Soc final
What is white privilege?
A societal privilege that benefits people whom society identifies as white beyond what is commonly experienced by non-white people under the same societal, political, or economic circumstances
Name the group whose ancestors did not come here by choice.
African Americans
Which of these terms describes the process by which a minority individual or group abandons its own identity to take on the characteristics of the dominant culture, perhaps by absorbing immigrants from different lands?
Assimilation
Today, wealth is distributed inequitably ________ of the socioeconomic scale. Corporate profits have increased more than 141 percent, and CEO pay has risen by more than 298 percent.
At the top
________ refers to accepted influence, in other words, influence that people agree to follow.
Authority
Which woman was believed to have "heaved a brick through the rose-colored picture window of the American bungalow" by writing her book for the second wave of the women's movement?
Betty Friedan
________ is an economic system in which there is private ownership as opposed to state ownership and where there is an impetus to produce profit, and thereby wealth.
Capitalism
The Agricultural Revolution led to development of the first economies that were based on trading goods. Eventually, the mechanization of the manufacturing process led to the Industrial Revolution and gave rise to two major competing economic systems,
Capitalism and socialism
Although the Kinsey scale was developed in 1948 to explain a continuum of human sexuality rather than a simple dichotomy, why do most Americans still subscribe to the notion that a person is either gay or straight, with no in-between?
Children are socialized in a heteronormative society.
The first Asian immigrants to come to the United States in the mid-nineteenth century were ________.
Chinese
________ are often seen as a model minority group within the larger Hispanic group. Because they often had higher socioeconomic status when they arrived in this country, as well as an anti-Communist agenda. However, being a model minority can mask the issue of powerlessness that these minority groups face in U.S. society.
Cuban Americans
Belief that men have, or have the right to, more sexual urges than women creates a ________.
Double standard
The women's movement is also referred to as
Feminism
Sexual orientation is typically divided into at least ________ categories.
Four
Which of the following theories would suggest that racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an important purpose in order to exist as long as they have?
Functionalism
What term do sociologists use to refer to a person's deeply held internal perception of his or her attitudes of masculine and feminine, based on social and cultural differences?
Gender
________ is a person's deeply held internal perception of his or her gender.
Gender identity
________ refers to a system in which groups of people experience unequal access to basic, yet highly valuable, social resources.
Gender stratification
Immigration from ________ and ________ continued well into the late 19th century and early part of the 20th century, at which time the immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe began to arrive in larger numbers.
Germany and Ireland
The process of moving to a country is called ________. These people move to where there are available jobs
Immigration
Which approach within feminist theory examines the overlapping identities a person has and how their tapestry of experiences affect their overall sense of identity?
Intersectional theory
Scholars have noted that white domestic terrorists like Timothy McVeigh, who detonated a bomb at an Oklahoma courthouse in 1995, have not inspired similar racial profiling or hate crimes against whites, but racial profiling has continued against Arab Americans as a matter of course since 9/11, particularly when engaged in air travel, being young and Arab-looking is enough to warrant a special search or detainment. This irrational fear of or hatred against Muslims is called ________ and does not show signs of abating.
Islamophobia
Although ________ Americans have deep, long-reaching roots in the United States, their history here has not always been smooth. The California Alien Land Law of 1913 was aimed at them and other Asian immigrants, and it prohibited aliens from owning land
Japanese
________ immigration began in the 1880s. Many of these immigrants came to Hawaii to participate in the sugar industry; others came to the mainland, especially to agricultural pursuits in California.
Japanese
Historically, the most recent large-scale Asian immigration has come from ________ and ________.
Korea: Vietnam
________ exists in simpler societies where social cohesion comes from sharing similar work, education, and religion.
Mechanical solidarity
Whether they are legal or illegal immigrants, because they have high population numbers, ________ are often the target of stereotyping, racism, and discrimination as well as being singled out for documentation checks by police officers. Simply not having appropriate documentation then, becomes a crime in states like Arizona.
Mexican Americans
________, especially those who are here illegally, are at the center of a national debate about immigration. Myers (2007) observes that no other minority group (except the Chinese) has immigrated to the United States in such an environment of illegality
Mexican Americans
Native Americans once numbered in the ________ but by 2010, they made up only________ of U.S. population (U.S. Census 2010).
Millions; 0.9 percent
When women, who make up ________ the workforce, bring home less money each day, it means they have less for the everyday needs of their families, and over a lifetime of work, far less savings for retirement."
Nearly half
________ arises out of the mutual interdependence created by the specialization of work.
Organic solidarity
________ means that a gap has developed in the job market, with most employment opportunities at the lowest and highest levels and few jobs for those with mid-level skills and education.
Polarization
________ focuses on mismatches between anatomical sex, gender identity, and sexual orientation, not just division into male/female or homosexual/hetereosexual. By so labelling their discipline, scholars reject the effects of labeling; instead, they embraced the term and reclaimed it for their own purposes.
Queer theory
Cross-national research on sexual attitudes in industrialized nations reveals that normative standards differ across the world. For example, several studies have shown that ________ students are more tolerant of premarital sex than are________ students.
Scandinavian; U.S.
The ________of the women's movement began in the early 1960s in the United States, and lasted through the early 1980s and drew attention to a host of issues, including the Equal Rights Amendment, which was defeated by anti-feminists.
Second wave
Since the term ________ refers to biological or physical distinctions, these characteristics will not vary significantly between different human societies.
Sex
The focus of ________ theory would be on the inequalities of gender, social class, education, race, and ethnicity.
Social conflict
According to ________, the struggles between and within groups have historically been spurred by the drive to protect or gain territory and wealth, and the need to preserve liberty and autonomy.
Social conflict theorists
What type of economy have conflict theorists have historically supported?
Socialism
________is an economic system in which there is government ownership (often referred to as "state run") of goods and their production, with an impetus to share work and wealth equally among the members of a society.
Socialism
Gender is something we do or perform, not something we are. In other words, both gender and sexuality are ________.
Socially constructed
________ refers to how a certain amount of unemployment is a direct result of the relative inflexibility of the labor market, and there is a mismatch between people seeking jobs and the available jobs.
Structural unemployment
________ focus attention on figures, emblems, or individuals that represent government, power and authority.They are most interested in the interaction between small groups who make decisions, or in the case of some recent congressional committees, demonstrate the inability to make any decisions at all.
Symbolic interaction theorists
________ focus on the meanings associated with sexuality and with sexual orientation and since femininity is devalued in U.S. society, those who adopt such traits are subject to ridicule, especially for boys or men.
Symbolic interactionists
The first Arab immigrants came to this country in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries were predominantly ________, and they came to escape persecution and to make a better life. These early immigrants and their descendants, who were more likely to think of themselves as Syrian or Lebanese than Arab, represent almost half of the Arab American population today (Myers 2007).
Syrian, Lebanese, and Jordanian Christians
The increase in computer use and robots to do many rote tasks are representative of the ________, also known as the information era. Those who have the means to produce, store, and disseminate information are leaders in this type of society.
The Post-industrial revolution
By 1705, Virginia passed which of these laws?
The slave codes which declared that any foreign-born non-Christian could be a slave, and be considered property
Children learn at a young age that there are distinct expectations for boys and girls. Cross-cultural studies reveal that children are aware of gender roles by the age of
Two or three
The ________ is the highest court in the United States, and it has the final say on decisions about the constitutionality of laws that citizens challenge
U.S. Supreme Court
________ statistics only count those who are actively looking for work, who have not earned income from a job in the past four weeks and who are ready, willing, and able to work.
Unemployment
Rock the Vote is an example of a ________.
Voting advocacy group
One of the benefits that some people receive simply by being part of the dominant group in the U.S. is called
White privilege
________ have been entering the workforce in ever-increasing numbers for several decades. They have also been finishing college and going on to earn higher degrees at a higher rate than ________ do.
Women; men
It wasn't until the United States entered ________ that the government realized that their troops developed problems they would not have had if sex education had been taught.
World War I
According to Karl Marx, struggles between groups are necessary for the development of
a more egalitarian society
Most developed countries such as the United States protect their citizens from ________ by providing different levels of social services such as unemployment insurance, welfare, food assistance, and so on.
absolute poverty
The ________ began with the simplest of technologies such as pointed digging stick to break up the soil. These processes really took off when people harnessed animals to pull a plow, which was an even more efficient tool for the same task. With this new technology, one family could grow enough crops not only to feed themselves but also to feed others.
agricultural revolution
The power in ________ is held by a small, elite group.
an oligarchy
A minority group is made up of people who
are disadvantaged in some way by the dominant group.
The United States prides itself on being the land of the "free,"
but it is rather restrictive when it comes to its citizens' general attitudes about sex compared to other industrialized nations
What is considered "normal" in terms of sexual behavior is based on the mores and values of the society. Individuals are socialized to sexual attitudes
by their family, education system, peers, media, and religion
As ________ began to dominate the economies of many countries during the Industrial Revolution, the rapid growth of businesses and their tremendous profitability gave some owners the resources they needed to create enormous corporations that could monopolize an entire industry.
capitalists
Individuals are socialized around their parents' occupations and thus, have a higher likelihood of entering similar lines of work. This is known as ________.
career inheritance
The belief that one skin tone is superior to another skin tone within a racial group is known as
colorism
Gender stratification through the division of labor is not exclusive to the United States, all societies classify work by gender. When a pattern appears in all societies, it is called a ________.
cultural universal
In sociology, ________ refers to the social institution through which a society's resources are exchanged and managed.
economy
When we speak of descent through such cultural backgrounds as Irish, Italian American, Russian, Jewish, and Serbian we are actually discussing
ethnicity
Which of these terms refers to the situation when a subordinate group is forced by a dominant group to permanently leave a certain area or country?
expulsion
According to ________, racism is one way to justify racial inequality in society.
functionalism
According to ________, the government has four main purposes: planning and directing society, meeting social needs, maintaining law and order, and managing international relations. According to this theory, all aspects of society serve a purpose.
functionalist theorists
Some of the most common occupations in the United States are almost completely segregated by
gender
Even in levels as low as kindergarten, schools subtly convey messages to girls indicating that they are less intelligent or less important than boys. For example, in a study of teacher responses to male and female students, data indicated that teachers praised male students far more than female students. Teachers interrupted girls more often and gave boys more opportunities to expand on their ideas. This is an example of
gender socialization
Globalization has led to the development of ________, where internationally integrated economic links connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing.
global commodity chain
Some of the benefits of ________ include the exponentially accelerated progress of development, the creation of international awareness and empowerment, and the potential for increased wealth
globalization
Voter turnout has ________ in the past 12 years.
increased dramatically
Today, unemployment rates are down in many areas of the United States, the Gross Domestic Product increased 4.6 percent in the second quarter of 2014, property owners have noted a slight increase in the valuation of housing, and the stock market appears to be reinvigorated, but while these and several other factors indicate the United States is on the road to recovery, ________.
many people are still struggling
Adherence to masculine and feminine gender roles continues in occupational tendencies later in life because
men tend to outnumber women in professions such as law enforcement, the military, and politics.
Women work ________ than men.
more unpaid hours
Contracting a job or set of jobs to an external corporation or nation is called ________.
outsourcing
What acts as the first socializing agent for children, concerning the development of their sexual identities?
parents
Male dominated jobs ________ although they require the same level of skills and training.
pay more than female dominated jobs
Race is about
physical markers
Which of these terms represents the ideal of the United States as a "salad bowl" where a mixture of different cultures is accepted and tolerated with each culture retaining its own identity and being valued equally with mutual respect on the part of all cultures, both dominant and subordinate?
pluralism
A functionalist views the cyclical nature of the economy as natural and believes what should be allowed to take place in theory?
recession and depression
Which of these terms refers to the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions?
segregation
Varying in its level of severity, in some parts of the world where women are strongly undervalued, young girls may not be given the same access to nutrition, healthcare, and education as boys. Known as ________, this term refers to prejudiced beliefs that value one sex over another.
sexism
A ________ would likely study ways the minority group in a society have been oppressed by laws and overt racism by the dominant society.
social conflict theorist
According to ________, social problems are created when dominant groups exploit or oppress subordinate groups.
social conflict theory
The focus in ________ is on benefitting society, whereas ________ seeks to benefit the individual.
socialism; capitalism
Almost any characteristic can be generalized based on race, ethnicity, age, gender, sexual orientation or other categories. When we generalize about people and separately categorize them, we are creating a
stereotype
Much of the discrimination against homosexuals and bisexuals is based on
stereotypes and misinformation.
The term ________ can be used interchangeably with the term minority, while the term ________ is often substituted for the group that's in the majority.
subordinate group; dominant group
A symbolic interactionist would emphasize how ________ related to race and ethnicity could lead to racism.
symbols
The ________ modernized the world; between 1800 and 2000, the world's population grew sixfold, while per capita income saw a tenfold jump.
the Industrial revolution
Until the end of the eighteenth century, most manufacturing was done by manual labor. This changed as inventors devised machines to manufacture goods. As important innovations were made, it ushered in what many scholars recognize as the greatest change, a revolution that changed the world called
the Industrial revolution
According to Max Weber, the power of ________is accepted because it has been accepted for a long time.
traditional authority
Max Weber developed a classification system for authority. His three types of authority were defined as
traditional authority, charismatic authority and legal-rational authority
Individuals who identify with the role that is the different from their biological sex are called
transgender
A societal privilege that benefits people who are white in a way that goes beyond what is commonly experienced by non-white individuals under the same societal, political, or economic circumstances is known as ________.
white privilege
Addison is white and grew up in a lower class home. She's always had to work and support herself and has a hard time believing that she has any real advantages in life just because of her skin color. After taking a Sociology class, Addison realizes that while her life has still been hard, she has, in fact, benefitted from a society that generally caters to the needs of people who look like she does. Addison has come to better understand ________.
white privilege
