Psychology Film Exam 2

Evidence

1. "This wasn't an ordinary knife. It had a very unusual carved handle and blade. The storekeeper said it was the only one of its kind he had ever had in stock." 2. "He never would have stabbed downward into his father's chest. Here's how. Underhand. Anyone who's ever used one wouldn't handle it any other way."

The Breakfast Club

1. "You know, Bender, you don't even count. If you disappeared forever it wouldn't make any difference." 2. See, you're afraid that they won't take you. You don't belong, so you just have to dump all over it. 13:15-are all clubs alike?

Social Identity Theory

1. A theory concerned with the consequences of perceiving the self as a member of a social group and identifying with it 2. People easily divide the social world into us (the in-group) versus them (the out-group) 3. People considered part of the 'us' category are thought of more favorably than those in the 'them' category

Treatment & Management

1. Accurate diagnosis is paramount with regard to treatment of cognitive disorders. 2. The distinction between delirium and dementia is important because many conditions that cause delirium can be treated. 3. When the person clearly suffers from a primary type of dementia, such as dementia of the Alzheimer's type, a return to previous levels of functioning is extremely unlikely

Treatment & Management

1. Acetylcholine (ACh): neurotransmitter that is involved in memory and whose level is reduced in patients with Alzheimer's disease 2. Donepezil (Aricept): inhibits the breakdown of acetylcholine esterase which breaks down Ach 3. Unfortunately, it usually works for only six to nine months and is not able to reverse the relentless progression of the disease

The Basket Case

1. Allison Reynolds is the so called 'basket case' of the group. 2. Her family life unsatisfying as her parents ignore her, which is why she volunteered for Saturday detention. 3. Pours out the contents of her bag in search of attention, which she eventually receives. 4. She considers herself friends with the other students after a while, and allows Claire to dress her up 5. Desire to be with others.

Savant Performance

1. An exceptional ability in a highly specialized area of functioning 2. Typically involves artistic, music, or mathematical skills 3. No adequate theory for savant performance 4. RARE

The Athlete

1. Andrew Clarke is a wrestler because his dad wants him to be a wrestler. His father does not want his son to be a loser because he "doesn't tolerate those in his family". 2. He admits he has been pressured to wrestle and indicates that it is not his choice. 3. His father approved of his bullying-why?

Autism and the Pervasive Developmental Disorders

1. Applied Behavior Analysis -Intensive behavior modification using operant conditioning techniques -ABA therapists focus on treating the specific symptoms of autism, including communication deficits, lack of self-care skills, and self-stimulatory or self-destructive behavior -If the first goal of ABA is to identify very specific target behaviors, the second is to gain control over these behaviors through the use of reinforcement and punishment

Gretchen & Karen

1. Are they mean? No 2. Do they possess the social intelligence that Regina and Cady have? -Along for the ride, maintains social class

Rejected Kids

1. At the highest social risk are "rejected kids." There are two types: 2. Rejected-submissive kids who become sad and withdrawn to avoid attracting attention 3. Rejected-aggressive kids can become emotionally explosive if teased excessively. "These kids are not necessarily violent kids, but they are the kids who frequently act up and may wind up in the principal's office,"

Regina

1. Attractive, intelligent, socially adept which gives her the power to control others. 2. She understands what makes others tick-bi strategic controller 3. She deliberately plays people off against each other, manipulating them and their insecurities 4. Makes her own rules 5. Can Regina have any real friends? No doesn't care about others 6. Mother is a model-

Austism Overview

1. Autism is the most familiar ASD, which is why professionals increasingly use the term autistic spectrum disorders. 2. Autistic spectrum disorders are distinguished by dramatic, severe, and unusual symptoms. Contrary to some views, most people with ASD also have intellectual disabilities

Autistic Spectrum Disorders

1. Autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) begin early in life and involve impairments in relationships, communication, and behaviors. 2. Autism is the best known and researched ASD. 3. Autism is characterized by profound indifference to social relationships; odd, stereotypical behaviors; and severely impaired or nonexistent communication

Would you rather?

1. Be labeled as different or labeled as abnormal? 2. Visit the psychiatrist or visit the psychologist? 3. Suffer from an anxiety disorder or suffer from substance abuse disorder? 4. Be diagnosed with a psychological disorder as a child or as an adult? 5. Rely on research or personal experience? 6. Inherit a physical defect or inherit a mental illness? 7. Always be overly emotional or always be aggressive and violent?

Detention

1. Bender and Vernon have an altercation-why does he bother coming to detention? Avoid going home to his dad 39:45-what John is really going through

Why is a patient depressed?

1. Biological Paradigm -Draws an analogy with physical illness. Focus on diagnosis. Consider genetic predisposition or chemical imbalance. Recommend medication. 2. Psychodynamic Paradigm -Likely to focus on the defensive style. -Develop the client's insight. -Expect changes as a result of increased emotional awareness 3. Cognitive Behavior paradigm -Focus on cognitive behavioral patterns. -Therapist is directive. -Identify cognitive distortions. -Assign homework. -Change behaviors 4. Humanistic Paradigm -Likely to focus on lack of emotional genuineness. -Therapist is nondirective. -Encourage the client to own her feelings.

Discrete Trial Training (DTT)

1. Breaks down learning opportunities into well-controlled, discrete teacher-student interactions SD (discriminate stimulus) → Prompt (if needed) → Correct Response → Reward OR SD (discriminate stimulus) → Prompt (if needed) → Incorrect Response → Correction

The Brain

1. Brian Johnson is a typical 1980s, American nerd. 2. He is part of the school math club and several other extracurricular academic activities. 3. He is ignored by the "popular" kids 4. He has a fake ID so he can vote. 5. He is pressured to succeed in school by his parents 6. Late physical maturity 7. Sees himself as being friends with the others in detention

Defining Abnormal Behavior

1. By what criteria do we decide whether a particular set of behaviors or emotional reactions should be viewed as a mental disorder? -Individual experience of personal distress -Statistical norms—how common or rare it is in the general population

Cady

1. Cady Heron is a sweet girl who has just started public high school for the first time since moving from South Africa 2. She has no preconceived notions of how people behave or ought to behave in cliques and groups. 3. Unable to make sense of what is going on around her 4. Cady has to learn about the politics of the high school 5. Very Popular KidsPopular kids are generally "alpha males" and "queen bees" who may be more athletic, talkative, attractive or simply controlling than other members of a group. 6. These kids generally have social skills that draw others to them to have fun, and are considered leaders of a group 7. Bi strategic controllers

Basic Issues in Classificaiton

1. Categories Versus Dimensions -Categorical Approach to Classification -Assumes that distinctions among members of different categories are qualitative -Quality not quantity 2. Categories Versus Dimensions -Dimensional Approach to Classification -Describes the objects of classification in terms of continuous dimensions -How much of a characteristic that object exhibits

The Princess

1. Claire is referred to as "a princess" who's parents use her to get back each other. 2. Claire ends up in detention after skipping school to go shopping. 3. Comes from a wealthy family: she goes shopping, wears expensive clothes, rides in a fancy car, eats fancy lunch and only cares about one person... Herself

Overview

1. Classification System is used to subdivide or organize a set of objects 2. Diagnosis -Identification or recognition of a disorder on the basis of its characteristics -Enables the clinician to refer to the base of knowledge that has accumulated with regard to the disorder -Assigning a diagnosis does not mean that the etiology (cause) is known

The Mental Health Professions

1. Clinical Psychologist: (PhD, PsyD) concerned with the application of psychological science to counsel individuals 2. Psychiatry: (MD) branch of medicine concerned with the study and treatment of mental disorders. Licensed to practice medicine, also known as psychiatrists Prescribe psychotropic medication 3. Social work: (LCSW) concerned with helping people achieve an effective level of psychosocial functioning

Who provides help for people with mental disorders?

1. Clinical psychologists (PhD or PsyD) perform many roles: direct clinical services, research, teaching, and administrative activities 2. Scientist-practitioner model

Why do we need a system to classify abnormal behavior?

1. Clinicians use it to match their client's problems with the form of intervention that is most effective 2. Must be used in the search for new knowledge

Dementia Symptoms

1. Cognitive Symptoms -Earliest signs are often vague -forgetfulness increases gradually -Difficulty remembering names of people and familiar objects -Changes in emotional responsiveness and personality 2. Late stage -Intellectual and motor functions may disappear almost completely 3. Age is the largest factor in AZ-early onset is arbitrarily thought to be under age 65 4. Late onset Alzheimer's tends to have a greater impact on memory than early onset 5. Early onset shows more dysfunction on executive function domains, written language, visuospatial activities and motor skills

The Potential Benefits of Contact

1. Contact hypothesis- Increased contact can decrease prejudice by increasing familiarity and reducing anxiety -Can recognize similarities between groups -Cross-group friendships can reduce anxiety associated with interacting with the out group

Amnestic Disorder

1. Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type -The speed of onset serves as the main feature to distinguish Alzheimer's disease from the other types of dementia -A definite diagnosis can only be determined by autopsy. -Neurofibrillary tangles (Cortex and hippocampus), amyloid plaques, and beta-amyloid -Neuroimaging is among the most promising areas of research focused on early detection of Alzheimer's, but for now, these tests are appropriately used only to clarify a difficult diagnosis when it is not clear what is causing the dementia symptoms. -It's also used for unusual cases, such as early onset of symptoms -Early onset tends to preserve the hippocampus, has an aggressive course and an atypical presentation. -Greater density of senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles and greater neuronal loss -Presenilin gene-risk factors for early onset-familial onset

Temple Grandin

1. Designs cattle dips and slaughter houses by crawling through it herself

Humanistic Therapies

1. Developed as a "third force" in psychotherapy 2. A counterpoint to psychodynamic and cognitive behavior therapy 3. Values humans' ability to make choices and being responsible for one's own life 4. Encourages people to recognize and experience their true feelings 5. Views the therapist-client relationship as the method of change 6. Client-Centered Therapy -Carl Rogers (1902-1987) -Viewed three qualities as essential in a therapist: -Warmth -Genuineness -Empathy - emotional understanding -Encourages therapist self-disclosure -Therapists do not act as experts -Unconditional positive regard -Therapeutic alliance

Dementia

1. Diagnosis -Brief Historical Perspective -Alois Alzheimer (1864-1915) -Conducted a microscopic examination of deceased patient's brain and found neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid plaques 2. Specific Disorders Associated with Dementia -Many specific disorders are associated with dementia. They are distinguished primarily on the basis of known neuropathology— specific brain lesions that have been discovered over the past 100 years

Abnormality

1. Do the salient characteristics that lead to diagnosis reside within the person themselves or in the environments or contexts. 2. DSM indicates that those with mental illness can be distinguished from those without. 3. In the minds of the observers 4. Pseudopatients were detained in a hospital even though they acted in a "normal" manner. 5. Rosenhan-Clinicians "look" for mental illness-stuck with the label of schizophrenia

Symptoms of ASD

1. Early onset -Normal physical appearance is one reason why autism, which begins early in life, may go unrecognized -In 20% to 40% of cases, children develop normally for a time but either stop learning new skills or lose the skills they have acquired 2. Impaired Communication -Communication problems in ASD range from few difficulties in Asperger's disorder to profound impairments in many cases of autism -Dysprosody -Echolalia -Failure to individuate not supported, but lack of understanding of pronouns Trouble understanding abstractions and metaphors

Biological Treatments

1. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) Involves causing seizures by passing electricity through the brain. ECT involves six to 12 sessions over the course of a few weeks Bilateral ECT (more effective, more memory loss) Unilateral ECT (less effective, less memory loss)

Cognitive Behavior Therapy

1. Encourages: -Collaborative therapist-client relationships. -Focus on the present. -Direct efforts to change problems. -Use of research-based techniques. -Early behavior therapist relied heavily on classical conditioning (Pavlov) and operant conditioning (Skinner). -CBT is a practical approach oriented to changing behavior than focusing on personality. -Embraces empirical evaluation -Asks, "What works?" 2. Today, CBT incorporates many learning principles based on cognitive psychology. 3. Systematic Desensitization -Research focused on eliminating phobias -Assumed that some phobias were learned through classical conditioning -Developed systematic desensitization for eliminating fears: -Progressive muscle relaxation -Hierarchy of fears -Learning process 4. Aversion Therapy -The use of classical conditioning to create, not eliminate, an unpleasant response -Used primarily in treating substances -Effectiveness is not clear 5. Contingency Management -Operant conditioning: technique that changes rewards and punishment for identified behaviors 6. Social Skills Training -Teaches clients new ways of behaving that are both desirable and likely to be rewarded in everyday life. -Assertiveness training -Social problem-solving 7. Cognitive Techniques -Attribution retraining -Self-instruction training

Self-Serving Attributions

1. Explanations for one's successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one's failures that blame external, situational factors. 2. Defensive Attributions: Explanations for behavior that avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality

Biological Treatments

1. First, a diagnosis is developed and refined. 2. Second, clues about causes are put together. 3. Third, scientists experiment with various treatment for preventing or curing the disorder until an effective treatment is found. 4. Treatments focuses on symptom alleviation 5. Psychopharmacology -The use of medications to treat psychological disturbances. -Psychotropic medications are chemical substances that affect psychological state. -Often safe and effective. -Many must be taken for long periods of time. -All medications have side effects

Who Experiences Abnormal Behavior?

1. Frequency in and Impact on Community Populations 2. Comorbidity and Disease Burden -The presence of more than one condition within the same period of time. -Disease burden is measured by combining two factors: mortality and disability

Psychodynamic Psychotherapies

1. Freudian Psychoanalysis -Decline of Freudian psychoanalysis -Requires substantial amount of time, expense, and self-exploration-more for self-exploration. -Very little research has been conducted on its effectiveness. 2. Psychodynamic psychotherapy -Derived from psychoanalysis -Psychotherapists are more directive and engaged, and treatment may be brief. -Therapists more actively involved with patients than psychoanalysts -Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy -Interpersonal therapy

Attribution: Some Basic Sources of Error

1. Fundamental attribution error -Tendency to explain others' actions as stemming from a person's inherent qualities of mind and character even in the presence of clear situational causes -We tend to think of others in terms of global traits and tend to discount external causes of behavior

Grade School

1. General school atmosphere creates an environment of exclusion, mockery and taunting, making life extremely difficult for a sizable number of students. 2. Most high schools are cliquish places where students are shunned if they are "wrong"-wrong side of the tracks, wearing the wrong clothes, too short, too fat, too tall or too thin 3. Open up with a letter that was written during a Saturday of high-school detention for 5 students. Brainwashed?

More Relational Aggression

1. Girls and women can be extraordinarily mean. When girls feel angry or resentful, they hurt one another by verbal insults, friendship manipulation, or nonverbal expressions of disgust or disdain." 2. "Girls attack each other with behaviors that might be less overt and obvious than boys' fighting but are no less hurtful or injurious. 3. Girls hurt each other's feelings by social exclusion via sneers, verbal comments, nasty notes, gossip and texting."

Normative Social Influence

1. Given this fundamental human need for social companionship, it is not surprising that we often conform in order to be accepted by others. 2. The influence of other people that leads us to conform in order to be liked and accepted by them. 3. This type of conformity results in public compliance with the group's beliefs and behaviors but not necessarily private acceptance of those beliefs and behaviors. 4. Although most of us are not slaves to fashion, we tend to wear what is considered appropriate at a given time. 5. Fads are another fairly frivolous example of normative social influence.

Dementia

1. Gradual worsening loss of memory and related cognitive functioning-gradual loss of neurons in the brain 2. Often associated with specific identifiable changes in the brain tissue-this is the defining feature

Group Therapy

1. Group therapy? 2. Forces patients to comment on each other 3. Not a licensed therapist 4. Homosexuality used to be in the DSM-abnormality changes 5. Control through scheduling 6. Will not let them watch the World Series

Squeeze Machine

1. I wanted to understand the gentleness others feel when they are hugged by their mothers 2. It feels like a wire gets reconnected, like something gets repaired

Research on Psychotherapy

1. Improvements without treatment? -Two-thirds of clients improve as a result of psychotherapy -Spontaneous remission (e.g., improvement without treatment) -Informal counseling vs. psychotherapy 2. The Placebo Effect -Any type of treatment that contains no known active ingredient for the condition at hand -The recipient's belief in a treatment, and expectation of improvement, are responsible for much of what works in psychological as well as physical treatments 3. Psychotherapy Process Research -Common Factors -Do different psychotherapies share common factors that help make them effective? -Motivational interviewing an evidence-based treatment developed to treat alcohol abuse -Therapy as social influence -Client's relationship with their therapist. -YAVIS-young, attractive, verbal, intelligent and successful

Definition of Abnormal Behavior

1. Inconsistent with societal norms 2. Emotional Distress 3. Inconsistent with developmental norms 4. Harmful dysfunction-Interferes with daily functioning 5. Inconsistent with cultural norms

Bullying Part 2

1. It has been reported that in childhood and adolescence, girls typically begin to experience a decrease in self-esteem whereas the self-esteem of boys typically increases or stays the same 2. Pollastri et al. (2009) finds that girls who bully reported an increase in self-esteem 3. The social advantage for girls of bullying appears to be related to an increase in these girls' sense of global self-worth. (stealing a boyfriend, etc.) 4. On one hand, it becomes clear that girls depend on their female friends to navigate their way through life. These friendships can be strong and based on trust and support. 5. On the other hand, one learns that girls can be extremely cruel to one another 6. Pairing personal information with positive social feedback (Likes on Instagram or Facebook) can increase self-esteem. What type of learning? 7. The relationship with aggression is strongest when high explicit self-esteem is combined with low implicit self-esteem, as it is in narcissism.

McMurphy brings a woman in for Billy

1. It is not McMurphy, but the shame from Ratched that affects Billy. 2. McMurphy tries to choke her because she represents the oppression of those who do not fit into society's standards. 3. He would not be considered mentally ill if he was not there

The Criminal

1. John Bender is an adolescent with an aggressive attitude. 2. He is subject to domestic abuse by his father 3. Negative relationship with Mr. Vernon who may be a reminder of his father causing the antagonism between the two. 4. John's intimidating personality most likely comes from his relationship with his father.

Still Alice

1. Left a note for herself when she was lucid 2. Too many instructions for someone at her stage

Janis & Damian

1. Lovable loser/straight shooter 2. Underestimates Cady's social acumen -but knows she is a threat to the plastics and uses that for her own purpose 3. Rejected by the Plastics -how does she compensate? 4. Why does she dress the way she does? Rebel, to be her own person 5. How does Damian deal with being gay which may lead to rejection? Uses humor to mitigate his rejection

Representativeness Heuristic : Judging by Resemblance

1. Making judgments based on the extent to which current stimuli or events resemble other stimuli or categories 2. "The more similar an individual is to typical members of a given group, the more likely she or he is to belong to that group." 3. Making a comparison to a prototype. 4. Judgments based on this rule can be wrong because base rates are often ignored

McMurphy

1. McMurphy distinguishes between "crazy" and "hung-up. 2. This is the difference between someone who is truly "disturbed and someone who does not conform to the norms of society

Cognitive Symptoms

1. Memory & Learning -Memory loss is diagnostic hallmark -Retrograde amnesia: Inability to retrieve memories from the past -Anterograde amnesia: inability to learn or remember new information-most obvious in beginning stages 2. Verbal Comunication -Aphasia: loss or impairment in language -Apraxia: difficulty performing purposeful movements in response to verbal commands 3. Perception -Agnosia: perception without meaning -Can be associated with visual, auditory, or tactile sensation -Can be specific or more generalized -Example-not recognize what they are seeing 4. Abstract Thinking -Bound to concrete interpretations of things that other people say -Difficulty interpreting words that have more than one meaning 5. Judgement & Social Behavior -The disruption of short-term memory, perceptual skills, and higher level cognitive abilities obviously causes disruptions of judgment. -Impulsive and careless behaviors are often the product of the demented person's poor judgment. -Activities such as shopping, driving, and using tools can create serious problems

The Autism Spectrum

1. Milder -Asperger syndrome (formerly) -Fewer symptoms, no language delay 2. Sub-clinical manifestations -The broader autism phenotype in family members -Language delay -Shyness, social reticence -Rigidity, focused interests

Minority Influence: Does the Majority Always Rule?

1. Minorities can: -Influence majorities when they are consistent and flexible -Provoke majorities to engage in systematic processing of the issues -Often must form strong arguments to defend their positions -Can increase their perseverance, resulting in large-scale social change

Mean Girls

1. Moss (2005) comments, "the mean girl has been absorbed as a pop culture figure, while any insight regarding how she got that way (or the degree of cultural change necessary to eliminate her kind) is forgotten" 2. Not one of the powerless victims fight back-why? 3. Rather it is a former mean girl herself who is able to deal with the problem

Why do we make self-serving attributions?

1. Most people try to maintain their self-esteem whenever possible, even if that means distorting reality by changing a thought or belief. 2. We want people to think well of us and to admire us. Telling others that our poor performance was due to some external cause puts a "good face" on failure; many people call this strategy "making excuses." 3. One form of defensive attribution is to believe that bad things happen only to bad people or at least, only to people who make stupid mistakes or poor choices. 4. Therefore, bad things won't happen to us because we won't be that stupid or careless. 5. Melvin Lerner called this the belief in a just world—the assumption that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Dementia Symptoms

1. Motor Behaviors -May become agitated -Pacing restlessly or wandering away from familiar places -May have trouble controlling muscles

Not Free

1. Not as "free" as he thought 2. McMurphy tries to restore the men through various forms of male bonding-gambling, drinking, fishing serve to unite men, and McMurphy succeeds in initiating some of the ward into these activities as well

Self Injury

1. One of the most bizarre and dangerous difficulties of autism -Examples: repeated head 2. Banging, and biting the fingers and wrists 3. Should not be misinterpreted as suicidal behavior

Self-Esteem: Attitudes Toward Ourselves

1. One's overall attitude toward the self 2. The degree to which the self is perceived positively or negatively; stable or unstable; Does it vary across contexts

Attribution

1. Other people are not easy to figure out. -Why are they the way they are? -Why do they do what they do? 2. We all have a fundamental fascination with explaining other people's behavior, but all we have to go on is observable behavior: -What people do -What they say 3. We can't know, truly and completely, who they are and what they mean to you. 4. Instead, we rely on our impressions and personal theories, putting them together as well as we can, hoping they will lead to reasonably accurate and useful conclusions

Environmental and Behavioral Management

1. Patients with dementia experience fewer emotional problems and are less likely to become agitated if they follow a structured and predictable daily schedule. -It is useful to help the person remain active and interested in everyday events. -Preserve familiar routines and surroundings

More Symptoms

1. Personality and Emotion 2. Changes and disturbances frequently associated with dementia -Loss of identity -Hallucinations and delusions are seen in at least 20% of dementia cases; more common during the later stages of the disorder -Emotional consequences are varied -Apathetic or emotionally flat -Exaggerated and unpredictable -Depression

The Nature and Origins of Stereotyping

1. Prejudice: Negative attitudes (affective) toward the members of a specific social group 3. Stereotyping: Beliefs (cognitive) about social groups in terms of the traits or characteristics that they are believed to share 5. Discrimination: Negative behaviors (behavioral) directed toward members of different social groups

Neuropsychological Assessment

1. Process that involves administration of psychological tests to indicate whether a person has a brain disorder 2. Designed to measure sensorimotor, perceptual, and speech functions 3. Some tasks require the person to copy single objects or drawings

Real People, Real Disorders

1. Professor of animal science at Colorado State University 2. Written more than 300 articles and several books 3. Animals in Translation (New York Times best-seller) 4. Diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder 5. Did not speak until 6. 3½ years of age Wrote a book about personal testimonial

What is the most difficult problems faced by people caring for a person with dementia?

1. Profound loneliness and sadness 2. Learning to cope with more tangible stressors, such as the patient's incontinence, functional deficits, and disruptive behavior 3. 80% of the care is provided by family members or spouses 4. Relationships among other family members and the psychological adjustment of the principal caregiver are more disturbed by caring for a demented person than by caring for someone who is physically disabled. 5. Alice's husband leaves her with her daughter

Causes of Autism

1. Psychological and Social Factors -For many years, parents were blamed for causing autism in their children -Such harmful assertions are simply wrong -Mounting evidence on biological causes 2. Genetics -For a broader spectrum of disturbances, the rates were 92% for MZ and 10% for DZ twins in the same study -Mirror neurons (not substantiated) -Structural abnormalities in the brain esp. limbic system -Accelerated Brain and Head Growth-but overall smaller -Under activated fusiform gyrus -Endorphins/neuropeptides

Biological Treatments

1. Psychosurgery -Surgical destruction of specific regions of the brain- lobotomy -Nearly 10,000-20,000 procedures were done in the United States. -Eventually discredited -Cingulotomy is used to treat very severe cases of OCD

Apparent Sensory Deficits

1. Respond to auditory, tactile, or visual sensation in a highly unusual and idiosyncratic manner 2. Apparent sensory deficits 3. Higher level of perception problems

What is Autism Spectrum Disorder? Children or Adults with ASD might:

1. Social Communication -Not point at objects to show interest -Not look at objects when another person points at them -Have trouble relating to others or not have an interest in other people at all -Appear to be "in their own world" -Avoid eye contact and want to be alone -Have trouble understanding other people's feelings or talking about their own feelings 2. Restricted & Repetitive Interests -Repeat actions over and over again -Play with toys or objects non-functionally -Have trouble adapting when a routine changes -Have unusual reactions to the way things smell, taste, look, feel, or sound -Have unusual motor movements

Narcissism

1. Social dominance may be more central to an adolescent girl's global self-esteem. 2. Regina-High explicit self-esteem/Low implicit self-esteem 3. Fragile self-esteem 4. At the end Cady gains a sense of implicit and explicit self-esteem-happy with who she is.

Thinking about the self: Personal versus Social Identity

1. Social identity theory: addresses how we respond when our group identity is salient 2.Personal-versus-social identity continuum: signifies the two distinct ways that we can categorize ourselves

The Desire to Be Right: Informational Social Influence

1. Social influence based on the desire to be correct 2. Especially strong source of conformity when the task is important and difficulty and uncertainty are high

Psychopathology in Historical Context

1. Some common treatment modalities were the use of bloodletting, purging, and the use of heat and cold 2. The Creation of the Asylum Insane asylums established in 1600s and 1700s

Environmental Factors

1. Some types of dementia, especially Alzheimer's disease, may be related to environmental factors 2. One example is head injury, which can cause a sudden increase of amyloid plaque

Pseudodementia

1. Sometimes dementia is produced by depression 2. We can see Alice's apparent depression is from her dementia

Neurotransmitters

1. Specific mechanisms that are involved have not been identified 2. Alzheimer's disease-Acetylcholine (Ach) 3. Deficits of Ach in the temporal lobe are associated with Alzheimer's

The Cognitive Processes Underlying Persuasion

1. Systematic processing (central route) -Involves careful consideration of message content and ideas -Argument strength matters 2. Heuristic processing (peripheral route) -Involves the use of simple rules or mental shortcuts -Argument strength does not matter

Juror 3

1. Take another vote How can he be positive about anything? Does not want to admit that the boy could be innocent-why? Doesn't understand the process

Group Polarization

1. Tendency of group members to shift toward more extreme positions after group discussion 2. If almost all members of a twelve-member jury are inclined to convict the defendant, the jury is overwhelmingly likely to convict that defendant. 3. Ex: Discussion made civil unions even more popular among liberals and even less popular among conservatives-why?

Actor-Observer Effect: "You Fell; I was Pushed"

1. Tendency to attribute: -Own behavior mainly to situational causes -Behavior of others mainly to dispositional causes

Classifying Abnormal Behavior

1. The DSM-V -200 specific diagnostic categories -22 primary headings -Lists specific criteria for each diagnostic category -Duration of the problem is considered -Inclusion criteria vs. Exclusion criteria

More Group Polarization

1. The arguments favoring that initial position will be more numerous than the arguments pointing in the other direction. 2. People usually want to be perceived favorably by other group members, even on a jury. Sometimes people's publicly stated views are, to a greater or lesser extent, a function of how they want to present themselves and to be perceived. 3. As people gain confidence, they usually become more extreme in their beliefs. Agreement from others tends to increase confidence, and for this reason like-minded people become more extreme as they become less tentative

More Bullying

1. The film also sends a message about power. What do we have to do to become powerful? Who can stop this type of behavior? 2. Having been raised in Africa, Cady commonly compares the rules of girl world to that of the African wilderness. 3. Our society does not approve of females participating in open conflict, which essentially socializes them to use the hidden tactics inherent in relational aggression.

Bullying

1. The girls find out that nearly every girl has been victimized in this way. The teacher responds: "There has been some girl-on-girl crime here." She has them write apologies and play trust games; however, this intervention is not successful in bringing these girls together. 2. Why doesn't this work? Can adults help? Only care what their peers think 3. "...scoffs at the act's potential to heal wound—in fact, it shows the possibly more realistic outcome of dividing the girls further" Instead it is the reformation and empowerment of one girl, Cady, that brings peace to the girls in this school.

12 Angry Men

1. The jurors who lean toward the innocence of the defendant tend to have more information and make better arguments 2. Juror 8 is confident, knowledgeable and knows what questions to ask 3. Juror 8 uses systematic processing and is consistent

Social Survival Mammoth

1. The mammoth's hurricane of fear of social disapproval plays a factor in most parts of most people's lives. 2. It's what makes you feel weird about going to a restaurant or a movie alone; 3. It's what makes parents care a little too much about where their child goes to college; 4. It's what makes you pass up a career you'd love in favor of a more lucrative career you're lukewarm about; 5. It's what makes you get married before you're ready to a person you're not in love with. 6. Sometimes, a mammoth's focus isn't on wider society as much as it's on winning the approval of a "Social Master" in your life. 7. A "Social Master" is a person or group of people whose opinion matters so much to you that they're essentially running your life. 8. A "Social Master" is often a parent, or maybe your significant other, or sometimes an alpha member of your group of friends

Immune System Dysfunction

1. The presence of beta-amyloid at the core of amyloid plaques is one important clue to the possible involvement of immune system dysfunction 2. Immune system may try to break down amyloid plaques and harm neighboring cells

Cuckoo Nest Nurse

1. The ward is run by Nurse Ratched, who controls the process of turning men into machines. This process of transforming the patients into obedient automatons involves the loss of their individuality 2. McMurphy believes he is getting out of work detail in the prison by acting in an abnormal manner. 3. Acts normal with handshakes which the patients do not expect-they are stripped of normalcy

Breakfast Club

1. They all come together and forget all of the social differences and realize they are all the same. 2. Their experience together proved that not everyone is as easy to figure out as one may of thought. Students in middle school or high school tend to focus on themselves a lot.

Voting

1. This vote, taken publicly, was susceptible to normative social influence, an element of social influence, or conformity due to a fear of appearing deviant. 2. Time constraints exacerbate informational social influence and possibly played a role in causing some of the jurors to cast guilty, conformist votes 3. The least competent jurors are the most certain that the defendant is guilty; the most competent jurors are the most ambivalent (Brown 1985). 4. This sets the stage is set for a reversal of opinion: if Juror 8 can convince the most competent jurors, who are already ambivalent, he might be able to create a cascade in the defendant's favor. 5. According to the ally in dissent component of social impact and majority theory, in the presence of one dissenter others are likely to follow. This occurs when Juror 8's vote of not guilty elicits dissention in others as well. 6. The oldest juror is the first one to break from conformity and switch his vote to not guilty. 7. Two of the jurors appeal to normative social influence. 8. Juror 3 quickly bolsters his position when he says, "of course he is guilty," prior to the vote being taken 9. Juror 10 exclaims after the vote and Juror 8s deviation, "there's always has to be one." 10. Both men attempt to harness the power of normative social influence to convince all that a guilty vote is applicable. 11. Two men, Juror 8, supporting the not guilty side Juror 4 arguing for a guilty verdict, elicit a certain power and strength. He stipulates his points through empirical evidence and eventually sways the other jurors 12. Although the jurors had no prior relationship, these two sources of influence are powerful. Each builds respect and admiration for the faction leader prior to changing their vote.

More 12 Angry Men

1. Those who are not able to understand the complexity of the trial, are distracted and pressed for time tend to take the peripheral route. 2. Could not remember the names of the movie he saw 3. Juror 10 urges the other jurors to construe an attitude based on peripheral ethnic and racial cues. 4. Eventually shunned by fellow jurors, he encourages his confederates to convict the man because, "we know they how act. They are all the same. They lie, they steal they drink." 5. Woman had the same marks on the side of her nose because she wore glasses. 6. Information convinced him 7. Will not change his verdict! Has an emotional investment-stronger than logic. 8. Entitled to his opinion-sometimes we cannot distinguish fact from opinion

Central and Peripheral Routes to Persuasion

1. Under certain conditions, people are motivated to pay attention to the facts in a communication, and so they will be most persuaded when these facts are logically compelling. 2. Central Route to Persuasion: The case whereby people elaborate on a persuasive communication, listening carefully to and thinking about the arguments, as occurs when people have both the ability and the motivation to listen carefully to a communication. 3. Under other conditions, people are not motivated to pay attention to the facts; instead, they notice only the surface characteristics of the message, such as how long it is and who is delivering it. 4. Peripheral Route to Persuasion-The case whereby people do not elaborate on the arguments in a persuasive communication but are instead swayed by peripheral cues.

Bad Treatment

1. Use ECT to try to subdue the patients 2. Works temporarily

Cady has the social acumen that Regina possesses

1. Uses it to take out Regina. 2. "This second pattern of aggression is among kids who are relatively popular targeting their rivals, and this tends to escalate until they climb to the very top rung of the social ladder," says Robert Faris, associate professor of sociology at the University of California Davis.

Relational Aggression

1. Viewing media images of relational aggression impacts subsequent aggression. Girls hide their aggression because they are taught not to be openly aggressive. 2. The victim may desire an end to the cruelty, but she may still endure it in order to maintain her position within the group 3. Cady comments (referring to Gretchen): "She knew it was better to be in The Plastics hating life than to not be in it at all." 4. Sometimes films show that it only takes one person to make a difference. If someone is willing to take a stand, then the mean girls will lose their power-but is this the case? 5. Mix of popularity and aggressive behavior "...girls are socially competitive creatures and that, in their efforts to be popular and powerful, they inflict lifelong damages on their victims." 6. Why girls? The media is a powerful tool in people's construction of reality 7. While films typically portray aggression by teenage males as a serious moral issue, the mean girl is typically depicted in a comedic fashion.

Lunch

1. We see the differences between the students with their presentation of lunches.

Overview

1. What helps? -Different treatments work better for different disorders. -Psychotherapy: the use of psychological techniques and the therapist-client relationship to produce emotional, cognitive, and behavior change. -Adherents to different paradigms offer very different treatments 2. Most mental health professionals describe themselves as eclectic. 3. Evidence-based treatments- The practical and scientific approach to therapy

Mean Girls Lunch Room

1. Where you sit in the cafeteria is crucial 2. The plastics invite Cady to sit with them-why? -Thinks shes prettier, invities her to get close since she is a threat

Burn Book

1.Anthropologists believe that throughout human history, gossip has been a way for us to bond with others—and sometimes a tool to isolate those who aren't supporting the group. 2. What women call gossip men might call just shooting the breeze. 3. The darkest side of gossip emerges when it becomes the weapon—whether deployed by equal rivals fighting for a position, or by a senior executive protecting her territory.

Psycho-dynamic Pscyhotherapies

1.Freudian Psychoanalysis -Psychoanalysis -Free association reveals aspects of the unconscious mind. -Free associations, dreams, and slips of the tongue—Freudian slips—are "windows into the unconscious" -Techniques: -Insight -Interpretation -Resistance -Transference

Emotions as Heuristic

1.Heuristic-Systematic Model of Persuasion -An explanation of the two ways in which persuasive communications can cause attitude change: either systematically processing the merits of the arguments or using mental shortcuts (heuristics), (e.g., thinking, "Experts are always right")

Alzheimer's Disease

65-69 1% 75-79 6% 90+ 40% Average time between onset and death is about 6 years

Lisa sees Greta trip while walking down the stairway. "Clumsy person" thinks Lisa. Five minutes later, Lisa trips. "Very icy today" thinks Lisa. This is an illustration of_________

Actor Observer Bias

What symptoms is illustrated here? (Cant remember she is talking to her daughter about her role in the play)

Agnosia

Neuropsychologists

Assess for cognitive impairments

A mother presents with severe depression after a history of bouts with uni polar depression. She is now considering suicide and feels unable to care for her two children

Biological

What type of learning occurs when an individual becomes sensitive to rejection?

Classical Conditioning

What does McMurphy represent to the other men on the ward?

Confidence

Which concept is illustrated at when they open up to each other?

Contact Hypothesis

What type of memory did Alice have trouble with during the interview?

Declarative

What approach decides how much?

Dimensional

What Freudian Defense mechanism explain why Bender (Criminal) picks on Brian (Brain)?

Displacement

Which defense mechanism is being illustrated when Gretchen cracks?

Displacement

What is the best medication for the self-injury seen in autism?

Endorphin Blocker Medication

For what reasons did this patient have trouble copying this shape?

First Perceptual, than memory

Everyone attributed John Bender's actions to his personal disposition and did not take into account his home situation. This is called:

Fundamental Attribution Error

What type of persuasion does juror 2 use in this example?

Heuristic

Narcissism is defined by:

High Explicit self-esteem/Low implicit self-esteem

Who was Andrew's (the athlete) social master?

His father

A college student suffers from low self esteem and would like to learn to accept herself

Humanistic

Neil has difficult relating to his family members as well as his peers. He cringes when his mother tries to hug him and he avoids eye contact when someone is speaking to him

Impaired Social Interaction

What type of parenting does Regina experience?

Indulgent

What type of influence is illustrated here?

Informational

Mother was recently diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease, and is exhibiting significant dysfunction. What treatment options can she reasonably be told?

No option can significantly can help

Neurologists

Physicians who deal with disease of the brain and nervous system

Which heuristic is illustrated by the man arguing in this scene?

Prejudice

A student is concerned about her relationship with an abusive boyfriend. She wishes to understand why she continues to enter into abusive relationships despite the fact she was never abused as a child

Psychoanalysis

Try to get back at Regina, but what happens?

Regina is the trendsetter so just starts a new trend

Our tendency to attribute our own positive outcomes to internal causes is known as_______

Self-Serving Bias

Vernon and Carl have a heart to heart

Self-Serving Bias

Why doesn't Cady realize what she has become?

Self-Serving Bias

Why does Temple create the squeeze machine?

She is too sensitive for human touch but desires closeness

Some research has suggested that when compared to the brains of individuals who do not have the disorder, the brains of people diagnosed with autism are

Smaller

Normative Social Influence: The Desire to Be Liked

Social influence based on the desire to be liked or accepted

Why did group polarization not happen in this movie?

Systematic arguments was not able to effect-minority took over

When considering evaluations of conditions such as depression and anxiety disorders, the current DSM is not definitive about ______________

The preferred treatment options

What is the main lesson of the movie?

The treatment of individuals who do not fit into society

Tam has a tough time understanding why her brother likes to watch TV, she does not like TV, so she feels baffled that anyone else would. Tam lacks ____________, so she has difficult appreciating that others like it

Theory of mind

What prevents most of the patients who have been voluntarily admitted, from leaving the hospital?

They feel "Normal" on the ward

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test

This instrument measures set shifting or the ability to display flexibility in thinking as the goal of the task changes

Which of the following is NOT a dynamic of heuristic persuasion?

Time-consuming choice

Impaired Social Interaction

Where will Sally (on left) look for the marble? Many children with autism answer "in the box," evidence that they may lack a "theory of mind."

Delirium

a confusional state that develops over a short period of time and is often associated with agitation and hyperactivity (disorganized thinking, reduced ability to maintain and shift attention).

Stereotyped Behavior Interests

restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities