Psychology 110-- Unit 3 Test

OCEAN

Five-Factor Model of Personality

Hassles

Little stressors, including the irritating demands that can occur daily, thatmay cause more stress than major life changes do.

IQ

Mental age/Chronological age x 100

General Adaptation Syndrome

Selye's model of the body's stress response, consisting of three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

Libido

Sigmund Freud's terminology of sexual energy or sexual drive.

Uplifts

The positive experiences in life, which may neutralize the effects of many hassles.

heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

Flynn Effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations.

Mental Age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance

Projective Test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics

Achievement Test

a test designed to assess what a person has learned

Aptitude Test

a test designed to predict a person's future performance

Convergent Thinking

a type of critical thinking in which one evaluates existing possible solutions to a problem to choose the best one

Divergent Thinking

a type of thinking that is associated with creativity - seeing lots of solutions to a problem

Oedipus Complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

Conscious

awake, able to think and understand

Neuroticism

characterized by anxious, hostile, self-conscious, insecure, and vulnerable traits. Also involves negative emotionality

Conscientiousness

characterized by disciplined, well organized, punctual and dependable traits. Also involves constraint

Id- Pleasure Principle

contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. It operates on the Please Principle, demanding immediate gratification.

Cultural Bias in Testing

critics of IQ tests say that because the IQ tests were created by white, middle class psychologists, they naturally draw on experience and knowledge typical of white middle class lifestyles

Superego

freud's term for the part of personality that is moral; popularly known as conscience

Infantile Sexuality

infants and young children have sexual needs and desires for the first 5 years most important for developing as an adult

Preconscious

level of consciousness that is outside awareness but contains feelings and memories that can easily be brought into conscious awareness

Sternberg's Triarchic Model

model pists the existence of three types of intelligence: analytical, practical, and creative intelligence.

Openness

one of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences

Frustration Agression Hypothesis

proposition that frustration always leads to some form of aggressive behavior

Norms

standard of comparison for test results developed by giving the test to large, well-defined groups of people

Standardization

the act of checking or adjusting (by comparison with a standard) the accuracy of a measuring instrument

Psychosexual Stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones

Extraversion

the degree to which someone is active, assertive, gregarious, sociable, talkative, and energized by others

Agreeableness

the degree to which someone is cooperative, polite, flexible, forgiving, good-natured, tolerant, and trusting

Reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting

Ego - Reality Principle

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality- operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

Unconscious

the part of the mind that contains material of which we are unaware but that strongly influences conscious processes and behaviors

Secondary Appraisal

the second step in assessing a threat, which involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor

Primary Appraisal

A cognitive evaluation of a potentially stressful event to determine whether its effect is positive, irrelevant, or negative.