfold since it was first identified.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Carl Rogers believed most of our psychological problems are the result of repressed impulses and trauma experienced in childhood, and he believed psychoanalysis would help uncover long-buried feelings.

The name "Carl Rogers" should be changed to the name "Sigmund Freud."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Hippocrates theorized phlegmatic, the personality trait, was associated with black bile from the kidneys.

The phrase "black bile from the kidneys" should be changed to the phrase "white phlegm from the lungs."

A recent study compared the vaccination histories of 256 children with autism spectrum disorder with that of 752 control children across three time periods during their first two years of life. Researchers found that ________.

The quantity of immunogens from vaccines received during the first two years of life were not at all related to the development of autism spectrum disorder

In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of ________ in the second half of life.

The self-realization process

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? According to Sigmund Freud, unconscious drives influenced by sex and aggression and childhood socialization are the forces that influence our personality.

The word "socialization" should be changed to the word "sexuality."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Evidence-based practice in psychology is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of therapist characteristics, culture, and preferences.

The word "therapist" should be changed to the word "client."

Why was Sigmund Freud trained as a medical doctor and not a psychologist?

There was no such thing as a degree in psychology when he received his education.

What is the advantage of applying learning approaches to the study of personality?

They can be scientifically tested.

Which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder is incorrect?

This disorder involves feeling overwhelmed and sad for extended periods of time.

Who designed the first comprehensive system of constitutional psychology?

William H. Sheldon

Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization?

You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time.