Public Speaking Final Chpts 14-26

Approaches to Convey the Info

Defining, Describing, Demonstrating, Explaining

Conclusion Tips

END, include all 3 elements of conclusion, never apologize, never add new material, practice

Simile

direct comparison; "ogres are like onions"

One-sided Message

does not mention opposing claims

Pose a rhetorical question

doesn't invite actual response but is used to make audience think; let audience know your speech will answer it

Guidelines for Effective Informative Speeches

don't overestimate knowledge of audience, relate subject to audience, appeal to different learning styles, personalize ideas

Understatement

downplaying something for something less than it is

Promote Interest & Motivation

draws audience members into speech and stimulates interest; seeing facts of argument laid out can make significant difference in how listeners respond to persuasive appeal

A Good Quotation

elegantly and succinctly expresses an idea relevant to your topic, pulls ideas from literature, poetry, film

Reiterate Thesis and End Memorably

end with a challenge (informative), end with a call to action (persuasive), use bookend & attention-getting devices

Hyperbole

exaggerated claims not meant to be taken literally

Body Language (Nonverbal Communication)

facial expressions, eye behavior, gestures, general body movement

Speaking Extemporaneously

falls somewhere between impromptu and written memorized delivery

Colloquial Expressions

familiar language to a group of people

Authoritative Warrant

feel emotion

Syllogism

form of rational appeal defines as three-part argument consisting of a major premise, a mini premise and a conclusion logically following from first two steps

Personification

giving human qualities to an inanimate object

Ethos

greek word for character

Effective Speakers

have enthusiasm, are confident, show concern and interest

Example of Slippery Slope

helping refugees in the Sudan today will force us to help refugees across Africa and around the world

Functions of Visual Aids

helps listeners process and retain info, promote interest and motivation, convey info concisely, lend professional image

Preview Main Points

helps mentally organize speech, use straight forward preview sentence, helps keep audience's attention

Articulation

how crisp and clear you say the sounds and wordsAu

Rate

how fast or slow you speak

Pitch

how high or low your phrases are; the range of sounds

Volume

how loud or soft your voice is

Specific Speech Purpose

how you want your audience to react

Example of Non Sequitur

if we can send a man to the moon, we should be able to cure cancer in five years

Example of Either-Or-Fallacy

if you don't send little susie to private school this year, she will not gain admission to college

Metaphor

implied comparison of two unlike objects; "time is a thief"

Connotation

implied, understood, perceived meaning

Serif Typeface

includes small flourishes, or strokes at top and bottom of each letter; (easier on the eye and best for body of text)

Vocal Variety

incorporates volume, pitch, rate, pauses; what you want to achieve

Target Audience

individuals within broader audience who are most likely to be influenced in direction speaker seeks

Persuade

influence the attitudes and behaviors of others

Example of Begging the Question

intelligent design is the correct explanation for biological change over time because we can see godly evidence in our complex natural world

Introduction Tips

keep short, include all 4 elements of intro, never apologize, practice

Flip Chart

large paf od paper on which speaker can illustrate speech points

Multimedia effect

learning principle that suggests we learn better from words and pictures than from words alone; provided that the aids complement, or add to the info rather than matching spoken point

Substantive Warrants

logos, evidence (warrant by cause, warrant by analogy)

Establish Credibility

make statement of your qualifications for speaking on topic at particular occasion and to specific audience

Causal

making a faulty causal connection

Con's of Extemporaneously

may become repetitive and wordy, speech may take longer than anticipated, placing at speaking notes may fail to jog memory

Forewarning

may predispose listeners in opposite direction and thwart your persuasive goal

Visual Rhetoric

meaning conveyed by the images or graphics in visual aids beyond merely clarifying the verbal message

Motive

predisposition to behave in certain ways

Begging the Question

presenting an argument in such a way that its necessarily true, even though no evidence has been presented

Bandwagon

presenting something as true because general opinion supports it

Using quality Visual Aids

shows listeners you are approaching presentation professionally --> motivates them to approach in same way; increases your credibility--> helps get your message across

Effective delivery

skillful application of natural conversational behavior to speech in way that is relaxed, enthusiastic and direct

Claims of Value

something is right or wrong or good or bad; more subjective than factual

Object Speech Organizational Pattern

spatial, topical

Appeals to Tradition

speaker argues for truth of claim based solely on common practices in the past

Hasty Generalization

speaker attempts to support claim by asserting that a particular piece of evidence (isolated case) is true for all individuals or conditions concerned

Speaking from Memory (Oratory)

speaker puts entire speech into writing and commits it to memory

Speaking from Manuscript

speaker reads speech verbatim, from prepares written text containing entire speech

Red Herring

speaker relies on irrelevant information to support argument

Competence

speaker's knowledge of and experience with subject matter

Comparative Advantage

speakers viewpoint or proposal is shown to be superior to one or more alternative viewpoints or proposals

Methods of Delivery

speaking from manuscript, memory, impromptu, extemporaneously

Jargon

special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand

Typeface

specific style of lettering (ex: Arial, Times New Roman, Courier)

Concrete Language

specific, tangible, and definite (nouns or verbs)

Categories of Informative Speeches

speeches about objects or phenomena, people, events, processes, issues, concepts

Argument

stated position with support, for or against an idea or issue (contains core elements of claim, evidence, warrants)

Non Sequitiur

statement in which conclusion isn't connected to reasoning

General Rule for Visuals

take the length of speech and divide by 2 and add 1

Ad Hominem

targets people instead of issues and attempts to incite audience's dislike for opponent

Preview Sentence

tell the audience the main points and the order you will present them

External Evidence

testimony, stories, graphs, statistics

Denotation

textbook definition

Purpose of a Visual Aid

to support, summarize or add to ideas; NOT to repeat verbatim what you are saying in your speech

Example of Sweeping Generalization

today everyone owns a cell phone

Claim of Value Arrangement Pattern

topical pattern of arrangement

Concept Speech Organizational Pattern

topical, causal, circular

Issue Speech Organizational Pattern

topical, chronological, causal, circular

Event Speech Organizational Pattern

topical, chronological, causal, narrative

People Speech Organizational Pattern

topical, narrative, chronological

Goodwill

toward audience

Speaking Impromptu

unpracticed, spontaneous or improvised

Gain Audience Attention

use a quotation, story, questions, unusual info, humor

Motivational Warrant

use emotion to show how your evidence supports your claim

Line Graph

use points connected by lines to demonstrate how something changes or fluctuates in value

Pro's of Memory

useful for brief speeches (toasts and introductions), sometimes helpful to memorize portion of speech

Example of Red Herring

I fail to see why hunting should be considered cruel when it gives pleasure to so many people and employment to even more

Example of Ad Hominem

I'm a better candidate than X because unlike X, I work for a living

Elements of the Introduction

I. Attention-getter II. Introduce topic and purpose III. establish credibility IV. preview main points

Elements of Conclusion

I. signal to audience (Brakelight) II. summarize main points, III. Reiterate thesis and end memorably (Clincher)

Table

to summarize info or data in an easily viable form

Keep the Aid Design Simple

1 idea per aid, sequential layout, short phrases, 6X6 rule; avoid chartjunk

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

1. attention 2. need 3. satisfaction 4. visualization 5. action

How to Diagram an Argument

1. write down claim 2. list evidence you have in support of claim 3. write down corresponding warrant that link evidence to claim

Model

3-D, scale size representation of an object (such as a building)

Argument

a stated position with support for or against an idea or issue

Sans Serif Typeface

block-like and linear; designed without flourishes; (best for small amounts of text, such as headings)

Chalkboards

boards you use with chalk

Whiteboards

boards you use with nonpermanent markers

Refutation

addresses each main point and refutes opposing claim to your position

Abstract Language

ambiguous or unclear

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

an effective pattern that explicitly calls for audience members to act on the speaker's suggestions

Irony

an expression that uses language usually opposite to what it means

Analogy

an extended metaphor

Successful public speakers identify and appeal to 4 sets of paired emotions in listeners

anger&meekness, love&hatred, fear&boldness, shame&shamelessness

Using your Body in the Delivery

animate facial expressions, maintain eye contact, use natural gestures, good posture, dress appropriately

Prop

any live or inanimate object; can be subject of speech

Pathos

appeal to audience's emotion

Logos

appeal to audience's reason and logic

Elocutionary movement

approach to public speaking in which speechmaking is regarded as type of performance, like acting

Slippery Slope

argument based on faulty assumption that one case will necessarily lead to series of events or actions

Either-Or-Fallacy

argument stated in terms of two alternatives only, even though there may be multiple ways of viewing issue

Example of Hasty Generalization

as shown by the example of a Labrador retriever biting my sister, this type of dog is dangerous and its breeding should be outlawed

Evidence

audience's preexisting knowledge and opinions

Introducing speech with humor can

build rapport, put listeners at ease, set positive tone for speech's theme and key points; use with caution

Type and Degree of Change you seek with a _____

call to action

Allusion

casual reference to something

Processes Speech Organizational Pattern

chronological, spatial, causal

Claim of Policy

claims that recommend a specific course of action

Multimedia

combines several media into a single production (stills, sounds, video, text, data)

Elements of Ethos

competence, moral character, goodwill

Introduce Purpose and Topic

declare what speech is about and what you hope to accomplish

Persuasion

deliberate process of influence of convincing others to share your beliefs, values, attitudes or behaviors

Organizational Chart

to show lines and direction of reporting in a hierarchy

Two-sided Message

mentions opposing points of view and sometimes refutes them

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

model of human action based on principle that people are motivated to act on basis of their needs

Components of Oral Style

more words that refer to people and human relationships to help create and sustain interest and attention

Pros of Extemporaneously

most popular method of delivery, most conducive to achieving natural conversational quality of delivery, allows flexibility, allows more eye contact, freedom of movement

Scanning

move your gate from one listener to another long enough to complete one thought before shifting

Inductive Reasoning

moves from specific cases to a general conclusion

Example of Bandwagon

nikes are superior to other brands of shoes because everyone wears nikes

Aural Channel

nonverbal channel of communication made up of vocalizations that form and accompany spoken words

Visual Channel (Silent Language)

nonverbal channel of communication that includes speaker's physical actions and appearance

Arouse Curiosity

nonverbally; setting up for presentation; verbally; combining other attention getters, questions with statistics, speaking in different language, dancing

Con's of Memory

not natural, prevents true eye contact with audience, mental lapse or block is always possible

Visual Aids

objects, models, pictures, graphs, charts, video, audio (used alone or in combination within context of speech)

Example of False Appeal to Authority

our history professor recommends that we stay at the frontier place in Orlando, so it must be a good place

Handout

page-size item that conveys info that is either impractical to give to audience in another manner or is intended to be kept by audience

Levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs (bottom to top)

physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, self-actualization needs

Pie Graph

to show proportions of the total

Claim of Policy Arrangement Pattern

problem-solution comparative advantage

Claim of Fact Arrangement Pattern

problem-solution, problem-cause-solution

Informative Speech

public speaking intended to increase audience's understanding and awareness by imparting knowledge

Speaker Credibility

quality that reveals a speaker had good crisp grasp of subject, displays sound reasoning skills and is honest, genuinely interested in welfare of audience (expertise, trustworthiness, speaker similarity)

Deductive Reasoning

reasoning from general condition to specific instance

Refer to the Occasion

references to speech occasion and relevant facts about audience make listeners feel recognized as individuals

False Appeal to Authority

referring to celebrity, athlete, actor, musician or a lay person as an authority

Moral Character

reflected in speaker's straightforward and honest presentation of message

Alliteration

repetition of beginning sounds

Con's of Manuscript

restricts eye contact and body movement, limits expressiveness in vocal variety and quality

Presentation aids help listeners to

see relationships among concepts and elements, store and remember material, critically examine key ideas

Font

set of type of one size and face; point size: size of typeface

Example of Appeals to Tradition

the president of the United States must be a man because a woman has never been president

Example of Causal

the president of the United States must be a man because a woman has never been president

Expectancy Value Theory

theory of persuasion positing that audience members act according to perceived costs and benefits (value) associated with particular action

Claims of Fact

this is or is not true/this will or will not happen

Bar or Column Graph

to compare magnitude or volume among categories

Pictogram

to depict comparisons in picture form

Flowchart

to diagram processes

Pro's of Manuscript

useful when you must convert very precise message, reduces risk of misinterpretation, award presentation

Pro's of Impromptu

useful when you're asked to make remarks on the spur of the moment, can be used in a Q&A session

Sweeping Generalization

uses "red flag" words; all, none, always, never, everyone, no one

Brakelight

verbally; use transitional words, phrases (finally, looking back, in summary) nonverbally; adjust manner of delivery to indicate speech is winding down (vary tone, pitch, rhythm, rate of speech)

Imagery

visually descriptive/figurative language

Paralanguage

vocalizations; how something is said, not what is said

Elements of Vocal Delivery

volume, pitch, rate, pauses, vocal variety, pronunciation, articulation

Onomatopoeia

words that sound like what they stand for; "boom"

Pauses

you need pauses for dramatic flare and interest

Con's of Impromptu

you're speaking on short notice with little time to prepare

Choose organizational pattern based on

your communication goals, nature of topic, needs of your audience

Ethos

your good character, not important to your audience, they want to feel they can trust what you have to say