Psychology 201 - Chapter 4&5

_____ refers to learning that is hidden or concealed

latent learning

Which of the following is an altered state of consciousness?

meditation

These neurons fire when an animal observes the behavior of another animal and that behavior stimulates imitative behavior in the first animal

mirror neurons

_____ cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness

nonconscious process

Which of the following statements is true of sleep?

people need more sleep when they are under stress

Liz sustained a head injury in a car accident. When she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her questions such as "What is the last thing you remember?" and "When were you born?" Liz was able to answer all these questions correctly. In this scenario, the questions asked Liz to summon up

preconscious information

_____ are defined as stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior

reinforcers

According to your text, which of the following is NOT a reason for dreaming?

role theory

Jenny is preparing for an English test, and her brother is playing music loudly in the next room. She focuses on reading her English textbooks and ignores the music. In this scenario, Jenny is using

selective attention

People with _____ stop breathing periodically, up to several hundred times per night

sleep apnea

In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because

spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur

The term _____ refers to the deliberate placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness

suppression

Darryl has been a cocaine addict for over three years. He is a regular user of the drug. His body is now habituated to the drug, and hence he requires twice as much cocaine as he did initially to achieve similar effects. In this scenario, Darryl is displaying

tolerance

Prior to conditioning, Michael salivates in response to lasagna placed in his mouth. Using classical conditioning terms, the food would be labeled the _____, while Michael salivating would be labeled the _____.

unconditioned stimulus ; unconditioned response

Every morning, Jaclyn's parents watch for the school bus to arrive. They repeatedly are looking out the window to see if the bus has arrived, This schedule is a

variable-interval schedule

Adam, a sleep researcher, noticed that his sleeping patient had a high level of neurological arousal. The patient is most likely in _____ sleep.

REM (rapid eye movement)

People withdrawing from chronic alcohol use may experience _____ with heavy sweating, restlessness, disorientation, and frightening hallucinations

delirium tremens

Jeff's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car pulling into his driveway, yet the dog wags his tail and gets excited at the sound of Jeff's car. In this scenario, the difference in the dog's reactions to the sound of Jeff's car and that of a strangers car is due to

discrimination

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to

focus on the present

Three-year-old Derris watches the children's television show "Spongebob Squarepants". At first, Derris became really excited whenever he saw a Spongebob doll. Now Derris gets excited whenever he sees any yellow sponge. Derris is displaying stimulus

generalization

Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Johnny's fear of bright lights is due to

higher-order conditioning

In the context of behavior therapy methods, which of the following statements is true of flooding?

it involves continuous exposure to fear-evoking stimuli

Which of the following statements is true of shaping?

it reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal

People deprived of REM sleep

learn more slowly

Behavior that is reinforced by partial reinforcement is _____ resistant to extinction

more

_____ refers to a sleep attack in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly

narcolepsy

Which of the following best identifies the behaviorists primary emphasis for the study of psychology?

observable behavior

According to _____ when we see modeled behavior being reinforced, we are vicariously reinforced

observational learning

_____ is the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience

observational learning

According to your text, children watching violence in the media are potentially impacted by all of the following except

reduced probability of aggressive behavior

In the context of operant conditioning, an example of _____ is when you keep posting comments on social media to receive more "likes".

reinforcement

Kira, an eight-year-old girl, sometimes walks in her sleep. She also responds to questions while she is up and about. However, when she wakes up in the morning, she does not remember the incident. In the context of sleep disorders, Kira is exhibiting symptoms of

somnambulism

As we enter _____ our brain waves slow down from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves

stage 1 sleep

Sleepwalking typically occurs during

stage 4 sleep

In the context of altering consciousness through drugs, _____ is a problem characterized by loss of control over consumption, social impairment, risky use, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms

substance use disorder

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

systematic desensitization

According to cognitive psychologists, _____

the changes caused by learning influence an organisms behavior

One potential reason why women and certain ethnic groups are significantly affected by alcohol is because

they produce less aldehyde dehydrogenase than other groups

Which of the following statements is true of amphetamines?

they provide a euphoric rush when consumed in high doses

Michaela works as a waitress and she knows that the more tables that she waits on, the better the likelihood of more tips. This schedule is a

variable-ratio schedule