Sanwald Exam 3 Flashcards CH 12-16

passive conflict management norms

Definition:Avoid addressing conflict

division of labor

Definition:The degree to which employees specialize

artifacts

Definition:The physical manifestation of the culture including open offices, awards, ceremonies, and formal lists of values

Enid runs an old-fashioned diner. Several customers complain that the music played in the diner is not realistic for the era the diner is supposed to represent. Enid asks her employees to research the music of the era and revise the playlist. According to the Hersey and Blanchard model of leadership, Enid uses the _____ style in this instance.

"delegating"

According to Hersey and Blanchard, which leadership style should be used when subordinates have a moderate to high degree of motivation, competence, experience, and interest in accepting responsibility?

"participating"

Sarah, a manager at an accounting firm, gathers her subordinates at a meeting and states that half of them will be laid off. She explains that the layoffs are a cost-saving measure put into effect because the firm's new accounting software is dramatically more efficient than the old. Sarah does her best to convince her subordinates that the decision to lay off half the staff, while difficult and painful, is the best decision for the long-term profitability of the firm, and she explains what everybody's new roles will be after the change. According to the Hersey and Blanchard model of leadership, Sarah uses the _____ style in this instance.

"selling"

According to Hersey and Blanchard, which leadership style should be used when subordinates have a low degree of motivation, competence, experience, and interest in accepting responsibility?

"telling"

Which of the following is NOT one of the three fundamental attributes of a charismatic leader?

Aggrandizing

network organization

Definition:A collection of autonomous units or firms that act as a single larger entity, using social mechanisms for coordination and control

division

Definition:A collection of functions organized around a particular geographic area, product or service, or market

Charisma

Definition:A form of interpersonal attraction that inspires support and acceptance

leadership motive pattern

Definition:A high need for power (with high impulse control) and a low need for affiliation

radical innovation

Definition:A major breakthrough that changes or creates whole industries

liaison role

Definition:A manager or team member is held formally accountable for communicating and coordinating with other groups

cross-functional team

Definition:A permanent task force created to address specific problems or recurring needs

Power

Definition:A person's or group's potential to influence another person's or group's behavior

Referent power

Definition:A personal power based on a manager's charisma or attractiveness to others

Expert power

Definition:A personal power based on an individual's knowledge or expertise

Legitimate power

Definition:A position power based on a person's holding of the managerial position rather than anything the manager is or does as a person

coercive power

Definition:A position power based on fear or a desire to avoid punishment

Reward power

Definition:A position power that involves the use of rewards to influence and motivate followers

Organizational culture

Definition:A system of shared values, norms, and assumptions that guide members' attitudes and behaviors

task force

Definition:A temporary committee formed to address a specific project or problem

Charismatic leadership

Definition:A type of influence based on the leader's personal charisma

virtual organization

Definition:An organization that contracts out almost all of its functions except for the company name and managing the coordination among the contractors

functional structure

Definition:An organizational structure that groups people with the same skills, or who use similar tools or work processes, together into departments

bureaucratic structure

Definition:An organizational structure with formal division of labor, hierarchy, and standardization of work procedures

position power

Definition:Based on one's position in the organization influence tactics

personal power

Definition:Based on the person's individual characteristics, stays with a person regardless of his or her job or organization

Hersey and Blanchard model

Definition:Based on the premise that appropriate leader behavior depends on the "readiness" of the leader's followers (i.e., the subordinate's degree of motivation, competence, experience, and interest in accepting responsibility)

upward influence styles

Definition:Combinations of upward influence tactics that tend to be used together

centralized organizations

Definition:Concentrate power and decision-making authority at higher levels of the organization

Incremental innovation

Definition:Continues the technical improvement and extends the applications of radical and systems innovations

Systems innovation

Definition:Creates a new functionality by assembling parts in new ways

lattice structure

Definition:Cross-functional and cross-level subteams are formed and dissolved as necessary to complete specific projects and tasks

organizational chart

Definition:Diagram of the chain of command and reporting relationships in a company

matrix structure

Definition:Employees report to both a project or product team and to a functional manager

leadership neutralizers

Definition:Factors that render ineffective a leader's attempts to engage in various leadership behaviors

organic organizations

Definition:Flexible, decentralized structures with less clear lines of authority, decentralized power, open communication channels, and a focus on adaptability in helping employees accomplish goals

Communities of practice

Definition:Groups of people whose shared expertise and interest in a joint enterprise informally bind them together

self-monitoring

Definition:Having a high concern with others' perceptions of us and adjusting our behavior to fit the situation

attribution perspective on leadership

Definition:Holds that when behaviors are observed in a context associated with leadership, different people may attribute varying levels of leadership ability or power to the person displaying those behaviors

team-based structure

Definition:Horizontal or vertical teams define part or all of the organization

influence tactics

Definition:How people translate their power to affect the behavior of others

Leadership substitutes

Definition:Individual, task, and organizational characteristics that tend to outweigh the leader's ability to affect subordinates' satisfaction and performance

Transactional leadership

Definition:Leadership focused on routine, regimented activities

virtual leadership

Definition:Leadership via distance technologies

continuous production

Definition:Machines constantly make the product

direct contact

Definition:Managers from different units informally work together to coordinate or to identify and solve shared problems

in-group

Definition:Often receives special duties requiring more responsibility and autonomy; they may also receive special privileges, such as more discretion about work schedules

informational power

Definition:Power derived from control over information

Persuasive power

Definition:Power due to the ability to use logic and facts to persuade

unit production

Definition:Producing in small batches or making one-of-a-kind custom products

mass production

Definition:Producing large volumes of identical products

out-group

Definition:Receive less of the supervisor's time and attention and are likely to be assigned the more mundane tasks the group must perform and not be "in the loop" when information is being shared

disagreeable conflict management norms

Definition:Resolve conflict competitively

Agreeable conflict management norms

Definition:Resolve conflict in a cooperative manner

Active conflict management norms

Definition:Resolve conflict openly

Mechanistic organizations

Definition:Rigid, traditional bureaucracies with centralized power and hierarchical communications

mentor

Definition:Role of helping a less experienced person learn the ropes to better prepare for career success

Conflict cultures

Definition:Shared norms for managing conflict

empowerment

Definition:Sharing power with employees and giving them the authority to make and implement at least some decisions

prebureaucratic structure

Definition:Smaller organizations with low standardization, total centralization, and mostly one-on-one communication

Organizational politics

Definition:Social influence attempts directed at those who can provide rewards that will help promote or protect the self-interests of the actor

leader-member exchange model (LMX) of leadership

Definition:Stresses the importance of variable relationships between supervisors and each of their subordinates

decentralized organizations

Definition:The authority for making decisions affecting an organization is distributed

strategic leadership

Definition:The capability to understand the complexities of both the organization and its environment and to lead change in the organization so as to achieve and maintain a superior alignment between the organization and its environment

hierarchy

Definition:The degree to which some employees have formal authority over others

culture of inclusion

Definition:The extent to which majority members value efforts to increase minority representation, and whether the qualifications and abilities of minority members are questioned

organizational structure

Definition:The formal system of task, power, and reporting relationships

span of control

Definition:The number of people reporting directly to an individual

Espoused values and norms

Definition:The preferred values and norms explicitly stated by the organization

innovation

Definition:The process of creating and doing new things that are introduced into the marketplace as products, processes, or services

Ethical leadership

Definition:The process of leading based on consistent principles of ethical conduct

Impression management

Definition:The process of portraying a desired image or attitude to control the impression others form of us

Organizational design

Definition:The process of selecting and managing aspects of organizational structure and culture to enable the organization to achieve its goals

Transformational leadership

Definition:The set of abilities that allows the leader to recognize the need for change, to create a vision to guide that change, and to execute the change effectively

Assumptions

Definition:Those organizational values that have become so taken for granted over time that they become the core of the company's culture

abuse of power

Definition:Using any type of power to demean, exploit, or take advantage of another or influencing someone to do something the person later regrets

Enacted values and norms

Definition:Values and norms that employees exhibit based on their observations of what actually goes on in the organization

need for power

Definition:Wanting to control and influence others, or to be responsible for others

Which attribute is seen as universally negative across a wide range of cultures?

Dictatorial

Farah, a manager, listens carefully to her employees' problems, helps them find solutions, and shows her employees that she believes in their ability to overcome obstacles. In doing these things, Farah demonstrates which fundamental quality of charismatic leadership?

Enabling

Laurel, a manager, holds herself and her subordinates to high standards. Anything that she expects her employees to do, she does herself. In doing these things, Laurel demonstrates which fundamental quality of charismatic leadership?

Envisioning

Which model of leadership has the most software support for helping managers choose the optimum level of employee participation?

The decision tree

Strategic leadership is an extension of which other type of leadership?

Transformational

According to Project GLOBE, which of the following is NOT a universal characteristic of strong leaders, regardless of culture or geography?

being immodest

Sunriver Homes Corporation has identified a need for strong strategic leadership. As they search for a new CEO, what leadership traits will they seek?

clear understanding of trends on the horizon

In the Hersey and Blanchard model, a leader who employs a "telling" style:

directs her employees without much in the way of explanation.

According to Hersey and Blanchard, a leader's ratio of task behavior to relationship behavior should be highest when follower readiness is:

low.

According to Hersey and Blanchard, a leader's ratio of relationship behavior to task behavior should be highest when follower readiness is:

moderate.

Some research suggests that female leaders are, on average, slightly _____ than male leaders.

more democratic

A group of individuals who are unprofessional, unmotivated, and inexperienced would most likely _____ leadership.

neutralize but not substitute for

Leaders who are coaches contrast leaders who are:

overseers.

Fiedler refined the LPC model of leadership by adding the concept of _____ as a factor in situational favorableness.

stress

A group with well-defined norms and high cohesiveness would most likely _____ leadership.

substitute for and neutralize

An organization with rigid procedures, an inflexible reward system, and explicit goals would most likely _____ leadership.

substitute for and neutralize

A job that is highly structured, satisfying, and rigidly controlled would most likely _____ leadership.

substitute for but not neutralize

Leadership ________ are characteristics that render leadership irrelevant.

substitutes

Alan sits in on one of Cherie's team meetings. Cherie's manager happens to be out that day. In the absence of a manager, Cherie steps forward and facilitates that meeting's discussion. The other team members follow her lead naturally, and the meeting is very productive. Observing this, Alan concludes that Cherie is a good leader. This scenario exemplifies _____ leadership.

the attribution perspective on