Social Movements Quiz 2
How did the post-war 14th & 15th Amendments influence the formation of the National Woman Suffrage Association? How did they influence the formation of the American Woman Suffrage Association?
-1869-split over differences re: 14th and 15th politics -national women suffrage asso. (Elizabeth Stanton/Susan Anthony-opposed to reconstruction acts -american woman suffrage asso. (Lucy Stone of Boston campaigns for reconstruction acts. Group believes the laws will pave way for women's rights)
Which amendment to the Constitution granted woman suffrage?
19th
Why did advocates form the American Equal Rights Association in 1866?
According to its constitution, its purpose was "to secure Equal Rights to all American citizens, especially the right of suffrage, irrespective of race, color or sex." Some of the more prominent reform activists of that time were members, including women and men, blacks and whites.
How was the post-civil war era a divisive period for the women's suffrage movement?
Activists such as FREDERICK DOUGLASS, LUCY STONE, and HENRY BLACKWELL argued that the 1860s was the time for the black male. Linking black suffrage with female suffrage would surely accomplish neither. SUSAN B. ANTHONY, ELIZABETH CADY STANTON, and SOJOURNER TRUTH disagreed. They would accept nothing less than immediate federal action supporting the vote for women.
What was the role of the Council of Federated Organizations?
As a coalition, COFO was designed to be a kind of coordinating body meant to avoid inter-organizational political wrangling and to facilitate the flow of funds into Mississippi for voter education and registration, particularly from the Voter Education Project (VEP).
Why did organizers believe it necessary to create a parallel Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party?
Create the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) Because officials prevented most blacks from registering to vote or participating in the regular Democratic Party, organizers tried to create a separate party and hold a parallelelection.
What was the role of song in the movement?
For as long as socially and politically aware citizens have gathered to protest laws and voice dissent, music has served a paramount role; the women's suffrage movement proves no exception. From local community suffrage meetings, to large-scale city-wide marches, to prison cells -- suffragists consistently unified, rallied, and asserted their unbreakable spirit in song.
How did former first lady Eleanor Roosevelt contribute to the rights of women under international law?
For the first time the world had come together to agree, in writing, on the fundamental freedoms that belong to all people on earth. It was fittingly called the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights." Imagine an international Bill of Rights; in fact, that's what some UN delegates called it before the official name was decided. And the former First Lady and widow of President Franklin D. Roosevelt had been its driving force.
What was the intent of the Freedom Schools? Freedom Clinics?
Freedom Schools: political training for 3,000 students in grade school Freedom clinics: free medical/dental services
How did the Mississippi campaign shape public opinion on the need for a federal Voting Rights Act?
In 1964, numerous demonstrations were held, and the considerable violence that erupted brought renewed attention to the issue of voting rights. The murder of voting-rights activists in Mississippi and the attack by state troopers on peaceful marchers in Selma, AL, gained national attention and persuaded President Johnson and Congress to initiate meaningful and effective national voting rights legislation. The combination of public revulsion to the violence and Johnson's political skills stimulated Congress to pass the voting rights bill on August 5, 1965.
How did South African Miriam Makeba use song to contribute to Pan-African liberation?
Story of south african singer Miriam Makeba (1932-2008) born in Sophiatown as apartheid system deepened. Lived through rise/fall of white supremacy in southern Africa. Singing career included African, pop, jazz, political songs. For Makeba, the personal expressed the political: personal anguish, refusing to wear makeup/straighten hair (natural beauty- "Afro"). Sang in Khoisan language, English, but never "Afrikaan" (language of German-Dutch colonists). Involved with US Black Power movement, worldwide movement to abolish apartheid, free Nelson Mandela. Came to symbolize the "African Renaissance."
Why did organizers continue to encourage blacks to try to register for the regular Democratic Party?
Strategy: recruit over 1,000 students for freedom campaign Ideas: taken from Martin King, Gandhi, African Liberation movements Tactic: establish a parallel political organization to challenge racist democratic party of Miss. -create alternative political party-Miss Freedom Democratic Party -elected parallel delegates to 1964 democratic national convention -force democratic party to recognize the alternative delegates
What nursing strike did Madeline Andersen capture on video
THE CHARLESTON HOSPITAL WORKERS STRIKE
What was the role of Tennessee in suffrage history?
Tennessee played a pivotal role in the passage of the 19th Amendment, which granted women the right to vote in 1920. ... Eight states had rejected the amendment, and five had not voted. Suffragists saw Tennessee as their last, best hope for ratification before the 1920 presidential election
What was the value of the "Declaration of Rights and Sentiments" to the early women's movement?
The Declaration of Rights and Sentiments, published at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, used constitutional language to underline the inconsistencies between national commitments to human equality and the treatment of women
What was the impetus for the League of Women Voters?
The League of Women Voters began as a "mighty political experiment" aimed to help newly enfranchised women exercise their responsibilities as voters. Originally, only women could join the league; but in 1973 the charter was modified to include men.
What were benefits/drawbacks to the "Silent Sentinels" campaign of the National Woman's Party?
The Silent Sentinels were a group of women in favor of women's suffrage organized by Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party. They protested in front of the White House during Woodrow Wilson's presidency starting on January 10, 1917. 1917-campaign to picket the white house to support suffrage. Eve of the US entry into war. Questionable because president has no direct role to play. Congress controls amendment process
How did suffragist use clothing & hairstyle to express political meaning?
The avoidance of sartorial affront worked. Membership numbers grew, and it became fashionable to identify with the struggle for the vote, even if only by wearing a small piece of jewellery picked out in semi-precious coloured stones or enamel. The suffragettes' colour scheme, devised in 1908 by Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence, co-editor of Votes for Women, was an early triumph for fashion branding. Suffragettes wore purple for loyalty and dignity, white for purity, and green for hope. Members were encouraged to wear the colours "as a duty and a privilege". Selfridges and Liberty sold tricolour-striped ribbon for hats, belts, rosettes and badges, as well as coloured garments, underwear, handbags, shoes, slippers and toilet soap.
How is Kenyan Wangari Muta Maathai advancing the cause of climate change?
When Maathai founded the Green Belt Movement in 1977, her goal was simple: help improve the lives of rural women (and men) by improving the environment on which they depend for water, food, fuel, and medicine by planting trees. The unexpected impact of her work was to show that the solutions to our many societal and planetary ills often rests with those who bear the greatest burden. Her legacy has empowered a whole new generation of women to take actions that benefit their communities and the planet. Maathai's lessons have never been timelier. Today, we are happy to announce that the legacy of Wangari Maathai's work will continue bolder and stronger than ever. The Green Belt Movement, in partnership with New Course, has been awarded another important award, the MacArthur Foundation partnership grant. This grant will provide training to rural women and community-based organizations that will build the skills that improve women's participation and influence of environmental governance, develop climate resilience, improve natural resource management and help establish cultures of peace.
How does the reliance on fossil fuel energy impact the climate?
When fossil fuels are burned, they release carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, which in turn trap heat in our atmosphere, making them the primary contributors to global warming and climate change.
Why did the NWP campaign focus attention on President Woodrow Wilson?
While non-partisan, the NWP directed most of its attention to President Woodrow Wilson and the Democrats, criticizing them as responsible for the failure to pass a constitutional amendment. As a result, in 1918, Paul ran a campaign that boycotted Democrats because of their refusal to support women's suffrage.
What role does the President play in the drafting of amendments to the Constitution? What role does Congress play? What role do the states play?
can veto, but isn't involved in the formation process
How is Al Gore advancing the cause of climate change?
https://www.algore.com/about/the-climate-crisis
Why did suffragists decided to wear white clothing for public events?
https://www.crfashionbook.com/fashion/a26261899/the-history-of-women-wearing-suffragette-white/
What was the symbolism in the colors and stars of the "Suffrage Flag?"
https://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/us%7Dnwp.html
How did the 2013 Supreme Court decision in "Shelby vs. Holder" impact the Voting Rights Act?
invalidated a key portion of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, long seen as one of the most important civil rights laws of the past century. On June 25, 2013, the court's conservative majority ruled that the government was using an outdated and unconstitutional process to determine which states were required to have their voting rules approved by the government.
Who was Robert Moses? Fannie Lou Hamer? Who were Andrew Goodman, Michael Schwerner, and James Chaney?
look all up
Who was Carrie Chapman Catt? Alice Paul? Lucy Burns? Inez Milholland? Ruza Wenclawska?
look at notes
Who was Lucretia Mott? Elizabeth Cady Stanton? Susan B. Anthony? Lucy Stone? Frederick Douglass? Sojourner Truth?
look at notes beforehand
How did Gaylord Perry contribute to the cause of environmental protection?
started teach ins, Inspired by the campus activism of the late 1960s, he employed a team of experienced students to help him respond to the immediate and overwhelming public excitement for a national day on the environment. However, Nelson insisted the first Earth Day's activities be created not by organizers in Washington, but by individuals and groups in their own communities. As a result of this empowering vision, 1 in 10 Americans participated in the first Earth Day, drawing extensive attention from the media and jump-starting an era of bold environmental legislation.
Which suffrage party published "The Suffragist" newspaper? Which party published "The Women's Journal?"
-Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage -American Woman Suffrage Association
What is the intent of the 1969 National Environmental Policy Act? The Clean Air Act? Clean Water Act? Safe Drinking Water Act? Endangered Species Act?
-To declare a national policy which will encourage productive and enjoyable harmony between man and his environment; to promote efforts which will prevent or eliminate damage to the environment and biosphere and stimulate the health and welfare of man; to enrich the understanding of the ecological systems and natural resources important to the Nation; and to establish a Council on Environmental Quality. -designed to control airpollution on a national level -protects public drinking water supplies throughout the nation. Under the SDWA, EPA sets standards for drinking water quality and with its partners implements various technical and financial programs to ensure drinking water safety. -provides a program for the conservation of threatened and endangered plants and animals and the habitats in which they are found. ... The law also prohibits any action that causes a "taking" of any listed species of endangered fish or wildlife.
How did the global political events of 1848 serve as a favorable pre-condition for women's equality?
1848 was the "Year of Revolution" across Europe, political movements to challenge monarchs and demand new rights to land reform, factory conditions, urban vote Also rebellions in South America for political rights (Brazil/Colombia) The political agitation in Europe (Britain esp.) had influence on political thinking in US-the drive for women's equality
Why did whites in Mississippi feel compelled to suppress the black vote after Reconstruction? What was the intent of the poll tax? Grandfather clause? White primary? How did organizers of the Mississippi Freedom Summer Project try to counter such tactics?
1870-15th amendment provides black male suffrage enables 500,000 new voters in southern states. Under military protection 1865-1877 Withdrawal of soldiers leads to resurgence of old confederacy-literary tests, poll tax, felony convictions (loss of vote) Grandfather clause, white primary = drastic reduction in black vote (1-3%) by 1890s-until the 1960s Mississippi symbolic of the most draconian practices to stop black voting Mississippi extremism was partly due to rough parity of black/white populations-FEAR Mississippi freedom summer project- one of the most poignant/creative interracial campaigns to restore voting rights (1964) Leader: Robert Moses, 24 year old community activist from HarlemOrganization: coalition of civil rights groups known as the council of federated organizations (COFO) Strategy: recruit over 1,000 students for freedom campaign Ideas: taken from Martin King, Gandhi, African Liberation movements Tactic: establish a parallel political organization to challenge racist democratic party of Miss. Freedom Schools: political training for 3,000 students in grade school Freedom clinics: free medical/dental services -voter registration at regular county offices -voter registration at parallel voter offices -create alternative political party-Miss Freedom Democratic Party -elected parallel delegates to 1964 democratic national convention -force democratic party to recognize the alternative delegates
How did the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) rectify old differences?
1890-National american woman suffrage asso. (NAWSA) A reconciliation/merger of the 2 former opposing organs.
How did the "Earth Day" movement help to advance federal environmental laws between 1969 and 1974?
In Washington, at least, environmental politics did for a time become the obsession of both parties. The midterm election of 1970 spelled defeat for politicians linked to dirty industries, while President Nixon and many in Congress rushed to lend their support to the National Environmental Protection Act, the Endangered Species Act, and stringent amendments to the Clean Air and Clean Water Acts. Despite the achievements, many remained suspicious that the new environmental politics in national discourse served to distract from the struggles against militarism, racism, and poverty. In the Senate, Nelson worked to break through these perceived divisions between the era's major crises. He repeatedly called for elimination of the federal funds dedicated to the Vietnam War, defense technology, and the space program—money that Nelson wanted more effectively spent on toxic cleanup and green jobs. "Make no mistake," he insisted in the week before the first Earth Day, "any national policy on the environment that is worth its name must mean attacking the problem of our cities and the poor as much as it means providing national parks and scenic rivers."
What was the significance of the Seneca Falls Convention?
Its purpose was "to discuss the social, civil, and religious condition and rights of women." Organized by women for women, many consider the Seneca Falls Convention to be the event that triggered and solidified the women's rights movement in America.
What were benefits/drawbacks to NAWSA's "state by state" campaigns for suffrage?
NAWSA coordinated the national suffrage movement. The group was made up of local and state groups throughout the United States. Member dues funded annual conventions where suffragists met to discuss campaigns. Women like Rachel Foster Avery circulated newsletters with the latest suffrage updates. NAWSA had local and national press committees that wrote pro-suffrage articles published in newspapers around the country. Not everyone was able to participate in NAWSA. Although NAWSA did not exclude African American women from membership at the national level, state and local organizations could and did choose to exclude them. Conventions held in Southern cities like Atlanta (in 1895) and New Orleans (in 1903) were segregated. NAWSA also required black women to march separately during its 1913 parade in Washington, DC. Even within this socially progressive movement, racism persisted.
In 1969, what issues motivated organizers to plan a national "teach-in" on the environment?
Nelson had just toured the oil spill devastation on the coast of Santa Barbara and was flying to San Francisco when he read an article about recent popular teach-ins held on college campuses. The format struck him as a promising way to communicate this growing public concern to elected officials in Washington D.C. and state government. He imagined that: "If we could tap into the environmental concerns of the general public and infuse the student anti-war energy into the environmental cause, we could generate a demonstration that would force the issue onto the national political agenda." Separate teach-ins were already planned at San Jose State, Dickinson College (Pennsylvania), and the University of Michigan—all organized campus-wide events drawing attention to ecological crises. Nelson aimed to unite these efforts and then extend them beyond the college campus. He announced his intentions at a speech in Seattle on September 20, 1969 and several major media outlets immediately broadcast the idea to national audiences.
How did enactment of the 26th Amendment to the Constitution advance the cause of suffrage generally?
younger people could vote, opening voting up to younger minds and new ideas
