Reading - Key Ideas & Details
Line graph
A graph that uses line segments to show changes that occur over time
Pictograph
A graph, usually in the horizontal orientation, that uses pictures or symbols to represent the data
Summary
Accurately defines main idea of a passage Includes all significant supporting details Communicate same overall message as original text
Memo
An formal common correspondence written within an organization.
Table of contents
An ordered list of the topics in a book, along with the page numbers on which they are found. Usually located at the beginning of a book
A good topic sentence should be
Clear and no jargon
Contextual clues
Clues in a text which a reader can use to deduce the meaning of unknown words.
Identifying a logical conclusion
Combine the info given by the text with what you already know. Must be supported by the text. A logical conclusion follows directly from the text.
Supporting details
Details that help to explain the central idea/topic sentence by providing evidence
Standard measurement instrument
Fairly easily to read without practice
Signal words in direction
First, next, then, last
To follow a set of directions
First, scan instructions for special equipments/ preparations Then, complete each step before moving on to the next
Typical format of a memo
Heading-author, date, recipient Body-Message
A word is placed in italics when
It is being discussed as a word; being defined or described
Glossary
List of terms and their definitions that can be found at the back of certain types of books
Components of an ad
Listing items being sold/ sought Price range Contact information
Method to draw conclusion
Make brief notes of each of the author's main point
In order to draw a solid conclusion, readers should have
Multiple pieces of evidence
Inference
Piece of information that is implied but not written outright by the author
Directly stated information
Present in a statement that author makes an argument for or against
Each sector of a pie chart is
Proportional in size to a part of a whole
Paraphrasing
Putting into words the ideas or feelings you have perceived from the message
Unstated topic or main idea
Readers must read every sentence of text and try to come up with an overarching idea
Line graphs are best for
Showing continuous change
A pie chart is effective at
Showing how a single entity is divided into parts
Footnote
Text that is listed at the bottom of a page which lists where facts and figures within that document page were obtained
When informational text states something explicitly,
The reader is told by the author exactly what is meant,
Headings
Titles that are often bold and in a larger and different font than the body text.
Bar graphs
Use horizontal or vertical bars to contrast quantities and represent sets of numerical data
Subtopics in index
Used to narrow search under a general topic
Common mistake when making inferences
Using information beyond the provided passage
Topic/ summary sentence
Usually present at beginning of a section of text
Axis of a bar graph represents
Vertical axis-numerical quantity Horizontal axis-categories
Classified advertisements
a form of advertising which is particularly common in newspapers, online and other periodicals which may be sold or distributed free of charge.
Implicit meaning
a meaning that is suggested though not directly expressed.
Sequence
a particular order in which related events, movements, or things follow each other.
Subheadings
a secondary heading identifying a specific subgroup of information
Preface
a short introductory essay preceding the text of a book
Main point
a statement expressing a specific idea or theme related to the speech topic
Informative text
a text that informs the reader or explains something
Pie chart
a type of graph in which a circle is divided into sectors that each represent a proportion of the whole.
Index
an alphabetical listing of names and topics along with page numbers where they are discussed
Posted announcement
for all sorts of occasions, notices for lost pets, yard sales, and landscaping services. It must contain all of the information the reader requires to act on the message and convey the necessary information clearly.
Underlining
important for titles and important words
Symbols
objects that have meanings associated with them that are associated with a specific shape
Bold text
printed darker so that words and phrases stand out on a page, often used for emphasis and importance
Endnote
similar to footnote, but differs in the fact that is listed at the end of paragraphs and chapters of a document, instead of the bottom of each page of the document.
Topics
subject of a text or what the text is about. usually expressed in a few words
Italics
text that is slanted to the right, brings attention or emphasis to important words
Main idea
the most important or central thought of a paragraph or larger section of text, which tells the reader what the text is about
Scale
the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole
Key/ Legend
the section of a map that explains the symbols for the map features
Persuasive text
the type of writing that attempts to persuade, or convince, readers to accept a certain view or take a specific action, including speeches, arguments, editorials, letters to the editor, and opinion blog posts
Implications
things that the author does not state directly, but readers can assume based on what the author does say
Quotation marks
used when a person's direct words are quoted. put them right before and after/ to highlight names of shorter works periods and commas go INSIDE