quizzes BIOL1610

The allele that causes the most common type of color blindness is carried on the X chromosome. If a colorblind woman has children with a normal-visioned man and they have a son, what is the probability that the son is colorblind? 1 0 1/2 1/4

1

Match the product and/or waste with the reaction group it is made in Lactic Acid Fermentation Formation of Acetyl-CoA Electron Transport Chain Light Reactions Krebs Cycle Carbon Fixation Reactions Glycolysis ATP and NADPH 4 ATP (Gross), 2 NADH ATP made from Chemiosmosis driving Oxidative Phosphorylation G3P put together to form C6H12O6 2 NADH, 2 CO2 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP 2 ATP and 2 NAD+

2 ATP and 2 NAD+ Lactic Acid Fermentation Correct!2 NADH, 2 CO2 Formation of Acetyl-CoA Correct!ATP made from Chemiosmosis driving Oxidative Phosphorylation Electron Transport Chain Correct!ATP and NADPH Light Reactions Correct!6 NADH, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP Krebs Cycle Correct!G3P put together to form C6H12O6 Carbon Fixation Reactions Correct!4 ATP (Gross), 2 NADH Glycolysis

Why do your cells form Pyruvate into Lactic Acid? 1-To create NADH for use in the ETC 2-Because your cells need to run glycolysis to make ATP and need to oxidize NADH to NAD+ to do it, and your cells are probably low on O2 3-Because your cells don't have enough Mitochondria 4-Because your cells are low on O2 5-Because your cells want to run glycolysis to make ATP but need to oxidize NADH back to NAD+ to keep this going

2-Because your cells need to run glycolysis to make ATP and need to oxidize NADH to NAD+ to do it, and your cells are probably low on O2

If an organism is a diploid organism and has a haploid number of 200, then how many chromosomes would you expect to see in this organism's gametes by the end of Meiosis? 25 50 100 200 400

200

When Mendel crossed F1 hybrids for a single trait (heterozygotes) together, what was the phenotypic ratio that he observed? 4:1 1:2:1 3:1 9:3:3:1

3:1

If an organism has a diploid number of 100, then by the end of meiosis 2, how many chromosomes should each gamete contain? 100 50 25 10 200

50

Which of the following is a dihybrid? Bb AABb AaBbCc AaBb Aa

AaBb

Atom s are so interesting - they make up matter in our universe. The atom[Select] ["C", "O", "N", "S"] has 4 electrons in its valence shell which means that it is [Select] ["stable, chemically reactive", "unstable, chemically reactive", "stable, nonreactive", "unstable, nonreactive"] . In contrast, the atom Neon has 8 electrons - 2 electrons in each orbital - in it valence shell. Another atom, Nitrogen, has 5 electrons in its valence shell and it usually[Select] ["forms covalent bonds with other atoms", "gives up five electrons", "does not react", "forms hydrogen bonds with other atoms"] in order to have a full valence shell. The atom Ca has only two electrons in its valence shell so that means that it [Select] ["remains stable, not forming bonds", "gives up two electrons to form a 2+ cation", "takes 2 electrons ", "forms hydrogen bonds with other atoms"] , so it can stabilize its valence shell. Then there is the atom, O, that can [Select] ["give 2 electrons", "form polar covalent bonds with other atoms", "give up 2 protons", "give up 4 neutrons"] in order to stabilize its valence shell, but, since it is very electronegative, it usually forms polar covalent bonds with other atoms .

Answer 1:Correct!C Answer 2:Correct!unstable, chemically reactive Answer 3:Correct!forms covalent bonds with other atoms Answer 4:Correct!gives up two electrons to form a 2+ cation Answer 5:Correct!form polar covalent bonds with other atoms

Place the steps of the scientific method in the order they typically occur. Draw conclusion about original hypothesis. Test the hypothesis. Make an observation about NATURE. Propose a HYPOTHESIS (testable).

Answer 1:Correct!Make an observation about NATURE. Answer 2:Correct!Propose a HYPOTHESIS (testable). Answer 3:Correct!Test the hypothesis. Answer 4:Correct!Draw conclusion about original hypothesis

Singer and Nicolsen described plasma membranes as a _________________ model. The second part of the model name comes because of the different components that make up the plasma membrane. The part that makes up most of the plasma membrane are _______________________ and because of its __________________ properties it forms a _________________ . The structure of phospholipid bilayers are critical to membrane function. Because the interior of the phospholipid bilayer is occupied by the ______________________ fatty acid chains, the membrane is impermeable to large biomolecules like __________________ or charged molecules like______ . In addition to phospholipids, the membrane also contains ___________________ which sits near the fatty acid tails and helps in membrane fluidity. Another membrane component that helps in cell recognition and in the ______________________ permeable property of cell membranes are membrane ___________________. If these components are on the outside of the membrane (and not embedded), they are known as __________________ . If they are embedded in the membrane they are known as ____________________ . If these embedded components go all the way through the membrane from one side to the other they are also known as ___________________________ .

Answer 1:Correct!fluid mosaic Answer 2:Correct!phospholipids Answer 3:Correct!amphipathic Answer 4:Correct!bilayer Answer 5:Correct!hydrophobic Answer 6:Correct!proteins Answer 7:Correct!ions Answer 8:Correct!cholesterol Answer 9:Correct!selectively Answer 10:Correct!proteins Answer 11:Correct!peripheral Answer 12:Correct!integral Answer 13:Correct!transmembrane

An adaptation is a(n) [ Select ] ["environmental", "inherited"] characteristic that increases [ Select ] ["the rate of evolution", "survival and reproduction", "variation", "mutation"] in a specific environment.

Answer 1:Correct!inherited Answer 2:Correct!survival and reproduction

Cell Signaling is how cells talk to themselves and how they talk with other cells! Step 1 of cell signaling is the _________________cell produces the signaling molecule. Signaling molecules are often called _________________ which is a general term for a small molecule that binds with another molecule. The molecule that the signal binds with is the _______________________ which is step 2; this structure is located on the target cell. Step 3 is ___________________________ which is a multi-step, intracellular, mechanism that usually uses small, mobile chemicals called ____________________________ . These small, mobile, intracellular chemicals include cAMP, cGMP, IP3, DAG and __________. The fourth step of cell signaling is Response. Cellular responses can fall into 1, 2 or all 3 of the following categories: Change in membrane potential (battery charge - open/close ion channels), Change in ________________________________________, and Change in metabolic rate (use more or less energy). And finally, the last step of the cell signaling cascade is__________________________ - this step usually begins as a slow negative feedback loop during step 3.

Answer 1:Correct!source Answer 2:Correct!ligands Answer 3:Correct!receptor Answer 4:Correct!transduction Answer 5:Correct!second messengers Answer 6:Correct!Ca2+ Answer 7:Correct!Change in gene expression (turn on/off a gene) Answer 8:Correct!Termination

Which of the following atoms does not normally ionize? C Na K Cl

C Carbon almost always forms covalent bonds to stabilize its valence shell!

You have an atom that has 20 protons and 25 neutrons in its nucleus and orbiting around the nucleus this atom has 18 electrons. What is this atom? Choose ALL that apply! C Ca Cl an ion an isotope Mg H

Ca an ion an isotope

Which of the following elements has 6 protons in its nucleus? Phosphorus Nitrogen Carbon Sulfur Oxygen

Carbon

Match the term with its definition codominance heterozygote polygenic inheritance multiple alleles displays intermediate phenotype incomplete dominance both alleles are simultaneously expressed in the heterozygote more than two alleles exist in the population 2 or more genes influence the same trait

Correct!heterozygote displays intermediate phenotype= incomplete dominance Correct!both alleles are simultaneously expressed in the heterozygote= codominance Correct!more than two alleles exist in the population= multiple alleles Correct!2 or more genes influence the same trait= polygenic inheritance

Why does DNA need to be coiled? Choose ALL that apply DNA coiling allows the DNA to fit into the cell (and the nucleus) DNA coiling allows DNA to be wrapped tight enough during certain times of the cell cycle in order to enable to movement of the chromosomes to a new cell DNA supercoils to allow for paracrine signaling between cells Coiling allows DNA to be organized in a way that allows for efficient access to genes (for gene expression) DNA coiling allows for the smooth ER to more efficiently make proteins

DNA coiling allows the DNA to fit into the cell (and the nucleus) DNA coiling allows DNA to be wrapped tight enough during certain times of the cell cycle in order to enable to movement of the chromosomes to a new cell Coiling allows DNA to be organized in a way that allows for efficient access to genes (for gene expression)

what is the Central Dogma of Biology

DNA-(transcription)->RNA-(translation)->protein synthesis Information flow in an organism takes place from DNA to RNA to protein. DNA replication is when the cell produces a copy of all its DNA before the cell divides (DNA→DNA). This enables every cell in an organism to contain the same DNA. DNA contains genes. Each gene dictates the structure of RNA in a process scientists call transcription (DNA→RNA). The information in the RNA dictates the structure of a protein in a process called translation (RNA→protein). This is the Central Dogma of Life, because all organisms use these same processes to copy their DNA and to build their proteins. The central dogma explains how our genetic material codes for us: DNA contains information used to tell each cell how to make the proteins it needs. The order of nucleotides in the DNA determines the order of amino acids in the protein, and the order of amino acids in the protein determines the shape of the protein, and ultimately, what function the protein will have. The different proteins contained in a cell make different cells look and behave differently. Understanding how the Central Dogma works is one of the core purposes of this course.

In taxonomy, which of the following groups is the most inclusive (includes the largest amount of things)? Domain Species Genus Kingdom

Domain

If you were looking at pond water under the microscope and saw a single-celled creature that has a nucleus, in which Domain is this creature expected to belong? Animalia Fungi Eukarya Bacteria

Eukarya

Which of the following atoms has 26 protons in its nucleus? H P Na Fe

Fe

If Deuterium radioactively decays, what element does it become? Atoms do not change their identities - ever H He Li

He. Since Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen that has 1 proton and 1 neutron, when a neutron breaks down into a proton and a high energy electron that will give the atom an atomic number of 2!

What action of an enzyme actually lowers the activation energy of a reaction? The binding of the substrates to the active site Induced Fit The Formation of the Products The use of cofactors

Induced Fit

Which of the following types of signaling molecules would use exocytosis to leave the source cell where they were synthesized? Choose ALL that apply Insulin (a protein) GABA (an amino acid) Leukotriene (and eicosanoid) CO (a gas) Dopamine (an amine)

Insulin (a protein) GABA (an amino acid) Dopamine (an amine)

If you have a high [testosterone] outside of the cell compared to a low [testosterone] inside the cell, how could you get testosterone to move from the inside of the cell to the outside of a cell? Simple Diffusion Fascilitated Diffusion Primary Active Transport Secondary Active Transport It cannot be done

It cannot be done You CANNOT move a steroid anywhere, it will only move via simple diffusion so would move from outside to in. Secondary Active Transport only works for hydrophilic molecules

Match the biomolecule with its definition, bond type, example or polymer description (Hint: This is chapter 3 material) Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids Have primary, secondary, tertiary and perhaps quaternary structure Polymers of sugar-phosphate-nitrogenous base Hydrophobic or amphipathic Cellulose and Chitin

Lipids Hydrophobic or amphipathic Proteins Have primary, secondary, tertiary and perhaps quaternary structure Carbohydrates Cellulose and Chitin Nucleic Acids Polymers of sugar-phosphate-nitrogenous base

Match the organelle with its description, function etc (Hint: this is chapter 4 material ) Nucleus Smooth ER Rough ER Golgi Apparatus Lysosome Mitochondria Chloroplast Packs, Sorts, Modifies Makes proteins for membranes or secretion Ca2+ storage, detoxifies drugs and alcohol, makes steroids Photosynthesis Acidic pH, breaks down old or invasive things and recycles them Contains Chromosomes and a Nucleolus Apoptosis and Aerobic Respiration

Nucleus Contains Chromosomes and a Nucleolus Rough ER Makes proteins for membranes or secretion Smooth ER Ca2+ storage, detoxifies drugs and alcohol, makes steroids Golgi Apparatus Packs, Sorts, Modifies Lysosome Acidic pH, breaks down old or invasive things and recycles them Mitochondria Apoptosis and Aerobic Respiration Chloroplast Photosynthesis

Which of Following Atoms has 8 protons in its nucleus? H O N Ca

O

Which of the following elements together make up approximately 96% of the matter in living organisms? (select all that apply) As O N Cl C H

O N C H

A cell is sitting in a hypertonic solution - which way will water move via osmosis? Into the cell, causing the cell to swell (and burst) Out of the cell, causing the cell the shrink Water will not move All are correct

Out of the cell, causing the cell the shrink Water will move from high to low concentration or another way to think about it is that water will chase the solutes

If you were looking at pond water under the microscope and saw a single celled creature that had a nucleus, what is the most likely Kingdom for this creature to belong to? Animalia Bacteria Fungi Protista

Protista

Which of the following cellular transport mechanisms could you use to specifically move a LARGE solute into the cell? Primary Active Transport Exocytosis Endocytosis Pinocytosis Phagocytosis Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis THIS is the process that moves VERY specific things into the cell!

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA Replication occur? M Phase Prophase S Phase Telophase G1 Phase Cytokineses G2 Phase

S Phase

During which phase(s) of the cell cycle are the chromosomes made up of two sister chromatids hooked together at the centromere? (Are "duplicate" chromosomes) Choose ALL that apply The end of S-phase in a normal healthy cell G1 Metaphase G2 Prophase G0

The end of S-phase in a normal healthy cell Metaphase G2 Prophase

Only one or two alleles exist for any given gene in an individual. True False

True

Which of the following is NOT an essential component of Darwin's theory of natural selection? Natural selection results in a population that is adapted to its environment Heritable variation exists in populations Use or disuse of a structure causes changes that are passed on to the next generation More offspring are produced than the environment can support Not all individuals survive and reproduce

Use or disuse of a structure causes changes that are passed on to the next generation

Secondary Active Transport relies on energy from __________________ to power the movement of a substance against its concentration gradient ATP a form of energy a concentration gradient Gibbs Free Energy

a concentration gradient

What disease can occur if the cell ignores/skips cell cycle checkpoints and is allowed to go through its life cycle unregulated? COVID-19 Heart Disease Diabetes Cancer

cancer

Which of the following is NOT a feature of ALL cells? DNA Cytosol Cell Wall Cell Membrane Ribosomes

cell wall

Genetic drift refers to changes in a population due to: chance migration in/out of the population differences in fitness

chance

In order to have evolution occur in a population, members of that population must have __________________________________________. genetic diversity genetic equilibrium genetic drift gene flow natural selection

genetic diversity

What important idea from geologists Hutton and Lyell influenced Darwin's thinking on natural selection? geological change occurs gradually over long periods of time geological change occurs quickly, due to catastrophes no extinct species have been found in the fossil record no species can ever change over time

geological change occurs gradually over long periods of time

In order to form a nucleosome, DNA is wound around positively charged proteins called ______________________________________. solenoids scaffolding proteins histones chromosomes aminopositives

histones

The Na+/K+ pump moves 3 Na+ ____________ and 2 K+ _____________ and uses 1 ______________ to do it! in, out, ATP out, in, ATP to the ICF, to the ECF, Phosphate group around the cell, through the cell, energy

out, in, ATP Nicely done! Did you know that 2/3 of your resting metabolic energy goes to power these pumps? WHY? These pumps create a gradient across your cells' membranes and then you use that gradient to do work!

Which of the following is the correct equation for pH? pH= log[H+] pH= -log[H+] pH= log[-OH] pH= ln[H+]

pH= -log[H+]

A gene for coat color in cats is incompletely dominant. One homozygote has black fur, the other homozygote has white fur, and heterozygotes have grey fur. If a grey cat and a white cat have kittens, what is the probability for each kitten of having grey fur? 1 0 1/4 1/2

1/2

If a person who is IAi has children with a person who is IAIB, what is the probability of a child with type AB blood? 0 1/2 1/4 3/4 1

1/4

If you start with ONE Pyruvate, how many ATPs can you make via OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION ONLY? (This is a former in-class exam question!) 4 ATP (Gross) 15 ATP 14 ATP 2 ATP (Net

14 ATP using ONE pyruvate you make 1 NADH during the formation of Acetyl-CoA and 3 NADHs during the Krebs Cycle as well as One FADH2 for each NADH you pump 3 protons and can form 3 ATP so 4 x 3 = 12 ATP for each FADH2 you pump 2 protons and can form 2 ATP so 1 x 2 = 2 ATP

There are types of hemophilia that are X-linked. If a father has X-linked Hemophilia and the mother is a carrier, choose ALL of the following that could be true of their offspring (children). 0% of their children would have Hemophilia 50% of their female children would be carriers 75% of their children would not have Hemophilia 50% of their male children would have Hemophilia 50% of their female children would have Hemophilia

50% of their female children would be carriers 50% of their male children would have Hemophilia 50% of their female children would have Hemophilia

The following picture is illustrating which phase of mitosis? Prophase Telophase Prometaphase Correct! Anaphase Metaphase

Anaphase

Cytokineses is the process where cells divide their contents into two new cells. Animal cells perform cytokineses by the contraction of a(n) _____________________________ using starting during telophase. In contrast, plants form a(n) _______________________starting during anaphase in order to create two new cells that also have cell walls.

Answer 1:Correct!acto-myosin ring Answer 2:Correct!cell plate

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy This is the general equation for [ Select ] ["electron transport", "aerobic respiration", "photosynthesis", "chemiosmosis"] . This reaction occurs in the . Energy in this reaction is in the chemical form of [ Select ] ["solar energy", "G3P", "H+", "ATP"] . This reaction is [ Select ] ["exergonic", "endergonic"] because energy is released. The conversion of C6H12O6 to CO2 is a(n) [ Select ] ["oxidation", "reduction"] reaction because it loses H. Energy + 6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 This is the general equation for [ Select ] ["fermentation", "gluconeogenesis", "chemiosmosis", "photosynthesis", "aerobic respiration"] . This reactions occurs in the [ Select ] ["nucleus", "mitochondria", "endoplasmic reticulum", "Chloroplasts", "golgi apparatus"] . C6H12O6 is the molecular formula for [ Select ] ["DNA", "Glucose", "NADPH", "NADH", "FADH2", "ATP"] , an important energy storage molecule. Energy in this reaction is in the form of [ Select ] ["Radioactive Decay", "Photons", "G3P", "ATP"] . The conversion of O2 to H2O is a(n) [ Select ] ["oxidation", "reduction"] reaction because it gains H.

Answer 1:Correct!aerobic respiration Answer 2:Correct!mitochondria Answer 3:Correct!ATP Answer 4:Correct!exergonic Answer 5:Correct!oxidation Answer 6:Correct!photosynthesis Answer 7:Correct!Chloroplasts Answer 8:Correct!Glucose Answer 9:Correct!Photons Answer 10:Correct!reduction Quiz Score: 2 out of 2 Submission Details:

DNA is the genetic code for cells. During interphase of the cell cycle the DNA is very loosely coiled in _______________________ configuration (we still call the linear strands of DNA chromosomes!). During G1 and G0 and the beginning of S-phase your human cells have two single copies of each chromosome and this makes you a Select ] ["diploid", "tetraploid", "haploid", "triploid"]organism. By the end of S-phase (assuming that everything goes correctly), each chromosome will be composed of two parts, each of which contains a DNA molecule that is identical to the other. These two parts of a chromosome are called [ Select ] ["gametes", "daughter cells", "haploid chromosomes", "sister chromatids"] . These two identical parts of each chromosome are hooked together at their [ Select ] ["kinetochores", "centrioles", "centromeres"] , and now we call them duplicate chromosomes. So by the end of S-phase, all of your chromosomes have duplicated but you are still considered a [ Select ] ["diploid", "tetraploid", "haploid", "triploid"] organism. At the start of M-phase, as a human, you should have 46 duplicate chromosomes, but by the end of M-phase each [ Select ] ["gamete", "daughter cell", "sister chromatid", "brother cell"] should have only single chromosomes

Answer 1:Correct!chromatin Answer 2:Correct!diploid Answer 3:Correct!sister chromatids Answer 4:Correct!centromeres Answer 5:Correct!diploid Answer 6:Correct!daughter cell

Thomas Hunt Morgan and his fruit fly experiments supplied evidence that became known as the [ Select ] ["theory of evolution by natural selection", "cell theory", "the theory of relativity", "chromosomal theory of inheritance"] . This theory states that [ Select ] ["telomeres", "genes", "centromeres", "proteins", "chromosomes"] . are located on larger structures called [ Select ] ["telomeres", "genes", "centromeres", "proteins", "chromosomes"] .

Answer 1:Correct!chromosomal theory of inheritance Answer 2:Correct!genes Answer 3:Correct!chromosomes

In the figure, the reaction is an example of a [ Select ] ["hydrolysis", "dehydration", "exergonic", "catabolic"] reaction, meaning that the molecule byproduct created by this reaction is [ Select ] ["Nitrogen gas", "H20", "CO2", "Oxygen gas"] . The reactants are [ Select ] ["fatty acid", "amino acid", "nucleic acid", "nucleotide", "simple sugar", "monosaccharide"] [ Select ] ["monomers", "polymers"] and the product formed in the reaction is a [ Select ] ["carbohydrate", "nucleic acid", "lipid", "nucleotide", "protein", "polysaccharide"] [ Select ] ["monomer", "polymer"] . The bond formed in the reaction is a [ Select ] ["hydrogen", "ester", "phosphodiester", "peptide", "glycosidic"] bond. The R in the molecules represents [ Select ] ["an element undergoing Radioactive Decay", "a Radon atom", "a Radium atom", "a Rubidium atom", "one of 20 possible side chains"] . The functional groups shown in the reactants from left side of the molecule to the right are [ Select ] ["carbonyl", "hydroxyl", "aldehyde", "amino", "sulfhydrl"] and [ Select ] ["carboxyl", "carbonyl", "sulfhydryl", "ketone", "phosphate"] . Answer 1:

Answer 1:Correct!dehydration Answer 2:Correct!H20 Answer 3:Correct!amino acid Answer 4:Correct!monomers Answer 5:Correct!protein Answer 6:Correct!polymer Answer 7:Correct!peptide Answer 8:Correct!one of 20 possible side chains Answer 9:Correct!amino Answer 10:Correct!carboxyl

A human somatic (body) cell is a [ Select ] ["diploid", "haploid", "triploid", "tetraploid"] cell which contains 46 chromosomes and by the end of mitosis, in humans, the two [ Select ] ["offspring cells", "parent cells", "gametes", "daughter cells"] each contain 46 single chromosomes. For a human cell undergoing meiosis, the cell starts meiosis as a [ Select ] ["tetraploid", "haploid", "diploid", "triploid"] cell with 46 duplicate chromosomes and finishes meiosis with [ Select ] ["4", "2", "3", "1"] gametes, each of which contain _______ single chromosomes.

Answer 1:Correct!diploid Answer 2:Correct!daughter cells Answer 3:Correct!diploid Answer 4:Correct!4 Answer 5:Correct!23

There are several ways in which a signaling ligand will leave the source cell and travel to the target cell. Signal ligands, such as [ Select ] ["eicosanoids", "proteins", "amino acids"] , can pass through the source cell membrane without the help of a transport protein and are usually [ Select ] ["small", "large"] and/or [ Select ] ["hydrophobic", "hydrophillic"] . These types of ligands leave the source cell using [ Select ] ["active transport", "simple diffusion"] and are [ Select ] ["made as needed because they can't be stored for later", "any time and stored for later use in a vesicle"] . Signal ligands, such as [ Select ] ["amines", "steroids", "eicosanoids"] , can NOT pass through the source cell membrane without the help of a transport protein and are usually [ Select ] ["large", "small"] and/or [ Select ] ["hydrophilic", "hydrophobic"] . These types of ligands leave the source cell using [ Select ] ["exocytosis", "simple diffusion", "osmosis"] and are made [ Select ] ["any time and stored for later use in a vesicle", "as needed because they can't be stored for later"] . When traveling to the target cells, ligands can use different routes. [ Select ] ["Gap junctions", "Tight junctions"] in animals and [ Select ] ["stoma", "plasmodesmata "]in plants are tiny channels that connect neighboring cells and allow for [ Select ] ["direct ", "indirect"]communication. The type of signaling in which cells communicate over relatively short distances is known as ____________________ signaling. One unique example of this type of signaling is ____________________ signaling, in which the source cell is a neuron. In ________________________ signaling, a cell signals to itself, releasing a ligand that binds to its own cell surface or intracellular receptors. In _________________________signaling, ligands (known as h______________________ ) travel to target cells through the blood.

Answer 1:Correct!eicosanoids Answer 2:Correct!small Answer 3:Correct!hydrophobic Answer 4:Correct!simple diffusion Answer 5:Correct!as needed because they can't be stored for later Answer 6:Correct!amines Answer 7:Correct!large Answer 8:Correct!hydrophilic Answer 9:Correct!exocytosis Answer 10:Correct!any time and stored for later use in a vesicle Answer 11:Correct!Gap Answer 12:Correct!plasmodesmata Answer 13:Correct!direct Answer 14:Correct!paracrine Answer 15:Correct!synaptic Answer 16:Correct!autocrine Answer 17:Correct!endocrine Answer 18:Correct!hormones

The scientific method is used by scientists to explore physical phenomena. The first step of the scientific method is to ____________________________________. Once you do this first step you can start to think of how to take this and form a testable question. When you have formulated your question you can then move on to do a lot of ____________________________________- this is very important so you can learn what has already been discovered. In order for the scientific method to be used, you must have a subject that is physically testable! So what are you actually testing? You are testing hypotheses. You are trying to create physical tests in order to _____________________________ your hypotheses. Once you have tested your hypothesis by collecting data in physical experimentation, you can modify your hypothesis (keep some, throw out others) and then further refine your experiments (start over).

Answer 1:make an observation Answer 2:background research Answer 3:test Answer 4:modify

Atoms are the fundamental unit of matter. There are three major subatomic particles. Two subatomic particles are located in the atomic nucleus: [ Select ] ["protons", "bozons", "electrons", "neutrons", "quarks"] have a mass of 1 amu and a charge of +1, whereas [ Select ] ["protons", "quarks", "bozons", "neutrons", "electrons"] have no charge and have a mass of [ Select ] ["2 amu", "1 amu", "1/1800 amu", "1.5 amu"] . The third atomic particle is an electron and does not reside in the atomic nucleus, it travels in energy levels and orbitals around the nucleus. Electrons are small, have little mass, move very quickly and have a charge of [ Select ] ["+1", "+2", "-1", "0", "-2"] . The atomic number of an atom refers to [ Select ] ["the number of electrons obiting around that atom's nucleus", "the number of protons in that atom's nucleus", "The number of neutrons in that atom's nucleus"] . Hydrogen is the most common atom in our universe and it has an atomic number of [ Select ] ["1", "6", "11", "0", "-1", "2"] . In its most common form, H does not have any neutrons in its nucleus which means that, by definition, most H is [ Select ] ["an isotope", "an ion", "an isomer", "a hydrogen bond"] . Often, H loses its electron (which means it ends up with 0 electrons orbiting its nucleus) which makes it [ Select ] ["an ion", "an isotope", "a polymer", "an isomer"]

Answer 1:protons Answer 2:neutrons Answer 3:1 amu Answer 4:-1 Answer 5:the number of protons in that atom's nucleus Answer 6:1 Answer 7:an isotope Answer 8:an ion

HOW can you know if a reaction is endergonic or exergonic? The sign on the Delta G (positive or negative) If the reaction will occur in your body or not If it is anabolic or catabolic Both the sign of the Delta G and if it is anabolic or catabolic All are ways to know

Both the sign of the Delta G and if it is anabolic or catabolic

How do we define evolution? (select ALL that apply) the process of life originating from inorganic materials change in allele frequencies in populations over time descent with modification the process of less complex organisms giving rise to more complex organisms

Correct ! change in allele frequencies in populations over time Correct! descent with modification

Bunny genetics is fun! Bunnies can be brown or white and have fluffy tails or smooth tails. Brown and fluffy are dominant. You have a brown, fluffy dihybrid bunny crossed with a white, smooth tailed bunny. They have 100 baby bunnies and you count them and find that 35 of them are brown and fluffy tailed, 35 of them are white and smooth-tailed, 15 of them are brown with smooth tails and 15 of them are white with fluffy tails. Which of the following are true statements about this situation? Choose ALL that apply 70 of the babies have parental phenotypes Fur color and tail type are coded for by genes located on the same chromosome 30 of the babies have recombinant phenotypes The white, smooth bunny must have Bbff as its genotype The Brown, fluffy parent must have BbFf as its genotype

Correct! 70 of the babies have parental phenotypes Correct! Fur color and tail type are coded for by genes located on the same chromosome Correct! 30 of the babies have recombinant phenotypes Correct! The Brown, fluffy parent must have BbFf as its genotype

The Theory of Natural Selection was first proposed by: Darwin and Wallace Watson and Crick Mendel Aristotle

Correct! Darwin and Wallace

Most Sex-linked diseases are caused by mutated genes on the Y Chromosome. True False

Correct! False Correct. There are Y-linked diseases but they are more rare since only 50% of our population has a Y chromosome

What are some examples of evidence that strongly supports the Theory of Evolution? homologous structures, such as the bones of vertebrate limbs structures that form during embryogenesis but are lost before birth, such as tails on human embryos geographic distribution of organisms The extensive fossil record showing changes in species over time We share many genes with other vertebrates, invertebrates, and even plants, fungi, protists, bacteria and archaea All organisms have similar biochemical features, such as cell membranes, ribosomes, etc. All organisms transcribe and translate DNA to RNA to proteins in essentially the same way All species share essentially the same genetic code vestigial traits, such as wings of flightless birds

Correct! homologous structures, such as the bones of vertebrate limbs Correct! structures that form during embryogenesis but are lost before birth, such as tails on human embryos Correct! geographic distribution of organisms Correct! The extensive fossil record showing changes in species over time Correct! We share many genes with other vertebrates, invertebrates, and even plants, fungi, protists, bacteria and archaea Correct! All organisms have similar biochemical features, such as cell membranes, ribosomes, etc. Correct! All organisms transcribe and translate DNA to RNA to proteins in essentially the same way Correct! All species share essentially the same genetic code Correct! vestigial traits, such as wings of flightless birds

Match the following vocabulary words with their definitions or examples Oxidation Ionic Bond Covalent Bond Hydrogen Bond The sharing of one or more electrons between two atoms Polar Covalent The strong electrical attractions between oppositely charged atoms The weak electric attractions between polar covalent molecules Loss of an electron Hydrophobic Interactions Reduction

Correct!Covalent Bond The sharing of one or more electrons between two atoms Correct!Hydrogen Bond The weak electric attractions between polar covalent molecules Correct!Ionic Bond The strong electrical attractions between oppositely charged atoms Correct!Oxidation Loss of an electron

Match the description/definition/example with the concept, word or phrase. Be as specific as possible Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance Polar Body Barr Body X-linked Wild Type Genetic Recombination Parental Phenotype Recombinant Phenotype Nondisjunction Aneuploidy

Correct!Gene are located in specific areas on chromosomes= Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance Correct!The most common phenotype in the population Wild Type Correct!The production of offspring (children) that contain different combinations of traits than those of the parents Genetic Recombination Correct!Characteristics of offspring that are a combination of both parental phenotypes Recombinant Phenotype Correct!Genes located on the X chromosome are considered this X-linked Correct!The inactive X chromosome in each female cell Barr Body Correct!Offspring whose characteristics are just like one of their parents Parental Phenotype Correct!When pairs of chromosomes (or tetrads) fail to separate during meiosis Nondisjunction Correct!Having an abnormal number of chromosomes Aneuploidy

Match the term with the best definition, description or example First Law of Thermodynamics Second Law of Thermodynamics EnthalpyGibb's Free Energy Activation energy Kinetic energy Potential Energy Exergonic Endergonic Oxidation 1-this is also known as the law of entropy: when energy is converted from one form to another some is lost to disorderliness 2-an example of this is when Na atoms give up an electron to become a +1 cation 3-energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can just be converted from one form to another 4-this type of reaction is a building reaction - meaning that you build something like a molecule, also called anabolism 5-this reaction type has energy leaving the system - also known as catabolism 6-an example of this would be a moving car 7-an example of this would be lake Powell 8-this type of energy is necessary to get a chemical reaction going

Correct!Kinetic energy an example of this would be a moving car Correct!Potential Energy an example of this would be lake Powell Correct!Oxidation an example of this is when Na atoms give up an electron to become a +1 cation Correct!Second Law of Thermodynamics this is also known as the law of entropy: when energy is converted from one form to another some is lost to disorderliness Correct!First Law of Thermodynamics energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can just be converted from one form to another Correct!Endergonic this type of reaction is a building reaction - meaning that you build something like a molecule, also called anabolism Correct!Exergonic this reaction type has energy leaving the system - also known as catabolism Correct!Activation energy this type of energy is necessary to get a chemical reaction going

Match the following terms with their definitions genes do not influence each other with regard to the sorting of alleles into gametes, and every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur. an allele which can mask the expression of another allele at the same locus genetic makeup, or alleles that an individual has for a particular character the 2 alleles on homologous chromosomes are different Dominant Heterozygous Genotype Recessive Principle of Independent Assortment Homozygous Phenotype Principle of Segregation

Correct!Principle of Independent Assortment=genes do not influence each other with regard to the sorting of alleles into gametes, and every possible combination of alleles for every gene is equally likely to occur. Correct!Dominant=an allele which can mask the expression of another allele at the same locus Correct!Genotype=genetic makeup, or alleles that an individual has for a particular character Correct!Heterozygous=the 2 alleles on homologous chromosomes are different

Match the stages of Meiosis with their description Anaphase 1 Anaphase 2 Metaphase 1 Metaphase 2 Prophase 1 Telophase 1 Telophase 2 Duplicate chromosomes (each made from two sister chromatids) line up in the middle of the gamete This is the only phase where synapsis and crossing over occur Tetrads separate and move towards the pole of the cell Tetrads line up in the middle (equator) of the cell Sister chromatids separate and move towards the poles of the gametes

Correct!Sister chromatids separate and move towards the poles of the gametes Anaphase 2 Correct!Tetrads line up in the middle (equator) of the cell Metaphase 1 Correct!Tetrads separate and move towards the pole of the cell Anaphase 1 Correct!This is the only phase where synapsis and crossing over occur Prophase 1 Correct!Duplicate chromosomes (each made from two sister chromatids) line up in the middle of the gamete Metaphase 2

Match the Phase of the Cell Cycle with its description. S Phase G0 Phase M Phase G1 Phase G2 Phase The chromosomes are duplicate chromosomes and the cell is making all of the substances it needs to get ready for cell division (such as more phospholipids etc.) At the beginning of this phase the chromosomes are single chromosomes but by the end of this phase the chromosomes have been duplicated The cell has reached its adult life and is doing its job - some cells arrest (stop) here and never move from this phase again The cell begins and ends this phase with single chromosomes. This phase is where the cell grows to maturity and begins to take on its adult functions This phase starts with all chromosomes being duplicate chromosomes and ends with each cell having only single chromosomes. This phase is often called cell division This phase of the cell cycle the cell starts as a diploid cell and ends as 4 haploid gametes

Correct!The chromosomes are duplicate chromosomes and the cell is making all of the substances it needs to get ready for cell division (such as more phospholipids etc.) G2 Phase Correct!At the beginning of this phase the chromosomes are single chromosomes but by the end of this phase the chromosomes have been duplicated S Phase Correct!The cell has reached its adult life and is doing its job - some cells arrest (stop) here and never move from this phase again G0 Phase Correct!The cell begins and ends this phase with single chromosomes. This phase is where the cell grows to maturity and begins to take on its adult functions G1 Phase Correct!This phase starts with all chromosomes being duplicate chromosomes and ends with each cell having only single chromosomes. This phase is often called cell division M Phase

Match the term with its definition or example Exocytosis Diffusion Osmosis Pinocytosis Primary Active Transport Secondary Active Transport Hypotonic solution Receptor-mediated Endocytosis A specific solute which attached to a specific receptor for that solute is engulfed into the cell along with the membrane surrounding the receptors The movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration The movement of water from high concentration to low concentration (diffusion of water) A carrier protein uses the power of ATP to move substances against their concentration gradients Hyptertonic solution A carrier protein uses the power of an ion's concentration gradient to move another substance against its concentration gradient A cell engulfs lots of solutes as well as the membrane around those solutes cell engulfs a large particle - taking in that particle and the membrane around it The process of a cell dumping a large amount of solutes outside of the cell This solution has less solutes that a reference solution This solution has the same solute to water concentration as a reference solution Turgor Pressure

Diffusion=The movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration Osmosis =The movement of water from high concentration to low concentration (diffusion of water) Primary Active Transport A carrier protein uses the power of ATP to move substances against their concentration gradients Secondary Active Transport ==A carrier protein uses the power of an ion's concentration gradient to move another substance against its concentration gradient Pinocytosis= A cell engulfs lots of solutes as well as the membrane around those solutes Receptor-mediated Endocytosis=A specific solute which attached to a specific receptor for that solute is engulfed into the cell along with the membrane surrounding the receptors Exocytosis= The process of a cell dumping a large amount of solutes outside of the cell Hypotonic solution= This solution has less solutes that a reference solution

You have a high [valine] inside the cell and low [valine] outside the cell. How can your cell move Valine from inside the cell to the outside of the cell? Hint: Valine is an amino acid (see it's structure in Chapter 3) Simple Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion Primary Active Transport Secondary Active Transport It cannot be done

Facilitated Diffusion Since this question asks you to move a hydrophilic molecule from high to low concentration it wants to go that direction but needs help - a facilitator - to cross the membrane!

Match the organelle with with it's description, structure or function Lysosome Ribosome Vacuole Plasma Membrane These make proteins, although they themselves are make from proteins and rRNA These are usually phospholipid bilayers, and delineated the boundaries of a cell Small vesicles filled with lytic enzymes that digest things This name means "empty" - these store things

Lysosome Small vesicles filled with lytic enzymes that digest things Ribosome These make proteins, although they themselves are make from proteins and rRNA Vacuole This name means "empty" - these store things Plasma Membrane These are usually phospholipid bilayers, and delineated the boundaries of a cell

Which of the following is NOT true about hypotheses? should be falsifiable plausible explanation must be proven correct multiple hypotheses are helpful must be testable

MUST BE PROVEN CORRECT

Match each term or concept with its definition or example Emergent Property Population Ecosystem Cell Organelle All of the individuals of a species living in the same place at the same time An example of this would be a nucleus Includes abiotic factors such as precipitation and weather The smallest unit that constitutes life Oxygen is a gas, Hydrogen is a gas, but H2O is a liquid

Match each term or concept with its definition or example Emergent Property Oxygen is a gas, Hydrogen is a gas, but H2O is a liquid Population All of the individuals of a species living in the same place at the same time Ecosystem Includes abiotic factors such as precipitation and weather Cell The smallest unit that constitutes life Organelle An example of this would be a nucleus

Match each functional group with its description or biomolecule in which it is usually found 1-Many of these bonded together will make a lipid 2-If two of these functional groups get close together, they like to kick off their Hydrogen and bond with each other 3-Can be either Ketones or Aldehydes 4-Each Nucelotide has one of these Carbonyl Methyl Group Carboxyl Phosphate Sulfhydryl (Thiol) Amino

Methyl Group=Many of these bonded together will make a lipid Sulfhydryl (Thiol)=If two of these functional groups get close together, they like to kick off their Hydrogen and bond with each other Carbonyl=Can be either Ketones or Aldehydes Phosphate=Each Nucelotide has one of these

Charles Darwin is scientifically known for proposing the concept of Evolution True False

NO! Lots of people have proposed evolution - Darwin is famous for proposing a mechanism for evolution: Natural Selection

You are an explorer in the Amazon River Basin. You discover a highly organized "thing" that has a protein coat surrounding DNA, but lacks a plasma membrane. This "thing" affects quite a few living organisms in this area. How would you correctly classify this "thing"? Eukaryotic cell Not living Fungal cell Prokaryotic cell

NOT LIVING

Which of the following elements has a full valence? H C Ne Mg

Ne Neon is a noble gas - that means that it has a full valence and is, therefore, unreactive!

Match Each Organelle with its description or function See chapter 4 Nucleus Peroxisome Golgi Apparatus Vacuole Actin (Microtubules), Microfilaments, and Intermediate Filaments Chloroplasts Rough ER Lysosome Have their own DNA and thought to arise though endosymbiosis Breakdown of large chain fatty acids and also building of certains types of lipids Give the cell shape (cytoskeleton) and allow cellular movement Makes proteins destined for membranes or secretion Has a cis- medial and trans- face, packs and sorts stuff coming from the ER Holds the DNA for the whole cell in structures called Chromosomes

Peroxisome=Breakdown of large chain fatty acids and also building of certains types of lipids Actin (Microtubules), Microfilaments, and Intermediate Filaments =Give the cell shape (cytoskeleton) and allow cellular movement Chloroplasts= Have their own DNA and thought to arise though endosymbiosis Rough ER= Makes proteins destined for membranes or secretion Golgi Apparatus= Has a cis- medial and trans- face, packs and sorts stuff coming from the ER Nucleus=Holds the DNA for the whole cell in structures called Chromosomes

What phase of Mitosis does the following picture illustrate? Cytokineses Telophase Prophase 1 Prometaphase Metaphase

Prometaphase

Which of the following signaling molecules would bind with an intracellular receptor? Choose ALL that Apply Prostaglandin 1 (an eicosanoid) Glucagon (a protein) Epinephrine (an amine) Serotonin (an amine) Progesterone (a steroid)

Prostaglandin 1 (an eicosanoid) Progesterone (a steroid)

Match Each Biomolecule with it correct description, bond, or example Cellulose Glycogen Polypeptide Steroid RNA Triglyceride Storage form of glucose in animals Has 4 nitrogenous bases: A, C, G and U Amylose Long linear chains of beta glucose that humans can't digest Protein Human storage form of lipids DNA Made in the Smooth ER

Steroid=Made in the Smooth ER Glycogen =Storage form of glucose in animals RNA =Has 4 nitrogenous bases: A, C, G and U Cellulose =Long linear chains of beta glucose that humans can't digest Polypeptide= Protein Triglyceride= Human storage form of lipids

Which of the following substances can only move from high concentrations to low concentrations and move through the membrane using simple diffusion? Choose ALL that apply Steroids Gasses Amino Acids Carotenoids Glucose

Steroids Gasses Carotenoids

If you have a solution with [H+] = 0.001 M Choose ALL of the following that are correct about this solution. The pH of this solution is 3 The pH of this solution is 0.001 This solution is an acid This solution is a base (alkaline) This solution is neutral

The pH of this solution is 3 This solution is an acid

If you have an individual who has the genotype AaBb, what gametes can they produce? Select ALL that apply. Ab Bb AA Aa AABb AaBB AB ab AaBb

aB Ab AB ab

Mendel did not see the results expected for the blending model of inheritance. Instead, he realized that inheritance was discrete. He also saw that some traits seemed to be dominant over other traits. For example, the trait of being tall was dominant over the trait of being short for the pea plants he studied. When he performed a cross between a true-breeding tall plant and a true-breeding short plant, what result did he obtain? all short offspring offspring that were intermediate in height between the two parents some short and some tall offspring all tall offspring

all tall offspring

Which of the following levels of biological hierarchy is ordered correctly from least inclusive (includes the smallest amount of things) to most inclusive (includes the largest amount of things)? biosphere, ecosystem, community, organism, tissue, cell, macromolecule, atom cells, atoms, organ systems, tissue, organism, community, population, ecosystem molecules, tissues, atoms, organism, organ system, community, biosphere, ecosystem atom, cells, tissues, organ systems, organism, population, community, biosphere

atom, cells, tissues, organ systems, organism, population, community, biosphere

Why are homologous structures similar to one another? convergent evolution chance common descent environmental pressure

common descent

Which of the following terms are associated ONLY with Prophase 1 of Meiosis? Choose ALL that apply Cytokinesis Crossing Over Separation of Tetrads Movement of Duplicate Chromosomes to the Center of the Cell Synapsis

crossing over synapsis

When fertilization occurs in humans, each parent's gamete typically contains a haploid number of chromosomes. This chromosome number means that the resulting zygote (single cell that we all started out as) contains 46 chromosomes so we are ________________________________ organisms monoploid triploid diploid zygoploid haploid

diploid

If two genes are on the same chromosome, the closer they are to each other the more likely they are to be ________________________________. hemizygous linked homozygous diploid alleles

linked

A key component of Darwin's description of natural selection is that populations do not grow exponentially because not all offspring survive. He surmised that: survival is random with respect to inherited traits organisms with the inherited traits that made them better able to survive/reproduce would have more surviving offspring organisms could change their genotype to match the environment there is no variation in natural populations

organisms with the inherited traits that made them better able to survive/reproduce would have more surviving offspring

Aristotle proposed which of the following ideas? Species can change over time The Earth is very young Traits can change based on use/disuse Species are unchanging

species are unchanging

The _________________________________________ allows for synapsis and crossing over of the tetrads during______________________________________ of meiosis. kinetochore microtubules, prophase 1 synaptonemal complex, prophase 1 centromere proteins, prophase 2 cetrosome proteins, prophase 2 proteotetrad proteins, metaphase 1

synaptonemal complex, prophase 1

Why are analogous structures not useful for reconstructing evolutionary history? they evolved due to similar selection pressure and not due to common descent they are too similar to be distinguished from one another they are not reflected in the fossil record they are not heritable

they evolved due to similar selection pressure and not due to common descent

Strata, or layers of sedimentary rocks, give us a means of relative dating of fossils, because they are arranged: with the newest layers deeper in the Earth's crust randomly with the oldest layers deeper in the Earth's crust

with the oldest layers deeper in the Earth's crust