Social Psych Final Chapter 8, Social Psych Final Chap 11, Social Psych Final Chap. 9

98. In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ____ is the emotional component and ____ is the cognitive component. a. intimacy; commitment b. passion; intimacy c. commitment; intimacy d. passion; commitment

a. intimacy; commitment

67. Who is more likely to value physical attractiveness in a potential male partner? a. a woman who is in poverty b. a woman who makes a moderate income c. a woman who is fantastically wealthy d. a women who is highly educated

c. a woman who is fantastically wealthy

101. Romantic love characterized by high arousal, intense attraction, and fear of rejection is called _____ love. a. companionate b. storage c. passionate d. agape

c. passionate

64. In conjunctive tasks, group performance is determined by the a. sum of the performance of each individual in the group. b. ratio of individual performance to group performance. c. performance of the group member with the poorest performance. d. performance of the group member with the strongest performance.

c. performance of the group member with the poorest performance.

68. The transmission of domestic violence across generations is called the a. cultivation of honor. b. rumination/frustration hypothesis. c. domestic desensitization effect. d. cycle of violence.

d. cycle of violence.

92. Mark has been dating Deirdre for some time. He never lets her go out with her friends or talk to other men. He is demanding and possessive of her. His love for Deirdre could best be categorized as a. agape. b. lupus. c. storage. d. mania.

d. mania.

85. Which of the following is a strictly informational social influence explanation for group polarization? a. social comparison theory b. self- perception theory c. persuasive arguments theory d. affective comparison theory

c. persuasive arguments theory

23. According to your textbook, the single best predictor of whether two people will get together is a. complementariness. b. matching levels of physical attractiveness. c. physical proximity. d. similarity.

c. physical proximity.

40. Campbell proposed that women are more likely than men to use relational aggression because women a. lack direct access to wealth. b. have lower levels of testosterone. c. place more of a value on their own lives and therefore avoid risky behaviors. d. do not want to risk physically harming the father of their offspring.

c. place more of a value on their own lives and therefore avoid risky behaviors.

110. Which of the following would create the strongest bond between two North American male friends? a. sharing about one's deepest fears b. sharing about one's biggest dreams c. playing basketball together d. talking on the phone

c. playing basketball together

113. Which researcher conducted the first large-scale survey of sexual practices in the United States? a. Alfred Kinsey b. Sandra Murray c. David Buss d. Saul Kassan

a. Alfred Kinsey

91. What would be an effective way for a leader to reduce the possibility of group think? a. Express opinions only after other group members have voiced their opinions. b. Emphasize that the group decision must be a unanimous one. c. Take a more directive role in the group discussion. d. Appoint a few people in the group to act as "mind guards."

a. Express opinions only after other group members have voiced their opinions.

1. Which of the following is true of groups? a. Groups can be very different from the sum of their parts. b. Groups make better decisions than individuals. c. People work harder in groups than they do alone. d. Discussion moderates group opinions.

a. Groups can be very different from the sum of their parts.

11. Forbes and others (2009; 2011) examined how levels of aggression differed in individualist versus collectivist cultures. They found that a. aggression levels were highest in the U.S., a highly individualist culture. b. aggression levels were highest in China, a highly collectivist culture. c. aggression levels were lowest in the U.S., a highly collectivist culture. d. both the U.S. and China had equally high levels of aggression.

a. aggression levels were highest in the U.S., a highly individualist culture.

63. Consider Buss's (1989) study in which he examined what people from 37 different cultures around the world prefer in a romantic partner. Which statement about the results of this study is accurate? a. In most countries, men rated physical attractiveness to be more important than women did, while women rated good financial prospects as more important than men did. b. Before the age of 30, men tended to report having more sexual partners than did women, but that difference disappeared among older participants. c. Women rated kindness, dependability, and sense of humor as more important than men did. d. The type of culture - individualist or collectivist - in which people lived impacted their ratings of what made a potential partner attractive.

a. In most countries, men rated physical attractiveness to be more important than women did, while women rated good financial prospects as more important than men did.

56. Each of the following individuals behaved aggressively, and each was punished for his or her aggression. For which person will the indicated punishment have the best chance of successfully reducing aggression? a. Jake, who was punished immediately following his act of aggression b. Keizer, who was extremely angry when punished for emotional aggression c. Lakes, who was punished in a very angry, hostile manner by her parents d. Danielle, who was punished for some of her aggressive acts but not for others

a. Jake, who was punished immediately following his act of aggression

90. Which of the following has been demonstrated in research on attachment style? a. People's attachment styles relate to the type of romantic relationships they have. b. Attachment styles are relatively fixed throughout the life course. c. The distribution of attachment styles varies depending on geographical location. d. People classified as securely attached often have lower comparison levels.

a. People's attachment styles relate to the type of romantic relationships they have.

102. Arleta gets extremely drunk. Given the research on alcohol and aggression, which of the following is unlikely to happen? a. She will be more aggressive only if she tends to be non-aggressive when sober. b. She will be more aggressive under the influence of alcohol than she is sober. c. She will fail to be as attentive to mitigating information when she is drunk. d. She will feel less anxious and thus will feel less inhibited about behaving aggressively.

a. She will be more aggressive only if she tends to be non-aggressive when sober.

23. In which state is there most likely to exist a culture of honor? a. Texas b. Illinois c. South Dakota d. Rhode Island

a. Texas

94. Two people are placed in a room and provoked to behave aggressively toward one another. Which of the following is most likely to happen if there is a weapon in the room? a. There is a greater likelihood that they will behave aggressively toward one another than if there was no weapon. b. There is a greater likelihood that they will engage in higher-order cognition and subsequently behave less aggressively toward one another than if there was no weapon. c. The weapon will increase the likelihood that they will behave aggressively toward one another, but only if the two people are male. d. The weapon will have no effect on whether or not they behave aggressively toward one another.

a. There is a greater likelihood that they will behave aggressively toward one another than if there was no weapon.

46. Which of the following best reflects the benefits and cost of being attractive? a. While attractiveness often brings a social advantage to attractive individuals, it can cause them to doubt the sincerity of others' praise for their work. b. While attractiveness often brings heightened self-esteem to attractive individuals, it can lead them to doubt others' praise of their attractiveness. c. While attractiveness often brings greater popularity to attractive individuals, it can increase mental health difficulties. d. While attractiveness often brings lifetime happiness to attractive individuals, it can put pressure on them to maintain their appearance.

a. While attractiveness often brings a social advantage to attractive individuals, it can cause them to doubt the sincerity of others' praise for their work.

48. What is the "2D;4D ratio?" a. a measure of the length of one's index finger compared to the length of their ring finger b. an assessment of the overall ambient temperature on the 2nd and 4th floors of an office building c. a statistic that compares the second division to the fourth division of scores produced by participants in a research study d. a volume rating of one's second cerebral lobe (parietal) the fourth cerebral lobe (temporal)

a. a measure of the length of one's index finger compared to the length of their ring finger

A group is defined as a. a set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, or identity. b. a set of rigid boundaries and norms. c. people engaged in a common activity with or without direct interaction. d. a social category.

a. a set of individuals who interact over time and have shared fate, goals, or identity.

55. Pina and colleagues (2006) refer to "I-sharing" as an important form of similarity whereby individuals share a. a subjective experience. b. a level of physical attractiveness. c. political ideologies. d. technological expertise.

a. a subjective experience.

66. Marty watches his older brother act non-aggressively after being provoked. According to social learning theory, Marty is subsequently likely to a. act less aggressively and experience stronger restraints against aggression. b. refrain from acting aggressively because he believes that he will be punished for aggressing. c. experience catharsis and displace his aggression onto safer, more acceptable targets. d. find more socially acceptable outlets for his impulses, such as rough sports.

a. act less aggressively and experience stronger restraints against aggression

65. Brainstorming is an example of a(n) ____ task because the contribution of all members is important for a final product. a. additive b. conjunctive c. disjunctive d. unitary

a. additive

69. Groups tend to outperform individuals on a. additive tasks, but not conjunctive tasks. b. disjunctive tasks, but not conjunctive tasks. c. conjunctive tasks, but not additive tasks. d. additive, conjunctive, and disjunctive tasks.

a. additive tasks, but not conjunctive tasks.

94. Lucinda is a very giving woman. In her relationship with her girlfriend, she tends to sacrifice her own needs and desires, giving altruistically so that her girlfriend will be happy. What kind of love would Lee (1988) classify this as? a. agape b. lupus c. storage d. mania

a. agape

According to Zajonc's model of social facilitation, the three steps in determining the influence of the presence of others on performance are a. arousal, dominant response, and task difficulty. b. relaxation, elimination of apprehension, and task difficulty. c. construal, arousal, and attribution. d. social comparison, attribution, and justification.

a. arousal, dominant response, and task difficulty.

74. Ethan has been released from jail in the United States and is applying for jobs in the South and the Northeast. Ethan is probably more likely to land interviews in the South than in the Northeast if he was in jail for a. assaulting a person who taunted him in public about an affair with his wife. b. committing fraud on a million-dollar insurance claim. c. illegally importing cocaine across the border. d. robbing a jewelry store owned by a member of a racial minority group.

a. assaulting a person who taunted him in public about an affair with his wife.

29. According to Reis and colleagues (2011), familiarity breeds a. attraction. b. contempt. c. dislike. d. boredom.

a. attraction.

34. The finding that infants spend more time looking at attractive, as compared to unattractive, faces supports the hypothesis that a. beauty is objective. b. beauty is subjective. c. familiarity increases physical attractiveness. d. physical attractiveness increases familiarity.

a. beauty is objective.

113. An attorney has a copy of a videotape that shows her client being beaten very violently by two men. Her client is suing these men. The jury has already seen this video several times during the trial, and the attorney is considering showing it many more times. However, an expert social psychologist should warn the attorney that replaying the videotaped beating many more times may reduce the likelihood of winning a large amount of money because the jurors might a. become desensitized to the beatings and thus grant less significance to the video in their final judgment. b. engage in higher-order cognitive processing and thus feel less sympathy for the client. c. become cultivated by the beatings and thus try to avoid thinking about them when making their final judgment. d. be vulnerable to the weapons effect and thus be less likely to award a high settlement.

a. become desensitized to the beatings and thus grant less significance to the video in their final judgment.

31. Which personality factor is most strongly associated with aggression? a. being low in agreeableness b. being low in conscientiousness c. being high in neuroticism d. being high in openness to experiences

a. being low in agreeableness

83. Which is most dissatisfying in a relationship? a. being underbenefited b. being overbenefited c. being underbenefited or overbenefited d. investing in a relationship and getting a comparable reward

a. being underbenefited

10. Rifé (1984) argued that stress increases the desire to affiliate only when a. being with others has the potential to reduce the negative impact of the situation. b. the stress is embarrassing in nature. c. in collectivist cultures. d. with people who are experiencing the same type of stressful situation, but not with people who have successfully overcome the same stressful situation.

a. being with others has the potential to reduce the negative impact of the situation.

50. Drugs that ____ the level of serotonin tend to ____ aggression levels. a. boost; lower b. boost; increase c. boost; not affect d. decrease; raise

a. boost; lower

82. A reduction of the motive to aggress that is said to result from any imagined, observed, or actual act of aggression is called a. catharsis. b. displacement. c. rumination. d. cultivation.

a. catharsis.

34. What is the nature of the relationship between self-control and aggression? ambiguous and inconsistent a. clear and consistent negative correlation b. ambiguous and inconsistent c. clear and consistent positive correlation d. one that is mediated by self-esteem

a. clear and consistent negative correlation

95. Jai is allowed to speak to his supervisor, but not to report anything to his supervisor's supervisor. This describes the ____ in Jai's work group. a. communication network b. escalation boundary c. social dilemma d. social facilitation

a. communication network

64. When a man spends money on expensive cars, fancy restaurant dinners, and stylish clothes, it may be an evolved sexually selected mating signal known as a. conspicuous consumption. b. excitation transfer. c. complementarily hypothesis. d. reciprocity.

a. conspicuous consumption.

57. According to research by Aronson and Linder (1965), which pattern of comments about us would lead us to like the speaker the most? a. critical comments followed by flattering comments b. critical comments followed by more critical comments c. flattering comments followed by more flattering comments d. flattering comments followed by critical comments

a. critical comments followed by flattering comments

96. If it is important for your group to overcome biased information sampling in a decision-making task, what goal should your group's leader focus on? a. critical discussion and delay of consensus b. seeking common ground and high group morale c. quick agreement to settle the matter d. finding integrative solutions

a. critical discussion and delay of consensus

21. The fact that the American population has been aging in recent years has been offered as an explanation for the a. decrease in violent crimes. b. increase in gun-related violence. c. greater availability of violent pornography. d. current overcrowded conditions in prisons.

a. decrease in violent crimes.

126. Tofi and Farrington (2011) found that in general, school-based bullying programs have a. decreased bullying by an average of more than 20 percent. b. increased bullying by an average of more than 20 percent. c. decreased bullying by an average of more than 50 percent. d. increased bullying by an average of more than 10 percent.

a. decreased bullying by an average of more than 20 percent.

53. Attentional cues that decrease self-awareness should increase a. deindividuated behavior. b. social facilitation on an easy task. c. cooperation in a prisoner's dilemma. d. groupthink in a decision-making process.

a. deindividuated behavior.

57. At crowded parties, Amy loses her sense of self and, as a result, often behaves in ways that she later regrets. These parties seem to create in Amy a state of a. deindividuation. b. cohesiveness. c. groupthink. d. entrapment.

a. deindividuation.

61. Bandera and colleagues' (1961) study of aggressive behavior in children a. demonstrated that children will follow an adult model's lead in terms of degree and nature of aggression demonstrated. b. identified the specific antisocial personality characteristics associated with highly aggressive children. c. demonstrated that violent TV has little effect on the children's own aggressive tendencies. d. illustrated the ability of punishment to curtail the aggressive tendencies of children.

a. demonstrated that children will follow an adult model's lead in terms of degree and nature of aggression demonstrated.

111. Reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity in response to a stimulus is called a. desensitization. b. cultivation c. rumination. d. catharsis.

a. desensitization.

52. Rosenbaum (1986) argues that social psychologists overestimate the role of attitudinal similarity in attraction, and suggests that it is not that similarity creates attraction but that a. dissimilarity produces interpersonal repulsion. b. opposites attract. c. similarity in physical appearance is the only form of similarity that affects attraction. d. the evidence for the role of complementarily processes is much stronger.

a. dissimilarity produces interpersonal repulsion.

In her group, Melanie is always the one who breaks the tension with a funny story and provides a shoulder to cry on when things go wrong. She can be described as playing a(n) ____ role. a. expressive b. facilitator c. instrumental d. normative role

a. expressive

5. The difference between aggression and violence is best described as one of a. extremity. b. intent. c. affect. d. hostility. ANSWER:

a. extremity.

81. Jon feels like he isn't a good enough husband to his wife, Kate. According to the trust-insurance system, he is likely to a. go out of his way to benefit her through restorative actions. b. withdraw emotionally from the relationship, thereby contributing to a downward cycle. c. become more jealous of her than he was previously. d. feel under benefited in the relationship.

a. go out of his way to benefit her through restorative actions.

77. The tendency for groups to become more extreme in their positions following discussion is called a. group polarization. b. social loafing. c. a social dilemma. d. social facilitation.

a. group polarization

79. Before the meeting, each of several city council members was tentatively considering an air pollution ordinance. After the meeting, they expressed strong support of the ordinance. This outcome is an example of a. group polarization. b. social loafing. c. a social dilemma. d. social facilitation.

a. group polarization.

99. When Pauline accidentally bumps into Christopher, causing Christopher to spill his coffee, Christopher assumes that Pauline's behavior was deliberately intended to make him spill his coffee. He responds by yelling obscenities at Pauline. Christopher could be described as a. having a hostile attribution bias. b. suffering from catharsis. c. displaying instrumental aggression. d. displaying relational aggression.

a. having a hostile attribution bias.

104. According to I3 theory, what "I" decreases the chance of aggression? a. impellance b. instigation c. inhibition d. impetuousness

a. impellance

106. Being Type A or having a high level of dispositional hostility are examples of ____ factors in I3 theory. a. impellance b. instigation c. inhibition d. ignorance

a. impellance

109. Research suggests that self-disclosure reciprocity is more important a. in the early stages of a relationship. b. when interacting with a man. c. among couples sharing companionate love. d. in opposite-sex interactions.

a. in the early stages of a relationship.

58. It seems that every Halloween night in Gotham is marred by violence and vandalism. In order to reduce the likelihood of such behavior, the leaders of Gotham should a. increase self-awareness by making sure everyone who goes out wears a name tag. b. increase anonymity by making sure that everyone who goes out wears a mask. c. make sure that people only venture outside in groups. d. create a highly stimulating environment by playing loud Halloween music.

a. increase self-awareness by making sure everyone who goes out wears a name tag.

27. Char ice, a teenaged girl, is angry with her friend, so she tells all her other friends that this girl has had sex with most of the football team. Carmen's behavior illustrates ____ aggression. a. indirect b. hostile c. physical d. overt

a. indirect

79. Of the following, the frustration-aggression hypothesis would probably be least effective as an explanation for a. instrumental aggression. b. emotional aggression. c. a strong correlation between economic conditions and prejudice toward minority groups. d. examples of "road rage."

a. instrumental aggression.

7. Proactive is the same as ____ aggression, while reactive is the same as ____ aggression. a. instrumental; emotional b. emotional; instrumental c. relational; impersonal d. impersonal; relational

a. instrumental; emotional

1. The defining characteristic of aggression is that the aggressor a. intends to harm another living being. b. actually causes physical or psychological harm. c. is angry or otherwise emotionally aroused during the aggressive act. d. derives enjoyment from the aggressive act.

a. intends to harm another living being.

97. According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, the basic components of love are a. intimacy, passion, and commitment. b. rewards, costs, and investments. c. romance, companionship, and reciprocity. d. lupus, eras, and storage.

a. intimacy, passion, and commitment.

100. Research investigating the relationship between alcohol and aggression has shown that a. intoxicated people are likely to base their aggressive responses on initial, salient information about a situation and fail to recognize later, subtle cues. b. small and large amounts of alcohol tend to increase aggression, whereas moderate amounts tend to decrease it. c. alcohol makes men more likely to aggress, but it makes women less likely to aggress. d. intoxicated people are more likely to be influenced by the weapons effect, whereas sober people are more likely to be affected by factors relevant to the cognitive neoassociation analysis.

a. intoxicated people are likely to base their aggressive responses on initial, salient information about a situation and fail to recognize later, subtle cues.

29. Compared to straight men, gay men are a. less likely to physically aggress, but equally likely to engage in indirect aggression. b. less likely to both physically and indirectly aggress. c. more likely to physically aggress, but less likely to engage in direct aggression. d. more likely to both physically and indirectly aggress.

a. less likely to physically aggress, but equally likely to engage in indirect aggression.

16. A feeling of deprivation about existing social relations is called a. loneliness. b. rejection. c. jealously. d. empty love.

a. loneliness.

52. Deindividuation refers to the a. loss of individuality and reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior. b. decrease in individual effort on simple group tasks. c. tendency for group decisions to be more extreme than individual decisions. d. impairment in group decision making that results from a concern with unanimity.

a. loss of individuality and reduction of normal constraints against deviant behavior.

77. Although she cheats on him, Abdul stays with his girlfriend because he doesn't think he would be able to find anyone better. Abdul has a(n) a. low comparison level for alternatives. b. high comparison level for alternatives. c. secure attachment style. d. avoidant attachment style.

a. low comparison level for alternatives.

61. In many anonymous online communities, accountability is ____ and attention cues are ____. a. low; low b. low; high c. high; low d. high; high

a. low; low

The facilitation of the dominant response from increased arousal will tend to a. make familiar tasks easier but unfamiliar tasks more challenging. b. make both easy and difficult tasks easier. c. have no effect on easy tasks, but will make difficult tasks more challenging. d. have no effect on challenging tasks, but will make easy tasks easier.

a. make familiar tasks easier but unfamiliar tasks more challenging.

73. According to social exchange theory, an individual's primary motive in establishing and maintaining relationships is a. maximizing profits and minimizing costs. b. achieving an equitable balance of inputs and outputs. c. maintaining reciprocal levels of self-disclosure. d. the reproductive fitness of a potential partner.

a. maximizing profits and minimizing costs.

68. An argument against the evolutionary approach to mate selection from Buss's original cross-cultural study was that a. men and women actually are quite similar in the characteristics they desire in a mate. b. the study only examined Western cultures. c. the study only examined Eastern cultures. d. men's concern over sexual infidelity actually reflects fear of an emotional loss of intimacy.

a. men and women actually are quite similar in the characteristics they desire in a mate.

91. In Powers and colleagues (2006) research, boyfriends and girlfriends who were insecurely attached had ____ physiological stress responses when engaged in a ____ task. a. more; conflict b. less; conflict c. more; cooperative d. less; cooperative

a. more; conflict

103. Alcohol narrows people's focus of attention. This phenomenon is called alcohol a. myopia. b. hostility. c. aggression. d. blindness.

a. myopia.

1. Baumeister and Leary (1996) suggest that humans have a fundamental drive to have at least a minimum number of lasting, positive, and significant interpersonal relationships with others. They refer to this as the a. need to belong. b. need for affiliation. c. "sociostat." d. need to love.

a. need to belong.

72. Research on brainstorming in groups demonstrates that a. people brainstorming together produce fewer and lower-quality ideas than those brainstorming individually. b. people believe that the ideas generated in group brainstorming sessions are not as good as those generated by individuals. c. group brainstorming can be enhanced by production blocking. d. people feel more comfortable expressing unusual ideas in group brainstorming sessions.

a. people brainstorming together produce fewer and lower-quality ideas than those brainstorming

40. Ringelmann's research in the 1880s demonstrated that a. people exert less effort in simple group tasks than they would if working alone. b. the presence of other people improves performance on simple group tasks. c. groups tend to make more extreme decisions than individuals. d. individual performance is impaired by the distraction of an audience.

a. people exert less effort in simple group tasks than they would if working alone.

32. The idea that some faces are inherently more attractive than others is supported by research demonstrating that a. people prefer averaged composite faces to individual faces. b. standards of beauty change over time. c. people from different cultures enhance their appearance in different ways. d. people we like seem more attractive to us.

a. people prefer averaged composite faces to individual faces.

54. Walter et al. (1966) randomly matched students for a dance. At the end of the evening, students indicated how satisfied they were with their dates. The strongest predictor of satisfaction was a. physical attractiveness. b. attitudinal similarity. c. proximity of dorm rooms. d. complementary personalities.

a. physical attractiveness.

24. Proximity refers to a. physical nearness. b. physical similarity. c. attitudinal similarity. d. physical attractiveness.

a. physical nearness.

49. Several studies have found that finger length ratio is associated with higher levels of ____ aggression in ____. a. physical; men b. relational; men c. physical; children d. relational; children

a. physical; men

53. Chris is a playground bully. He finds that he can win the admiration of his peers by acting aggressively. Chris's aggressive behavior is encouraged by a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

a. positive reinforcement.

10. Robbing a bank because you need money is an example of ____ aggression. a. proactive b. emotional c. institutional d. reactive

a. proactive

6. Aggressive behavior whereby harm is inflicted as a means to a desired end is known as ____ aggression. a. proactive b. reactive c. emotional d. relational

a. proactive

93. Biased sampling is an example of a. process loss. b. process gain. c. the risky shift. d. deindividuation.

a. process loss.

84. As described by Dollard, the original notion of catharsis included two steps. What are those steps? a. reduction of physiological arousal; decrease in anger and aggression b. freeing up of intrapsychic energy; greater ability to distract oneself from a frustrating stimulus c. increase of physiological arousal; displacement of aggression onto weaker targets d. behaving in a way that is the opposite of an unacceptable, deeply rooted unconscious impulse

a. reduction of physiological arousal; decrease in anger and aggression

48. Henderson suspects that the other members of his work group may slack off, so he works late and puts in extra time on their proposal. Henderson is engaging in a. social compensation. b. social facilitation. c. social loafing. d. deindividuation.

a. social compensation

Vladimir, a basketball novice, makes about 60 percent of his free throws when practicing alone. However, when playing with his friends, he only makes about 30 percent of his free throws. This decrease is most likely the result of a. social facilitation. b. deindividuation. c. group polarization. d. social security.

a. social facilitation.

An important part of people's self-worth is derived from group membership, according to a. social identity theory. b. the social brain hypothesis. c. the escalation effect. d. group support systems.

a. social identity theory.

60. Ira believes that aggression is an acquired tendency picked up by observing others and by experience with rewards and punishments. Ira's beliefs are most consistent with a. social learning theory. b. the evolutionary perspective. c. instinct theory. d. negative affect escape model.

a. social learning theory.

46. Mr. Belding notices that his students seem to put more effort into their individual assignments than into their group projects. This is most likely the result of a. social loafing. b. group facilitation. c. groupthink. d. group polarization.

a. social loafing.

Ingham and colleagues (1974) asked participants to pull on a rope and found that participants pulled almost 20 percent harder when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought they were part of a group. This finding best illustrates a. social loafing. b. a social dilemma. c. groupthink. d. social facilitation.

a. social loafing.

107. The idea that relationships progress from superficial exchanges to relatively deeper ones is known as a. social penetration theory. b. social exchange theory. c. the mere exposure effect. d. the matching hypothesis.

a. social penetration theory.

69. Joshua is attracted to Daniel because of his warm eyes and great smile. Daniel is attracted to Joshua because of his muscular body. Joshua and Daniel are in Burstein's ____ stage. a. stimulus b. value c. role d. norm

a. stimulus

25. Fastinger and colleagues (1950) research in married college student housing found that a. students were more likely to become friends with people who lived nearby than those who lived farther away. b. married college students were not as affected by proximity effects in forming friendships as were single college students. c. mere exposure had a greater effect on platonic friendships versus romantic relationships. d. students who went away to college were unlikely to maintain hometown friendships for more than a few weeks.

a. students were more likely to become friends with people who lived nearby than those who lived farther away.

80. A group of students is discussing whether same-sex marriage should be legal. The students begin the discussion with opinions that are somewhat in favor of same-sex marriage being legal. If group polarization occurs, a. students will be more strongly supportive of same-sex marriage after the discussion. b. students will be more strongly opposed to same-sex marriage after the discussion. c. students' attitudes will not change as a result of the discussion. d. a great deal of disagreement and conflict will occur during the discussion.

a. students will be more strongly supportive of same-sex marriage after the discussion.

Karen is in a work group in which everyone is excited about the job. They are bringing high-speed Internet to low- income neighborhoods, and every single coworker she has feels the task is exciting, inspirational, and world- changing. Karen's work group has high ____ cohesion. a. task b. interpersonal c. expressive d. instrumental

a. task

11. Though they had all been together on the transcontinental flight for three hours, the passengers didn't start to talk to one another until the plane ran into some serious turbulence. This behavior is best explained by the a. tendency for external threat to increase affiliation. b. matching hypothesis. c. proximity effect. d. evolutionary perspective on the sociostat.

a. tendency for external threat to increase affiliation.

75. The idea that (1) frustration always elicits the motive to aggress and (2) all aggression is caused by frustration is known as a. the frustration-aggression hypothesis. b. the negative affect model. c. excitation transfer theory. d. catharsis.

a. the frustration-aggression hypothesis.

65. According to research by Ackerman and others (2011), the person most likely to say "I love you" first in a heterosexual relationship is a. the man. b. the woman. c. unpredictable; about half the time, it is the man and the other half the woman. d. the older person.

a. the man.

86. Groupthink emerges when a. the need for agreement takes priority over the desire to obtain correct information. b. group members feel that they will be unable to compensate for social loafing. c. individual benefits are in conflict with the needs of the group. d. group norms overwhelm individual identities.

a. the need for agreement takes priority over the desire to obtain correct information.

39. In Ainsworth and Mariner's (2014) study, male participants playing a reaction-time computer game were most likely to blast their opponent with an aversive noise in their headphones if a. the participant was primed by viewing pictures of very attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being socially dominant. b. the participant was primed by viewing pictures of very attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being of average social dominance. c. the participant was primed by viewing pictures of less attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being socially dominant. d. the participant was primed by viewing pictures of less attractive women and his opponent was regarded as being of average social dominance.

a. the participant was primed by viewing pictures of very attractive women and his opponent was regarded as

47. Traci is used to people telling her how attractive she is. Research suggests that if she receives positive feedback on a paper she writes for class, she will be most likely to believe that the feedback is genuine and feel good about it if a. the person who graded the paper has never seen her before. b. she has considered herself to be fairly unattractive when she was much younger. c. it is given to her in person. d. her friends do not get good grades on the same assignment.

a. the person who graded the paper has never seen her before.

81. Research suggests that we're most likely to displace aggression a. toward others who are members of an out group. b. toward those who are biologically related to us. c. in the absence of provocation. d. when opportunities for catharsis are unavailable to us.

a. toward others who are members of an out group.

Kelly always remembers the information about family events, birthdays, finances, and so forth. Her spouse, Kirk, always remembers the information about world history, politics, news events, and so forth. Together, they are able to remember much more than they would alone because they have developed a(n) ____ system. a. trans active memory b. group support c. electronic brainstorming d. social facilitation

a. trans active memory

62. According to the evolutionary perspective, women prefer a. wealthy men because wealth is the criterion they use to estimate their best chances for reproductive success. b. physically attractive men because of the social benefits that come from being associated with such men. c. wealthy men because wealth gives them the freedom to pursue the lifestyle they have been socialized to desire. d. men who play hard to get because such men bring about psychological reactance, which can lead to the misattribution of arousal.

a. wealthy men because wealth is the criterion they use to estimate their best chances for reproductive success.

15. According to your text, the fact that groping schoolgirls on the train in Japan is not uncommon illustrates that a. what is unacceptable aggression in relation to children differs across cultures. b. what is unacceptable aggression in relation to children is consistent across cultures. c. collectivist cultures are hyper sexualized. d. collectivist cultures are repressed sexually.

a. what is unacceptable aggression in relation to children differs across cultures.

50. Individuals from collectivist cultures are more likely to engage in social loafing a. when a group norm of low effort has already been established. b. when tasks are difficult. c. in groups with a majority of female members. d. when task orientation is high.

a. when a group norm of low effort has already been established.

58. Mario and Luigi are trying to decide whether to spank their child when she does something undesirable. Research suggests that this type of punishment a. will be most effective if she perceives her parents to be warm and supportive. b. is very unlikely to lead their daughter to engage in serious aggression later in life. c. is not used by many of their friends, if they are representative of U.S. citizens. d. will cause their child to learn the rules of their family very quickly.

a. will be most effective if she perceives her parents to be warm and supportive.

13. When Kulak and others (1994) gave people who were about to soak their hand in ice water a choice about who to wait with prior to the painful task, they found that the participants preferred to wait a. with someone who had already done the task. b. with someone who was about to complete the task. c. with someone who did not have to do the task. d. alone.

a. with someone who had already done the task.

118. Researchers use the phrase erotic plasticity to suggest that a. women are more likely to change sexual preference over time than men. b. men are turned on by a wider range of stimuli than women. c. men are more likely to have multiple sexual partners than women. d. women are more accepting of "alternative" sexual preferences than men.

a. women are more likely to change sexual preference over time than men.

22. Among heterosexual couples who met between 2007 and 2009, what percent of them met online? a. 12% b. 22% c. 32% d. 42%

b. 22%

18. Craig and colleagues (2000) set up hidden cameras and microphones in a Canadian schoolyard and found that bullying in midsized schools occurred at a rate of ____ episodes per hour. a. 1 b. 4.5 c. 7.25 d. 10

b. 4.5

109. Many researchers maintain that there is a positive relationship between exposure to violent media and real-life aggressive behavior. The claim that exposure to violence actually increases aggression would be best supported by which of the following? a. A study in which the variable "number of hours of violent television watched per week" is used to predict the likelihood that participants will be convicted of a violent crime in the future b. A study in which participants who are randomly assigned to play violent video games later administer greater levels of electric shock to a confederate than participants who are assigned to play neutral games c. Real-world examples where young people have committed crimes intended to mimic behaviors they have seen in violent movies d. A study in which men who have been accused of sexually aggressive behavior in the past report high levels of exposure to violent media

b. A study in which participants who are randomly assigned to play violent video games later administer greater levels of electric shock to a confederate than participants who are assigned to play neutral games

115. Denise and Brandon are just getting to know each other. Each compliments how the other one looks. Given the research on men, women, and sexuality, which of the outcomes is most likely? a. Denise will interpret Brandon's compliment as a sexual come-on. b. Brandon will interpret Denise's compliment as a sexual come-on. c. Both Denise and Brandon will interpret each other's compliments as a sexual come-on. d. Neither Denise nor Brandon will interpret each other's compliments as a sexual come-on.

b. Brandon will interpret Denise's compliment as a sexual come-on.

58. Brandon likes Brianna, but Brandon doesn't like Autumn. The relationship among these three individuals would be balanced if a. Brianna likes Autumn. b. Brianna doesn't like Autumn. c. Autumn likes Brandon. d. Autumn likes Brianna.

b. Brianna doesn't like Autumn.

9. Derek is informed that as part of his fraternity initiation he must sing the school fight song as loudly as he can while standing on the roof of the fraternity house in his underwear. He is then given the choice to await his turn alone or with the girls from the neighboring sorority. Which of the following is most likely? a. Derek will choose to wait alone in order to achieve cognitive clarity. b. Derek will choose to wait alone as waiting with the sorority members will likely increase his stress. c. Derek will choose to wait with the sorority members in order to reduce his level of stress. d. Derek will choose to wait with the sorority members because they will be able to offer him a different perspective.

b. Derek will choose to wait alone as waiting with the sorority members will likely increase his stress.

According to the social brain hypothesis, what would be an accurate prediction? a. The part of the brain that is stimulated by pleasure-enhancing drugs is equally stimulated by time spent with other people. b. Human beings were not capable of complex social behavior prior to the evolutionary development of certain brain structures. c. Antagonistic neurotransmitter release is heightened when we are around other people and suppressed when we are alone. d. A species of gorillas where the members form a social community should have bigger brains than other gorillas whose members live independently of each other.

b. Human beings were not capable of complex social behavior prior to the evolutionary development of certain

89. Which of the following people sounds most like he has an anxious attachment style? a. Wayne relies heavily on others for support and acceptance. b. Keyshawn very much wants to be close to his partner, but fears that his affections won't be returned. c. Vinnie values intimacy, finds it easy to get close to others, and trusts his partner. d. Curtis finds it difficult to trust others and often feels his partners want to be closer than he would like.

b. Keyshawn very much wants to be close to his partner, but fears that his affections won't be returned.

32. Regarding self-esteem and aggression, which statement is false? a. Narcissism is a good predictor of aggression. b. Low self-esteem is a good predictor of aggression. c. Narcissism is correlated with aggression in response to provocation. d. High self-esteem is predictive of aggression when combined with narcissism and provocation.

b. Low self-esteem is a good predictor of aggression

37. Which statement is most consistent with evolutionary explanations of aggression? a. Children are more likely to be abused by their biological parents than by stepparents. b. Male-to-female violence is predominantly triggered by sexual jealousy. c. Male-to-male violence is triggered by a rise in testosterone. d. Different cultures demonstrate different levels of aggressiveness.

b. Male-to-female violence is predominantly triggered by sexual jealousy.

127. The Owlets Bullying Prevention program recommends interventions at several levels to reduce the incidence of bullying in schools. Which intervention would be described as a classroom-level component? a. Form a bullying-prevention coordinating committee. b. Post and enforce school-wide rules against bullying. c. Ensure that all staff intervene on the spot when they observe bullying behaviors. d. Involve community members in the discussion of how to reduce bullying.

b. Post and enforce school-wide rules against bullying.

50. Which person is most likely to suffer from an eating disorder? a. Saul, who is a 15-year-old male b. Shanty who is an 18-year-old female c. Lisel, who is a 30-year-old female d. Vinnie, who is a 40-year-old male

b. Shanty who is an 18-year-old female

26. Which statement is consistent with the mere exposure effect? a. The more that dating partners talk to each other, the more they realize how different they are. b. Someone you see regularly just grows on you after a while. c. A couple falls in love at first sight. d. The old saying, "Birds of a feather flock together."

b. Someone you see regularly just grows on you after a while.

97. Which theory explains the deliberate, thoughtful consideration that we give to stimuli before reacting to it? a. arousal-affect model b. higher-order cognitive processing c. frustration-aggression hypothesis (original version) d. relational association theory

b. higher-order cognitive processing

103. Dutton and Arno (1974) examined the effects of arousal on attraction by conducting a study in which a female approached and asked survey questions of men on a rickety suspension bridge. Which scenario is most analogous to the results of this study? a. After swerving to avoid an oncoming car, your heart races, and your mind is flooded with images of how much you care about your significant other. b. Ten minutes after you've begun a strenuous workout, the person next to you strikes up a conversation, and you immediately feel attracted to him/her. c. When a classmate that you find particularly attractive happens to sit down next to you, you feel your pulse quicken, and you stutter as you try to make conversation. d. You are still agitated after a heated phone conversation with your mother, and when you run into someone you had a crush on several years ago, you are surprised to realize you don't find him/her that attractive in your current state of arousal.

b. Ten minutes after you've begun a strenuous workout, the person next to you strikes up a conversation, and you immediately feel attracted to him/her.

76. Which conclusion is least consistent with the original formulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis? a. The need to aggress in response to frustration can be reduced if the frustrated individual behaves in an aggressive but relatively harmless way toward an object that is not related to the source of the frustration. b. The need to aggress in response to frustration is taught directly by reinforcement, important models, and the media, and can be "unlearned" if the reinforcements and models change. c. The need to aggress in response to frustration is a psychological drive that resembles the physiological drive of seeking food in response to hunger. d. The need to aggress in response to frustration can lead to nonviolent acts of aggression such as spreading rumors about someone or telling hostile jokes.

b. The need to aggress in response to frustration is taught directly by reinforcement, important models, and the media, and can be "unlearned" if the reinforcements and models change.

45. Snyder and colleagues (1977) ran a study in which mixed-gender pairs had a phone conversation. Male participants were given either an attractive or unattractive photo of their conversation partner. Which statement about the study findings is false? a. Men were friendlier toward the partners who they believed to be attractive. b. The outcome of the conversation was more influenced by the women's actual level of attractiveness than by how attractive the men believed the women to be. c. Men formed more positive impressions of the personality of women who they believed to be attractive. d. Women talking with men who believed they were attractive were actually warmer and more confident during the conversation.

b. The outcome of the conversation was more influenced by the women's actual level of attractiveness than by how attractive the men believed the women to be.

95. Which of the following most closely represents the weapons effect? a. The presence of weapons deters individuals from performing aggressive acts, but not from learning the positive reinforcements that are associated with violence. b. The presence of weapons can act as an aggression cue that increases the likelihood of aggressive behaviors. c. Although the presence of weapons does not make aggression more likely, it does tend to increase the severity of aggression. d. Exposure to weapons in the media desensitizes individuals to violence, thus reducing their inhibitions against aggression.

b. The presence of weapons can act as an aggression cue that increases the likelihood of aggressive behaviors.

42. Which conditions makes social loafing more likely to occur? a. Peer evaluations are used. b. The task is large and complex. c. The group in question is small. d. The task is small in scope.

b. The task is large and complex.

28. Which statement about gender differences in aggression is true? a. Men use more relational aggression than verbal aggression. b. Women use relational aggression more than men. c. When there is a clear provocation, men use much more overt aggression than women. d. Women use more verbal aggression than indirect aggression.

b. Women use relational aggression more than men.

According to research by Nibbler and Harris (2003), which group is most likely to experience better performance when group members feel free to disagree with one another? a. a group of friends in China b. a group of friends in the U.S. c. a group of strangers in China d. a group of strangers in the U.S.

b. a group of friends in the U.S.

126. Your significant other has just been short-tempered and impatient with you. Your reaction is to think, "Well, s/he's had a very stressful week, so I'll just forget that it happened." Your reaction would be best described as an example of a. affect reciprocity. b. a relationship-enhancing attribution. c. a demand/withdraw interaction pattern. d. a depressive explanatory style.

b. a relationship-enhancing attribution.

55. Deindividuation is more likely when a. accountability for behavior is high. b. accountability for behavior is low. c. the group is engaged in a conjunctive task. d. the group is engaged in a disjunctive task.

b. accountability for behavior is low.

3. Support for the idea of the "sociostat" (social thermostat) is provided by the finding that rats a. tend to prefer to remain on their own once a period of isolation ends. b. are less likely to approach other rats after a period of prolonged contact. c. aggress against other rats when a shared resource is scarce. d. always prefer the company of other rats to being alone.

b. are less likely to approach other rats after a period of prolonged contact.

87. The way a person typically interacts with significant others is called a(n) a. reciprocity norm. b. attachment style. c. exchange relationship. d. self-disclosure.

b. attachment style.

5. Terrence has a network of close social ties. In comparison to individuals lacking such a network, research suggests that he will a. be more likely to suffer from social anxiety. b. be less likely to die a premature death. c. have worse physical health. d. have lower self-esteem.

b. be less likely to die a premature death.

38. Anderson and others (1992) found that heavy women are perceived as more attractive than slender women in countries where food is often in short supply. This finding is consistent with the idea that a. certain body types are inherently more attractive than others. b. beauty is subjective. c. symmetry is an important component of attractiveness. d. beauty is objective.

b. beauty is subjective.

3. A negative, antagonistic attitude toward another person or group is called a. emotional aggression. b. hostility. c. anger. d. instrumental aggression.

b. hostility.

39. Research on students' teaching ratings on the website www.ratemyprofessor.com indicate that a. female professors who are rated as strong teachers tended to be seen as less attractive. b. both male and female professors who are rated as "hot" are also given high teaching ratings. c. teachers' non-physical qualities have nothing to do with their likeability. d. for male teachers, perceptions of attraction and teaching skill were unrelated.

b. both male and female professors who are rated as "hot" are also given high teaching ratings.

130. One vital factor that influences a person's ability to cope with a divorce is the ____ of the relationship, or the extent to which the line between one's self and their partner becomes blurred so that "mine" and "yours" becomes the same thing. a. interdependence b. closeness c. diversity d. Homogeneity

b. closeness

77. Aggressing against a substitute target because aggressive acts against the source of the frustration are inhibited by fear or lack of access is called a. catharsis. b. displacement. c. rumination. d. desensitization.

b. displacement.

A person who experiences social facilitation effects because he is worried about being judged is illustrating the ____ hypothesis. a. mere presence b. evaluation apprehension c. distraction-conflict d. process loss

b. evaluation apprehension

41. The finding that male-to-male violence occurs primarily in response to status challenges, but male-to-female violence occurs primarily in response to sexual jealousy, supports the ____ perspective of aggression. a. instinct b. evolutionary c. learning d. sociocultural

b. evolutionary

84. In their relationship, Clyde is concerned with maintaining an equal ratio of rewards and costs, whereas Bonnie is concerned with being responsive to Clyde's needs. Clyde views their relationship as a(n) ____ relationship, whereas Bonnie views it as a(n) ____ relationship. a. reciprocal; exchange b. exchange; communal c. communal; passionate d. passionate; companionate

b. exchange; communal

102. Bruno just finished working out at the gym. On his way to the locker room, he passes Charming, a very pretty woman. Bruno feels his heart pounding and is convinced that he must be in love with Charming. Bruno's feelings are best explained by a. negative affect reciprocity. b. excitation transfer. c. psychological reactance. d. social penetration.

b. excitation transfer.

91. On his way back from work, Orin nearly collided head-on with another car. After swerving out of the way at the last minute, Orin could feel his heart racing and his hands shaking. A few minutes later, he arrived home and, just as he walked in, received a phone call from a salesperson. Orin then became verbally abusive toward the salesperson. This outcome is most consistent with the concept of a. instrumental aggression. b. excitation transfer. c. the death instinct. d. incompatible responses.

b. excitation transfer.

2. Individuals who suffer from social anxiety disorder are likely to a. have an unusually high need for affiliation. b. experience feelings of discomfort in circumstances of public scrutiny. c. be very concerned with the overall balance of their relationships. d. be very popular with other people and yet not realize that they are popular.

b. experience feelings of discomfort in circumstances of public scrutiny.

A role in a group that is focused on providing emotional support and maintaining group morale is considered a. instrumental. b. expressive. c. formal. d. informal.

b. expressive.

37. An evolutionary explanation for the relationship between a face's symmetry and its perceived attractiveness is that a. asymmetrical faces are less familiar and therefore more distinctive in memory. b. facial symmetry is associated with biological health and fitness. c. biological factors have very little to do with facial symmetry. d. parents devote more resources to caring for offspring with symmetrical faces.

b. facial symmetry is associated with biological health and fitness.

19. An evolutionary perspective on attraction suggests that people prefer mates who a. provide a boost to their social reputation and status. b. favor the conception and birth of their offspring. c. make them laugh. d. are close in proximity to them.

b. favor the conception and birth of their offspring.

21. Research concerning the relationship between group cohesiveness and performance suggests that a. the two are only related when there is a strong leader present. b. groups that perform well may develop stronger cohesiveness. c. highly cohesive groups perform less well than less cohesive groups d. the relationship is stronger in groups composed of men than groups of women.

b. groups that perform well may develop stronger cohesiveness.

46. Angelina is interested in whether the teenager she is preparing to adopt is likely to be aggressive as an adult. Research suggests that she would be wise to consider whether he a. is a twin. b. had aggressive biological parents. c. has long fingers. d. was born in a nation with a warm climate.

b. had aggressive biological parents.

30. Though women are at least as likely as men to aggress in an intimate relationship, men's aggression in such relationships differs in that it typically a. emerges in the face of provocation. b. has more severe consequences. c. results from alcohol abuse. d. is sexual in nature.

b. has more severe consequences.

116. Homosexual behaviors a. are less common than an exclusive homosexual orientation. b. have been observed in more than 450 animal species. c. tend to be reported in the same incidence in most cultures. d. are very recent developments in human beings.

b. have been observed in more than 450 animal species.

121. Pinker (2011) argues that aggression and violence a. have increased over time. b. have decreased over time. c. have remained stable over time. d. are a result of rumination over time.

b. have decreased over time.

Deviation from group norms is generally tolerated better if a group is seen as a. homogeneous. b. heterogeneous. c. cohesive. d. formal.

b. heterogeneous.

92. Biased sampling is least likely to reduce group effectiveness when group members have ____ trust, and unique information is known by ____. a. high; only one group member b. high; more than one group member c. low; only one group member d. low; more than one group member

b. high; more than one group member

128. Research concerning coping with divorce suggests that a. several years after divorce, people tend to be just as satisfied with their lives as are married people. b. immediately after a divorce, life satisfaction ratings tend to increase somewhat. c. men have an easier time bouncing back from divorce than do women. d. there is almost a certainty that children will have long-term negative psychological responses to the divorce of their parents.

b. immediately after a divorce, life satisfaction ratings tend to increase somewhat.

42. Finnegan notices his wife talking to another man and flies into a jealous rage. According to the evolutionary perspective, Finnegan's behavior is designed to a. assert his social intelligence. b. increase his confidence in the paternity of his offspring. c. deflect the death instinct outward instead of inward. d. increase the level of serotonin in his brain.

b. increase his confidence in the paternity of his offspring.

119. Daniel fits the profile of a person who might engage in a sexually aggressive manner. This means that he probably exhibits ____ in response to violent pornography and tends to have ____ attitudes toward violence against women. a. increased arousal; negative b. increased arousal; posit c. decreased arousal; negative d. decreased arousal; positive

b. increased arousal; posit

94. Biased sampling in groups is the process whereby a. people tend to choose those they know well to be in a group. b. information that is known by many group members tends to enter into the discussion more than information known only by a few. c. people tend to discuss negative information more than positive information in their discussion about an important decision. d. sharing information in a group can be impeded by the gender composition of the group.

b. information that is known by many group members tends to enter into the discussion more than information known only by a few.

76. Electronic brainstorming may be more effective than face-to-face group brainstorming because it a. enhances production blocking. b. inhibits free riding. c. promotes performance matching. d. increases personal accountability.

b. inhibits free riding.

105. According to I3 theory, what "I" increases Martin's likelihood of acting in an aggressive manner when Trisha declines his offer to go on a date? a. impellance b. instigation c. inhibition d. impetuousness

b. instigation

A leader who focuses his or her group on the task(s) it needs to achieve is best described as playing a(n) ____ role. a. facilitator b. instrumental c. normative d. expressive

b. instrumental

111. Cross-cultural research suggests that passionate love a. is uncommon in cultures that value chastity in a potential mate. b. is a widespread and universal emotion. c. is more detectable in countries with higher divorce rates. d. violates religious doctrine in some cultures.

b. is a widespread and universal emotion.

62. Deion is least likely to imitate the aggressive behaviors of Darcy if Darcy a. is a cartoon character. b. is punished for behaving aggressively. c. is rewarded for behaving aggressively. d. experiences catharsis following the aggressive behavior.

b. is punished for behaving aggressively.

74. Research on brainstorming suggests that it a. is typically an effective practice, even though people often dislike doing it. b. is typically an ineffective practice, even though people often enjoy doing it. c. works better among very large groups than among smaller groups. d. works better for disjunctive tasks than for conjunctive tasks.

b. is typically an ineffective practice, even though people often enjoy doing it.

Better performance by an individual on difficult tasks in the presence of others can be encouraged the most when the individual's arousal level is ____ and evaluation pressure on the individual is ____. a. high; high b. low; low c. high; low d. low; high

b. low; low

122. Research on the marital trajectory suggests that once a couple's children have grown up and left the home, a. married couples actually wind up spending less time together than they did before. b. marital satisfaction tends to increase. c. sexual infidelity rates increase. d. both members of the couple typically adhere even more strongly to gender roles.

b. marital satisfaction tends to increase.

30. Mitta et al. (1977) found that female college students preferred their own mirror image to their actual appearance. This finding is consistent with a. the matching hypothesis. b. mere exposure effects. c. social exchange theory. d. excitation transfer.

b. mere exposure effects.

70. A socialization explanation for gender differences in aggressive tendencies a. would focus on differences between men and women in levels of hormones and neurotransmitters. b. might consider ways in which parents react differently to the aggressive actions of young boys versus girls. c. would suggest that such differences should be identical across different cultures. d. should examine the genetic similarity between relatives who show high levels of aggression.

b. might consider ways in which parents react differently to the aggressive actions of young boys versus girls.

52. When aggression stops an undesired outcome or prevents it altogether, the aggressive behavior will increase in the future through the process of a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

b. negative reinforcement.

54. The only way that Britney can get her husband to stop leaving his dirty socks on the kitchen table is to pinch him every time he does it. Britney's aggressive behavior is perpetuated through the idea of a. positive reinforcement. b. negative reinforcement. c. positive punishment. d. negative punishment.

b. negative reinforcement.

The fact that members of an organization who blow the whistle on problematic practices are often treated harshly by the rest of the group illustrates the power of group a. roles. b. norms. c. instrumentation. d. development.

b. norms.

70. An increase in group performance such that the group outperforms the individuals who comprise the group is called a. process loss. b. process gain. c. escalation. d. polarization.

b. process gain.

68. Tendencies such as the need to coordinate the activities of members that interfere with a group's ability to live up to its full potential are examples of a. disjunctive tasks. b. process loss. c. sample biases. d. non additive effects.

b. process loss.

122. A long history of research in social psychology has consistently found that a powerful way to reduce violence within a society would be to a. emphasize a strict division of labor by gender. b. promote cooperation. c. harshly punish all acts of aggression. d. separate subcultures within the society.

b. promote cooperation

40. Juanita wants her date, a man she finds very sexually attractive, to perceive her as very sexually attractive. What color dress should she wear to her sorority formal to promote this perception? a. white b. red c. black d. gold

b. red

34. According to Zajonc, social facilitation a. occurs because of concerns about being evaluated by others. b. results from the mere physical presence of others. c. occurs in humans, but not in less intelligent animals. d. can be explained by considering attention al processes.

b. results from the mere physical presence of others.

86. Keith and David are most likely to have a communal relationship if they are ____ and most likely to have an exchange relationship if they are ____. a. business partners; friends b. romantic partners; strangers c. teammates; brothers d. classmates; business competitors

b. romantic partners; strangers

106. Which aspect of passionate love is most enduring? a. obsessions with one's beloved b. romantic preference for one's partner c. amazing sexual chemistry d. mutual caring and commitment

b. romantic preference for one's partner

105. If people are asked to characterize romantic love, which attribute will over two-thirds of the people list? a. happiness b. sexual desire c. commitment d. communication

b. sexual desire

The idea that a species' brain size is related to the social complexity of their environment is called the a. social identity hypothesis. b. social brain hypothesis. c. collective effort model. d. sensitivity norm.

b. social brain hypothesis.

75. All of the following appear to reduce the effectiveness of group brainstorming except a. production blocking. b. social compensation. c. evaluation apprehension. d. performance matching.

b. social compensation.

The tendency for the presence of other people to increase performance on easy tasks and impair performance on difficult tasks is known as a. social loafing. b. social facilitation. c. group polarization. d. groupthink.

b. social facilitation.

62. According to the ____, whether deindividuation affects people for better or for worse depends on a group's characteristics and norms as well as the group's power to act according to those norms. a. process loss model b. social identity model of deindividuation effects c. emotional reciprocation model d. conflict-distraction model of deindividuation

b. social identity model of deindividuation effects

90. Who should be least likely to aggress? a. someone who has just watched a slashes movie b. someone who has just watched a funny cartoon c. someone who has just been rejected for a date d. someone who has just watched the evening news

b. someone who has just watched a funny cartoon

51. Popular wisdom is often contradictory, as with the following two sayings: 1) "opposites attract" and 2) "birds of a feather flock together." Research on the relationship between similarity and liking suggests that a. statement #1 is more accurate; people tend to be more attracted to those who are dissimilar from themselves. b. statement #2 is more accurate; people tend to be more attracted to those who are similar to themselves. c. both are right for different people; heterosexual men tend to be attracted to similar others whereas gay men tend to be attracted to dissimilar others. d. both are right in different conditions; people are attracted to similar others when they are interested in long- term relationships, but they prefer dissimilar others for less serious relationships without commitment.

b. statement #2 is more accurate; people tend to be more attracted to those who are similar to themselves.

49. Newcomb's (1961) classic study on attraction in which he set up an experimental college dormitory revealed that a. students' friendships with members of the opposite sex tended to turn into romantic relationships. b. students who had similar backgrounds tended to like each other. c. students who held dissimilar attitudes were more likely to form romantic relationships. d. friendships were more likely than romantic relationships to be based on proximity.

b. students who had similar backgrounds tended to like each other.

71. When a task can be divided so various subgroups can work on different aspects of it, and the task has a solution in which the correct answer is immediately evident when presented to the group, the group is likely to experience a. process loss. b. synergy. c. escalation. d. group support..

b. synergy.

Esteban's work group has been assigned a new project by management. Before deciding how much effort to exert on this new assignment, Esteban considers how important the group goals are to him and whether his input will help the group reach its goals. Esteban's thinking is most consistent with a. distraction-conflict theory. b. the collective effort model. c. the social identity model of deindividuation. d. persuasive arguments theory.

b. the collective effort model.

73. Brown and others (2009) found the school violence is especially associated with a. the presence of weapons in the school. b. the culture of honor in the area. c. the level of economic frustration in the geographic region. d. the temperature of the day.

b. the culture of honor in the area.

25. The relatively greater violence rates in the southern United States has been attributed to a. greater variability of temperature in the South than in the North. b. the manner in which residents of the South respond to status threats. c. the ratio of males to females living in the South. d. the age demographics of the South.

b. the manner in which residents of the South respond to status threats.

56. Mario believes that people desire and form relationships with others who are similar in terms of physical attractiveness. Mario subscribes to a. equity theory. b. the matching hypothesis. c. social penetration theory. d. social exchange theory.

b. the matching hypothesis.

60. Matthew is considering going on a blind date. According to the evolutionary perspective, he will be most concerned with a. the social status of his date. b. the physical attractiveness of his date. c. whether he and his date have similar attitudes. d. whether he and his date are equally intelligent.

b. the physical attractiveness of his date.

47. Research on testosterone and aggression indicates that a. it is surprising that women ever aggress given that they have no testosterone. b. their relationship in human males is weaker and less reliable than expected. c. very little regarding aggressive behavior is actually heritable. d. their relationship disappears when you examine samples of elderly adults.

b. their relationship in human males is weaker and less reliable than expected.

72. Roshumba is conducting a study of married couples. She interviews a number of couples about how their relationships developed. It is likely that she will find that a. all relationships developed through a fixed sequence of stages. b. there is considerable variability in how the couples' relationships developed. c. the couples generally went through the value stage before the role stage. d. relationship rewards were unrelated to couples' feelings of being in love.

b. there is considerable variability in how the couples' relationships developed.

97. A shared system for remembering information that allows multiple people to demonstrate more efficient memory than they could do alone is called a. semantic memory. b. trans active memory. c. process loss. d. facilitative memory.

b. trans active memory.

71. Burstein's second stage, called the ____ stage, involves attachment that is based on similarity of values and overall attitudes. a. stimulus b. value c. role d. norm

b. value

41. The belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics is called the a. matching phenomenon. b. what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype. c. aesthetic appeal of beauty. d. reinforcement-affect principle.

b. what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype.

43. Using MRI, Tsukiura and Cape (2011) found biological evidence for the a. mere exposure effect. b. what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype. c. social exchange theory. d. matching hypothesis.

b. what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype.

84. Latasha joined a campus group called "Young Republicans." Which of these outcomes is most consistent with the persuasive arguments explanation for group polarization? a. In the attempt to fit in, Latasha adjusts her attitudes to be even more conservative. b. Latasha self-categorizes as a Republican, and her political beliefs become more extreme as a result. c. After exposure to ideas she has not thought of before, Latasha comes to possess even more conservative beliefs. d. In an attempt to convince others that she is a "good" Republican, Latasha persuades herself to be more conservative.

c. After exposure to ideas she has not thought of before, Latasha comes to possess even more conservative beliefs.

44. Which statement regarding physically attractive people is false? a. Attractive people tend to have more sexual experience than unattractive people. b. Attractive people tend to be more popular than unattractive people. c. Attractive people tend to have higher self-esteem than unattractive people. d. Attractive people, when told that a judge who has just given them praise has seen what they look like, often come to have doubts about the true quality of their work.

c. Attractive people tend to have higher self-esteem than unattractive people.

In a 2015 study conducted by Uz, which country was found to be the "loosest?" a. Luxembourg b. The Netherlands c. Belgium d. France

c. Belgium

14. United States university students tend to be more likely than those of other nations to disapprove of a. violence against young girls. b. gun violence. c. a husband slapping his wife. d. bullying.

c. a husband slapping his wife

73. Faros and his coworkers are trying to develop a creative direct mail campaign that will increase sales of their new snowboard. Which strategy is least likely to yield high-quality ideas? a. Hold a brainstorming session with a facilitator trained in group brainstorming. b. Form an interactive group employing electronic brainstorming. c. Hold a brainstorming session using Osborn's ground rules for brainstorming. d. Create "nominal groups" and work independently.

c. Hold a brainstorming session using Osborn's ground rules for brainstorming.

56. Sheila and Peter are invited to a masquerade party. At the party, people start insulting and pushing around Parker, another guest at the party. Given the research on deindividuation, which statement is most likely to be false? a. If Sheila was dressed as a nun and Peter was dressed as a priest, their costumes would decrease the likelihood that they would behave aggressively toward Parker. b. If there was a loud band playing that made the floor shake, Sheila and Peter would be more likely to behave aggressively toward Parker. c. If Sheila and Peter were dressed in costumes in which they could not be recognized, Peter would likely behave more aggressively toward Parker than would Sheila. d. If Sheila and Peter believed that at the end of the party all the guests would have to reveal their true identities, they would be less likely to behave aggressively toward Parker.

c. If Sheila and Peter were dressed in costumes in which they could not be recognized, Peter would likely behave more aggressively toward Parker than would Sheila.

71. Which statement concerning a culture of honor is true? a. It is more prevalent among women than men. b. It is more prevalent in the northern United States than in the southern United States. c. It is a product of socialization that can influence the tendency to aggress. d. It is produced by differences in testosterone and serotonin levels.

c. It is a product of socialization that can influence the tendency to aggress.

82. Jack and Diane have been dating and living together for two years. Jack always puts Diane's needs before his own, is very supportive of Diane, and devotes a great deal of time and energy to the relationship. Diane, on the other hand, focuses on her own needs and problems and does not exert a great deal of effort when it comes to the relationship. According to equity theorists, a. Jack should feel under benefited and upset about the nature of the relationship, whereas Diane will be content because her needs are being met at minimal cost to her. b. Jack and Diane should be content with the relationship because people in an equity relationship do not keep track of costs and benefits. c. Jack should feel under benefited and upset about the nature of the relationship, and Diane should feel over benefited and guilty. d. Jack should feel content with the relationship because he knows he's working for his partner's happiness, but Diane will feel over benefited and guilty.

c. Jack should feel under benefited and upset about the nature of the relationship, and Diane should feel over benefited and guilty.

8. Which situation best illustrates instrumental aggression? a. When Buster finds out that his favorite television show has been preempted by the presidential debates, he kicks Gob, who just happens to be standing nearby. b. After getting fired from his job at the nuclear power plant, Homer pulls out his semi-automatic machine gun and shoots at the squirrels in his backyard. c. Karen pinches Grace until Grace finally moves out of the way so that Karen can get to the liquor cabinet. d. Edith stabs her husband Archie with a fork when she finds out that he totally forgot her birthday.

c. Karen pinches Grace until Grace finally moves out of the way so that Karen can get to the liquor cabinet.

65. Nonie gets a new Barbie doll for her sixth birthday, and she immediately begins to punch, kick, and throw the doll around the house. Which of the following is likely to have contributed to this behavior? a. Nonie saw Uncle Floyd yell at Auntie Mime when she threw her Barbie doll. b. Nonie saw her cousin Bruce hug and kiss his Barbie doll. c. Nonie just finished watching the new Barney beat up Barbie in a cartoon on television. d. Nonie has been socialized in a stereotypical female role.

c. Nonie just finished watching the new Barney beat up Barbie in a cartoon on television.

4. Which statement is most accurate regarding the human need for affiliation? a. People tend to prefer as much social contact with others as possible. b. There is little variation between individuals when it comes to desired level of social contact. c. People are motivated to maintain an optimum balance of time alone and social contact. d. On average, men in individualistic cultures desire more social contact than do women, but in collectivist cultures, women prefer more than men.

c. People are motivated to maintain an optimum balance of time alone and social contact.

14. Ollie is about to undergo a painful and risky surgical procedure. Research suggests that Ollie could most effectively cope with this threat if he did which of the following? a. Prior to his surgery, speak with someone who has gone through the same procedure to gain insight about the experience. b. Prior to his surgery, spend some time by himself in order to clear his mind and focus on positive thoughts. c. Prior to his surgery, speak with someone who is about to have the same procedure so that they can share their concerns with one another. d. After his surgery, speak with someone who has had the same procedure so that they can share their experiences.

c. Prior to his surgery, speak with someone who is about to have the same procedure so that they can share their

12. Two groups of college students are on a boat together travelling from Greece to Italy. For the first six hours of the trip, the students did not associate with each other. When the ship hits a severe storm and the captain orders everyone to take precautions, the students begin to talk to each other and bond. This is most consistent with the proposal of a. Waldman b. Zimbardo c. Rolfé d. Howard

c. Rolfé

36. What is not a reason for why we seem to be attracted to averaged faces? a. They are prototypically face-like. b. They are symmetrical. c. They look unusual. d. They seem more familiar to us.

c. They look unusual.

19. The Amish, the Hutte rites, and the Mennonites are all examples of societies that live in the violent United States without, for the most part, having become violent themselves. What is a similar type of nonviolent culture that resides in Southern Mexico? a. Pailyan b. Batik c. Zapata d. Glib

c. Zapata

6. Rita has a strong desire to establish and maintain social contact with others. Rita has a. a low need to belong. b. severe social anxiety. c. a high need for affiliation. d. a broken social thermostat.

c. a high need for affiliation.

38. According to an evolutionary perspective, males are competitive with each other because a. females are predisposed to sexual jealousy. b. males select high-status females for mating. c. aggression enhances the male's confidence in the paternity of his offspring. d. males use physical aggression to eliminate women who are unlikely to provide offspring.

c. aggression enhances the male's confidence in the paternity of his offspring.

4. Whitley feels intensely displeased that Lena deliberately left the tuna fish sandwich sitting out in the sun so that Whitley would get food poisoning after she ate it. Whitley's emotional response would best be described as a. instrumental aggression. b. hostility. c. anger. d. displacement.

c. anger.

33. Bettina is extremely Type A. Research suggests that she will tend to a. be more aggressive than most people across situations. b. rely more on verbal versus physical aggression. c. be more aggressive than other people when provoked. d. exhibit more relational than overt forms of aggression.

c. be more aggressive than other people when provoked.

47. According to the collective effort model, social loafing is least likely when people a. see the group outcome as personally important. b. believe the group outcome is important to other group members. c. believe that their efforts will lead to a personally important outcome. d. are part of a group with a high level of cohesiveness.

c. believe that their efforts will lead to a personally important outcome.

45. Twin studies suggest that heritability explains ____ of the variation in aggression in children a. less than one quarter b. between about a quarter and a third c. between about a third and a half d. between about a half and two thirds

c. between about a third and a half

80. A "trust-insurance system" in a relationship is when a. both partners lack trust toward the other. b. one partner is over benefited. c. both partners keep an unconscious tally of the relationship's costs and benefits to maintain equity. d. one partner has a low comparison level for alternatives.

c. both partners keep an unconscious tally of the relationship's costs and benefits to maintain equity.

Three people in the same place at the same time who are working on a common activity but not interacting with one another are best described as a a. social group. b. minimal group. c. collective. d. conjunctive group.

c. collective.

85. Ben goes out of his way to help Jennifer whenever he can. However, Jennifer has been busy lately and unable to reciprocate. Ben doesn't seem upset because he knows she is sensitive to his needs overall. Which of the following best describes their relationship? a. equitable relationship b. exchange relationship c. communal relationship d. companionate relationship

c. communal relationship

75. The average, general outcome that an individual expects in a relationship is called the ____ level. a. intimacy b. investment c. comparison d. self-disclosure

c. comparison

63. In track and field, a relay team is only as strong and successful as its slowest runner. A relay race is therefore an example of a(n) ____ task. a. inductive b. divergent c. conjunctive d. convergent

c. conjunctive

54. The fact that many assaults are committed by people wearing disguises—and that these disguised assaults are often the most vicious ones—illustrates the concept of a. social loafing. b. entrapment. c. deindividuation. d. distraction-conflict.

c. deindividuation.

33. Lee and colleagues (2008) ran a study in which they examined people's ratings of photos on the website HOTorNOT.com. They found that participants' own level of attractiveness a. were positive predictors of how attractive they rated the photos. b. were negative predictors of how attractive they rated the photos. c. did not predict their ratings of the photos. d. predicted their ratings of male but not female photos.

c. did not predict their ratings of the photos.

66. East wick and Finkel (2008) examined men's and women's preferences during a speed dating event. They found significant gender differences in what men and women reported as important mate characteristics before the event began—differences that ____ once they actually started interacting with the potential mates at the event. a. increased b. stayed constant c. disappeared d. became subtler

c. disappeared

66. A task in which the group's performance is determined by the best group member is considered a. additive. b. conjunctive. c. disjunctive. d. divisible.

c. disjunctive.

67. Sam, Diane, and Frasier are members of a team competing in a test of general knowledge. Any team member can answer the moderator's questions. The team's task can be described as a. additive. b. conjunctive. c. disjunctive. d. collective.

c. disjunctive.

78. When his wife tells him that he cannot go out bowling with the guys, Homer gets mad and yells at his son, Bart. Homer's behavior is an example of a. instrumental aggression. b. catharsis. c. displacement. d. vicarious aggression.

c. displacement.

38. The theory that being with others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others take one's attention away from the task at hand is known as the a. mere presence theory. b. evaluation apprehension theory. c. distraction-conflict theory. d. the trans active memory hypothesis.

c. distraction-conflict theory.

120. Gay couples tend to ____ than straight couples. a. divide household chores more evenly, but lose contact with prior sex partners more b. retain relationships with former sex partners more, but divide household chores less evenly c. divide household chores more evenly and retain friendships with former sex partners more d. divide household chores more evenly and retain friendships with former sex partners less

c. divide household chores more evenly and retain friendships with former sex partners more

93. The idea that arousal created by one stimulus can intensify an individual's emotional response to another stimulus is called a. social learning theory. b. the negative affect escape model. c. excitation transfer. d. aggression cultivation.

c. excitation transfer.

Which of the following would most likely be described as a collective? a. students in a small, discussion-focused seminar b. members of a sports team c. passengers on a plane d. a boy scout troop

c. passengers on a plane

51. According to research on the role of the brain and executive function in predicting aggressive tendencies, when very aggressive teenagers witnessed a situation in which someone intentionally inflicted pain on another person, they exhibited brain activity associated with a. being part of a group. b. empathy. c. experiencing rewards. d. filtering sensory input.

c. experiencing rewards.

67. Based on the principles of social learning theory, which measure is most likely to be successful in teaching a child to act nonviolently? a. punishing the child physically for acting aggressively b. exposing the child to older models who are punished harshly for acting aggressively c. exposing the child to older models who act non-aggressively in response to provoking situations d. teaching the child how to displace frustrations and anger in safe, socially acceptable ways, such as by hitting a punching bag or role-playing a desired outcome

c. exposing the child to older models who act non-aggressively in response to provoking situations

Your psychology professor calls you in front of the class and asks you to answer practice exam questions in front of everyone. You find the questions to be easy. According to the model of social ____, you should perform ____ than you would if you had worked on the questions alone. a. loafing; better b. loafing; worse c. facilitation; better d. facilitation; worse

c. facilitation; better

15. Using MRI techniques, researchers have observed that, when they are exposed to pictures of strangers, shy people exhibit a. less activity in the amygdale than those who are bold. b. greater activity in the hippocampus than those who are bold. c. greater activity in the amygdale than those who are bold. d. less activity in the hippocampus than those who are bold.

c. greater activity in the amygdale than those who are bold.

Groups differ from collectives in that a. groups, but not collectives, engage in common activities. b. collectives, but not groups, engage in common activities. c. groups have more direct interaction with one another than collectives. d. collectives have more direct interaction with one another than groups.

c. groups have more direct interaction with one another than collectives.

78. Zachary is unhappy in his relationship and is trying to decide whether to break up with his girlfriend. Which factor might encourage him to stay? a. if his comparison level for alternatives is high b. if his comparison level is high c. if his investment is high d. if his costs for staying are high

c. if his investment is high

59. Harriett goes trick-or-treating on Halloween. She arrives at her neighbor's door just as the phone is ringing. Her neighbor puts the candy on the table and says, "I need to get the phone, so help yourself to whatever kind of candy you want, but please take only one piece." Which of the following would most encourage Harriett to take only one piece of candy? a. if Harriet's costume prevented the neighbor from recognizing her b. if Harriett was dressed up as a pirate c. if the candy was placed in front of a mirror d. if Harriett was high in need for cognition

c. if the candy was placed in front of a mirror

125. When in conflict in close relationships, women often try to get their husbands to talk about the problem and men retreat. This communication pattern a. leads exchange relationships to become more communal. b. reflects negative affect reciprocity. c. illustrates the demand/withdraw interaction pattern. d. fosters social penetration.

c. illustrates the demand/withdraw interaction pattern.

13. Deborah has just joined a sorority at her school. She is unsure what she should wear when she goes to eat at the sorority's dining hall. Her concern reflects Deborah's uncertainty of the a. informal role. b. formal role. c. informal norm. d. formal norm.

c. informal norm.

35. The idea that physical attractiveness is inherently subjective is supported by research demonstrating that a. specific facial features tend to be associated with physical attractiveness. b. there is a high degree of cross-cultural consistency in ratings of attractiveness. c. liking someone increases that person's perceived physical attractiveness. d. averaged faces are judged more attractive than individual faces.

c. liking someone increases that person's perceived physical attractiveness.

51. All of the following factors have been suggested to contribute to deindividuation except a. the presence of others. b. reduced feelings of responsibility. c. low arousal. d. anonymity.

c. low arousal.

92. Men who engaged in vigorous exercise were ____ attracted to an attractive female to whom they were introduced right after their workout. a. less b. inconsistently c. more d. not

c. more

27. Aimee attends a large lecture section of Introductory Psychology every Tuesday and Thursday throughout her first semester at college. According to the mere exposure effect, Aimee should a. come to intensely dislike psychology. b. come to intensely like psychology. c. more positively evaluate the face of the guy who sat in front of her in class all semester than the face of a stranger. d. more positively evaluate the face of a stranger than the guy who sat in front of her in class all semester.

c. more positively evaluate the face of the guy who sat in front of her in class all semester than the face of a stranger.

124. Curly hurls an insult right back at James when James expresses his negative feelings toward her. Such a pattern illustrates a. social penetration. b. a demand/withdraw interaction pattern. c. negative affect reciprocity. d. distress-maintaining attributions.

c. negative affect reciprocity.

112. In India and China, love is a. essential for marriage. b. emphasized more among females than males. c. not a sufficient basis for marriage. d. viewed in more dispositional terms than it is in America.

c. not a sufficient basis for marriage.

87. According to Berkowitz's (1989) revision of frustration-aggression theory, exposure to all of the following likely increases aggression except a. very congested traffic. b. cigarette smoke. c. novel but pleasant odors. d. uncomfortably cold temperatures.

c. novel but pleasant odors.

110. Research on violent media suggests that depictions of indirect, relational forms of aggression on TV targeted toward adolescents are a. not particularly common. b. more likely to be demonstrated by male than female characters. c. often portrayed as eliciting a clear reward. d. do not influence the immediate behavior of adolescent viewers.

c. often portrayed as eliciting a clear reward.

101. Jim thinks it would be funny to replace Dwight's regular after-work pitcher of beer with non-alcoholic brew without telling him. Research suggests that after drinking this pitcher, Dwight would a. be much less aggressive than he usually is after drinking alcoholic beer. b. exhibit a severe form of alcohol myopia. c. potentially be just as aggressive as usual given his expectation that he has consumed alcohol. d. be less likely than usual to engage in displacement because of the lack of alcohol-associated excitation.

c. potentially be just as aggressive as usual given his expectation that he has consumed alcohol.

119. James has a quiet temperament, which leads him to prefer less activity as a child. Consequently, he often plays calmer games and has female playmates. When he reaches adolescence, he continues to relate better to girls, and boys seem mysterious, exotic, and arousing. He ultimately develops a homosexual orientation. James' experiences fits best with ____ explanations of sexual orientation. a. biological b. psychological c. psychobiological d. sociocultural

c. psychobiological

6. People join groups for all of the following reasons except to a. help gain a sense of personal and social identity. b. fulfill the innate need to belong. c. reduce super ordinate identities. d. facilitate survival and reproduction.

c. reduce super ordinate identities.

79. Equity theory predicts that people are most satisfied in their relationships when the a. perceived rewards of the relationship are equal to the perceived costs of the relationship. b. perceived rewards of the relationship outweigh the perceived costs of the relationship. c. rewards and costs one partner experiences are roughly equal to those of the other partner. d. actual rewards and costs of the relationship exceed the expected rewards and costs of the relationship.

c. rewards and costs one partner experiences are roughly equal to those of the other partner.

70. Drake and Angela have just gotten married and now that they are back from their honeymoon they are working together to figure out the responsibilities each will have as either "husband" or "wife." They are in Burstein's ____ stage. a. stimulus b. value c. role d. norm

c. role

112. When Mina first started playing the new Blood Bath Beach Party video game, the extremely violent images made her cringe. Now she has played the game so many times that she barely even notices such images. This illustrates a. desensitization. b. cultivation c. rumination. d. catharsis.

c. rumination.

80. Which term provides an example of the concept of displacement? a. catharsis b. habituation c. scapegoating d. diffusion of blame

c. scapegoating

88. Conceit has good relationships with her boyfriend and with her parents. She is also able to form caring and supportive friendships. Conceit probably has a(n) ____ attachment style. a. anxious/ambivalent b. multiple c. secure d. avoidant

c. secure

Aggarwal and O'Brien (2008) studied hundreds of college students and identified several keys to reducing social loafing. All of the following are examples of the strategies they suggest except a. breaking down complex projects into smaller components. b. keeping groups small. c. selecting group members low in achievement motivation. d. using peer evaluations.

c. selecting group members low in achievement motivation.

99. Coach Valentine does not think that his team is playing up to its full potential. To increase the performance of the team, the coach should a. build the team's confidence by setting goals that are not challenging and easy to attain. b. urge each team member to try to do his or her best. c. set specific, challenging, and reachable goals for the team. d. avoid giving the team any particular goals to minimize the pressure on the team.

c. set specific, challenging, and reachable goals for the team.

88. The characteristics of groups that contribute to groupthink include all of the following except group a. cohesiveness. b. structure. c. size. d. stress.

c. size.

According to the model of ____, when the presence of others is physiologically arousing, a person's performance tends to ____ on a task that is difficult. a. social loafing; decline b. social loafing; improve c. social facilitation; decline d. social facilitation; improve

c. social facilitation; decline

59. The theory that behavior is learned through the observation of others as well as through the direct experience of rewards and punishments is called ____ theory. a. psychodynamic b. frustration-aggression c. social learning d. cultivation

c. social learning

89. Which is most likely to increase a person's aggressive response? a. embarrassment b. guilt c. social rejection d. kindness

c. social rejection

104. Bonita and Helga are asked to list people they "love," people they are "in love with," and people they are "sexually attracted to." It is likely that the names on a. all three lists will overlap considerably. b. the "love" and "in love" lists will overlap considerably. c. the "in love" and "sexually attracted to" lists will overlap considerably. d. all three lists will be fairly different.

c. the "in love" and "sexually attracted to" lists will overlap considerably.

24. ​ In which region of the United States is the murder rate consistently the highest? a. the Midwest b. the Northeast c. the South d. the West Coast

c. the South

25. In one of the earliest social psychological experiments, Triplett (1898) had children wind fishing reels as quickly as they could. He found that a. the children were fastest when observed by the experimenter. b. winding times were faster without an audience than with an audience. c. the children were faster when working next to another child rather than alone. d. the children were faster working alone than with a partner.

c. the children were faster when working next to another child rather than alone.

117. LeVy's (1991) examination of the human brain found that a. the hypothalamus of homosexual and heterosexual men did not differ. b. the hypothalamus of men who died of AIDS differed from that of men who did not have AIDS. c. the hypothalamus of homosexual men was similar in many respects to that of heterosexual women. d. differences in the hypothalamus were more pronounced for homosexual and heterosexual men than they were between homosexual and heterosexual women.

c. the hypothalamus of homosexual men was similar in many respects to that of heterosexual women

83. Based on the social comparison explanation of group polarization, group members' attitudes toward an issue should be most influenced by a. how different their attitudes are from those of an outgroup. b. those in the ingroup who favor a cautious approach. c. the number of people in their group who share that attitude. d. those in the ingroup who offer the most arguments relevant to the issue.

c. the number of people in their group who share that attitude.

88. Riesman et al. (1991) found that as temperatures rise to uncomfortable levels, major league baseball pitchers are more likely to hit batters with a pitch. This finding is consistent with a. social learning theory. b. the cognitive neoassociation model. c. the role of negative affect in aggression. d. scapegoating.

c. the role of negative affect in aggression.

81. Consider a study in which researchers created groups of relatively prejudiced and unprejudiced high school students and asked them to respond to issues concerning racial attitudes, both before and after discussion of these issues. Following the group discussions, you would expect that a. both groups would become more prejudiced. b. both groups would become less prejudiced. c. those who were relatively unprejudiced would become less prejudiced and those who were relatively prejudiced would become more prejudiced. d. those who were relatively unprejudiced would become more prejudiced and those who were relatively prejudiced would become less prejudiced.

c. those who were relatively unprejudiced would become less prejudiced and those who were relatively prejudiced would become more prejudiced.

35. According to Smith's (2007) book about the evolutionary origins of human warfare, a. pacifists have a greater chance for reproductive success. b. pacifism is likely to become part of human nature. c. warriors have a greater chance for reproductive success. d. warriors are least likely to be accepted as part of the group

c. warriors have a greater chance for reproductive success.

7. According to Manago et al. (2012), college students in their sample had an average of ____ FaceBook "friends" in 2009. a. 137 b. 185 c. 225 d. 440

d. 440

16. A practice called chicken that occurs in Japan has recently come under criticism and steps are being taken to curtail it. What is this practice? a. People who sell drugs on the street are disciplined through public "vigilante" punishment rather than facing legal actions. b. Teachers in school are allowed to using caning as a disciplinary method on children as young as 4 years of age. c. Mothers take their daughters away from the home to raise them in solitude until they reach the age of 3 years. d. Adult businessmen grope schoolgirls who ride public transportation.

d. Adult businessmen grope schoolgirls who ride public transportation.

31. Which outcome has not demonstrated in research on physical attractiveness? a. Attractive students were able to solicit more signatures on a petition than unattractive students. b. Unattractive defendants received larger court fines than attractive defendants. c. Teachers expect attractive children to be smarter and achieve more than unattractive children. d. Attractive employees earn approximately the same salaries as unattractive employees.

d. Attractive employees earn approximately the same salaries as unattractive employees.

26. Which statement regarding the relationship between gender and aggression is false? a. In virtually every culture, males are more violent than females. b. Men are more likely to commit a homicide and are more likely to be the victim of a murder than women. c. Males are more likely to engage in risky, self-destructive behavior than females. d. Boys demonstrate more overt and relational forms of aggression than do girls.

d. Boys demonstrate more overt and relational forms of aggression than do girls.

2. Which scenario best illustrates aggression? a. Felix and Oscar engage in a heated debate concerning the merits of the Big Mac versus the Whopper. b. Maude trips over the scooter her son absentmindedly left in the driveway. c. In his attempt to save Samantha from dying, Darin breaks three of her ribs while performing CPR. d. Ginger kicks MaryAnn in the shins to keep her from eating the last coconut pie.

d. Ginger kicks MaryAnn in the shins to keep her from eating the last coconut pie.

55. Consider a mother who slaps her son whenever he engages in aggression. If negative reinforcement is responsible for her behavior, what likely happens after she slaps him? a. He ignores her. b. He slaps her back. c. He behaves more aggressively. d. He behaves less aggressively.

d. He behaves less aggressively.

44. Which research result would provide evidence that aggression is a heritable trait? a. Identical twins reared together are more similar in their levels of aggressiveness than identical twins reared apart. b. Adopted children are more similar in levels of aggressiveness to their adoptive parents than to their biological parents. c. Fraternal twins are more similar in levels of aggressiveness than non-twin siblings. d. Identical twins are more similar in levels of aggressiveness than fraternal twins.

d. Identical twins are more similar in levels of aggressiveness than fraternal twins.

42. Which statement describes an example of the what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype? a. Athletes who have greater physical skills tend to earn higher salaries when they make it to the professional level of their sport. b. Physicians have been found to spend less time with patients who they feel are not serious about taking care of their own physical health. c. Students who take classes from professors who they report to be physically unattractive often assume that the course will be a worthy educational experience. d. In animated movies for children, the hero is usually very attractive while the villain is often very ugly.

d. In animated movies for children, the hero is usually very attractive while the villain is often very ugly.

96. Considering the love taxonomies of Lee, Sternberg, and Hatfield, which classifications all seem to reflect a similar type of love? a. Lee's storage, Sternberg's intimacy, and Hatfield's passionate love b. Lee's eras, Sternberg's passion, and Hatfield's companionate love c. Lee's lupus, Sternberg's commitment, and Hatfield's companionate love d. Lee's storage, Sternberg's intimacy, and Hatfield's companionate love

d. Lee's storage, Sternberg's intimacy, and Hatfield's companionate love

95. Which of the following best describes existing gender differences with respect to Lee's (1988) styles of love? a. Men and women score about the same on storage and mania styles of love. b. Women tend to score higher on lupus love, but men score higher on eras love. c. Men tend to score higher on eras love, but women score higher on agape love. d. Men tend to score higher on lupus love, but women score higher on pragme love.

d. Men tend to score higher on lupus love, but women score higher on pragme love.

61. Lindsay is a freshman at college, and has her first serious boyfriend there. Her parents can't stand him. According to the theory of psychological reactance, what should her parents do to discourage the relationship? a. Explain to Lindsay in calm, rational terms why this man is a poor fit for her. b. Subtly put him down in conversations to Lindsay to avoid direct confrontation. c. Never invite him to their home for a visit. d. Say very little about him one way or the other to Lindsay.

d. Say very little about him one way or the other to Lindsay.

18. Lionel is in his first semester of college and is feeling quite lonely. If he is like most other college students, which strategy is he least likely to use to cope with his loneliness? a. Invest effort in trying to succeed in other aspects of his life. b. Take his mind off of the problem by reading and watching television. c. Distract himself by running, washing the car, or engaging in other activities. d. Seeing out a psychotherapist to work on his own social skills.

d. Seeing out a psychotherapist to work on his own social skills.

A decrease in overall job performance among a work team is least likely to occur in which scenario? a. Daphne isn't quite sure what her role in the group is. b. Fred must play both an instrumental and an expressive role in the group. c. Velma's role in the group seems to be constantly changing. d. Shaggy assumes a clearly defined instrumental role in the group

d. Shaggy assumes a clearly defined instrumental role in the group

121. Which statement regarding marital satisfaction is false? a. There is typically a honeymoon period in which both partners are satisfied with the marriage. b. Heterosexual couples with one child report a faster decline in marital satisfaction than homosexual couples do. c. There is a positive association between the degree of initial decline in satisfaction and the likelihood a couple will break up. d. The decline following the honeymoon period typically stabilizes by the second year.

d. The decline following the honeymoon period typically stabilizes by the second year.

22. A murder has been committed. Given the research on homicide, which of the following is most likely? a. The victim was black and the murdered was white. b. The murder occurred in the eastern United States. c. The murderer was over 55 years old. d. The murderer and victim were of the same race.

d. The murderer and victim were of the same race.

90. John, George, Paul, and Richard are air traffic controllers. They encounter a stressful, anxious situation in which two planes might soon collide. Which condition would most encourage this group of air traffic controllers to display groupthink when pondering their next step? a. A majority decision is more acceptable than a unanimous decision. b. There are systematic procedures in place to handle such situations. c. None of them is considered to be a supervisor of any of the others. d. They are a cohesive group.

d. They are a cohesive group.

114. Nikki, who watches a lot of violent television shows as well as documentaries about violent crime, thinks that the world is much more violent than it really is. Her overestimate is likely to be due to a. habituation. b. displacement. c. dehumanization. d. cultivation.

d. cultivation.

20. Which statement is most consistent with the idea that we are attracted to others with whom a relationship is rewarding? a. Tina likes Tony because he is playing hard to get. b. Tina likes Tony because they are about equally attractive. c. Tina likes Tony because they live in the same apartment building. d. Tina likes Tony because he smiles at her and compliments her.

d. Tina likes Tony because he smiles at her and compliments her.

59. The hard-to-get effect can be hard to get because of all but which of the following reasons? a. We are turned off by those who reject us because they are committed to someone else. b. We prefer individuals who are moderately selective over those who are nonselective. c. We like dates who selectively desire us more than they desire others. d. We like the idea of past romantic interests knowing that we are with another attractive person

d. We like the idea of past romantic interests knowing that we are with another attractive person

114. Which of the following conclusions is not supported by data? a. Men often tend to see the world in "sexualized" terms. b. Men are more likely to fantasize about sex with multiple partners. c. Men tend to be more sexually permissive than women. d. Women do not engage in casual sex without emotional commitment.

d. Women do not engage in casual sex without emotional commitment.

28. According to research by Moreland and Beach (1992), who will you be most attracted to? a. a mysterious stranger who comes to your social psychology class one time b. a person who you have never seen before, but who physically resembles you c. a person who came to your social psychology class 5 times throughout the semester d. a person who came to your social psychology class 15 times throughout the semester

d. a person who came to your social psychology class 15 times throughout the semester

35. All of the following accounts have been proposed to explain social facilitation except a. the mere presence of others. b. apprehension about being evaluated. c. distraction, which can create attention al conflict. d. a tendency for people to feel less accountable in a group context.

d. a tendency for people to feel less accountable in a group context.

60. Johnson and Downing (1979) found that participants wearing nurses' uniforms delivered lower levels of shock when they were anonymous than when they were identifiable. This finding suggests that deindividuation causes people to a. feel that the normative standards of the group do not apply to them. b. engage in destructive behavior when they are anonymous. c. rely more heavily on personal standards of behavior when they are anonymous. d. act in ways that are consistent with the norms of the most salient group.

d. act in ways that are consistent with the norms of the most salient group.

108. Research on the link between media violence and aggression has demonstrated that a. exposure to violent films increases aggressive behavior in the lab, but decreases aggressive behavior in the field. b. violent films increase aggressiveness, but violent music videos and song lyrics do not increase aggressiveness. c. all media violence ultimately reduces aggression by providing a cathartic outlet. d. all forms of media violence appear to increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior.

d. all forms of media violence appear to increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior.

Tommy needs to get his subordinates to all invest considerable time and energy into the development of a new design for the company's fall clothing line. If he wants to reduce the likelihood of social loafing, he should a. bring together a large group of diverse individuals. b. keep the task big and inspirational rather than breaking it into parts. c. make sure that people contribute anonymously to reduce evaluation apprehension. d. allow the group members to evaluate each other's contributions.

d. allow the group members to evaluate each other's contributions.

78. Following group discussion, group decisions tend to ____ the positions of the individuals comprising the group. a. be more conservative than b. be riskier than c. reflect the average of d. be more extreme than

d. be more extreme than

11. Roles are a. the rules of conduct for group members. b. dissimilar to norms in that only roles can be formal or informal. c. similar to norms in that both must be present for group cohesiveness. d. beneficial to a group if they are clear, but can create stress if they are unclear.

d. beneficial to a group if they are clear, but can create stress if they are unclear.

17. One form of violence that is prevalent across virtually all cultures is a. violence against young girls. b. gun violence. c. domestic violence. d. bullying.

d. bullying.

118. Research suggests that men's attitudes toward violence against women as well as their beliefs about rape myths a. are primarily influenced by nonviolent pornography rather than violent pornography. b. are stable personality traits that are not influenced by exposure to violent pornography unless the exposure is very frequent and the material is extremely violent. c. tend to be affected by the men's own arousal-based aggressive behaviors, but are not likely to be affected by observation of the aggressive behavior depicted in a movie. d. can influence the extent of their aggressive behavior in response to violent pornographic material.

d. can influence the extent of their aggressive behavior in response to violent pornographic material.

86. According to Berkowitz's (1989) revision of frustration-aggression theory, aggression is a response to a. only moderate, not extreme or mild, frustrations. b. previously displaced aggression. c. negative feelings. d. catharsis.

d. catharsis.

89. Hendricks owns a small aerospace company and wants to make sure that she recognizes the signs of groupthink if it crops up in her group meetings. She should be especially concerned that groupthink may be occurring if the group exhibits a. coalition formation. b. social loafing. c. divergent thinking. d. close-mindedness.

d. close-mindedness.

100. Herman and Flora have been married for 40 years. They still have a strong relationship and say they are each other's best friends. Their relationship seems to be an example of ____ love. a. exchange b. passionate c. communal d. companionate

d. companionate

76. According to social exchange theory, an outcome from a relationship will produce satisfaction if it falls above a person's a. self-disclosure level. b. level of similarity to the partner. c. intimacy level. d. comparison level.

d. comparison level.

127. Alexis promised her boyfriend Marcus that she would pick up his shirts from the drycleaners, but she neglected to do so because she was distracted by work obligations. When he gets home and sees that he has no clean shirts, he thinks, "she really just doesn't care about my needs at all. I'm so sick of this." Marcus is using ____ attributions to explain why Alexis did not pick up his shirts. a. relationship-threatening b. situational c. distancing d. distress-maintaining

d. distress-maintaining

Zajonc's model for how the presence of others influences individual performance is known as social facilitation. "Facilitation" refers to the fact that the presence of others facilitates a performer's a. ability to focus on the task at hand. b. task performance. c. evaluation apprehension. d. dominant response.

d. dominant response.

115. Ophelia has seen so many violent movies that she has become desensitized to them. This means that she a. believes the world is a much more violent place than it is in reality. b. believes the world is a much less violent place than it is in reality. c. experiences more physiological arousal in response to new images of violence. d. experiences less physiological arousal in response to new images of violence.

d. experiences less physiological arousal in response to new images of violence.

53. According to the two-stage model of attraction proposed by Byrne et al. (1986), people a. seek partners who are similar with respect to physical attractiveness, but dissimilar with respect to attitudes. b. seek partners who are similar with respect to attitudes, but dissimilar with respect to personality. c. first approach similar others and then weed out those who are least similar. d. first avoid dissimilar others and then approach those remaining who are most similar.

d. first avoid dissimilar others and then approach those remaining who are most similar.

13. United States citizens tend to be more likely than those of other nations to engage in a. politically motivated violence directed toward groups. b. mob violence at sporting events. c. violence against young girls. d. gun-related violence against individuals.

d. gun-related violence against individuals.

96. When exposed to situational cues, such as the presence of a gun, many people tend to a. demonstrate decreases in aggression. b. feel socially rejected. c. experience a decrease in testosterone. d. have automatic cognitions regarding aggression.

d. have automatic cognitions regarding aggression.

85. Shawna has just gone through a break-up with her arrogant and selfish boyfriend. While hitting the punching bag in her kickboxing class, she imagines that she is punching her boyfriend's head. Shawna believes that engaging in the relatively harmless pursuit of hitting the punching bag will drain the energy from her more violent tendencies (like her temptation to slit the tires of his car or to break his legs). Research on the idea of catharsis suggests that a. hitting the punching bag will reduce Shawna's "hot-blooded" aggressive intent. b. the good feelings Shawna derives from hitting the punching bag will be replaced by feelings of guilt and shame, which will make her less likely to engage in aggression in the future. c. hitting the punching bag will be a more successful technique for Shawna's attempt to reduce future aggression than would distracting herself by going out and having fun with other friends. d. hitting the punching bag will make Shawna feel more aggressive toward her ex-boyfriend.

d. hitting the punching bag will make Shawna feel more aggressive toward her ex-boyfriend.

20. Which of the following would decrease the likelihood that Chris would behave in a physically aggressive manner? a. if Chris is a teenager b. if Chris is male c. if Chris is drunk d. if Chris is gay

d. if Chris is gay

57. Gershoff's (2002) meta-analysis of over 36,000 participants indicates a positive correlation between corporal punishment and other factors. Which factor was not shown to have a positive correlation? a. aggression as a child b. aggression as an adult c. adult criminal behavior d. improved academic performance

d. improved academic performance

87. Groupthink is more likely to occur a. when groups have systematic decision-making procedures. b. if the group lacks a strong directive leader. c. in low-stress situations. d. in highly cohesive groups.

d. in highly cohesive groups.

83. The concept of catharsis has been undermined by findings suggesting that engaging in or witnessing aggression often a. reduces the likelihood of cultivation. b. produces displacement. c. causes habituation. d. increases aggression at a later time.

d. increases aggression at a later time.

63. Aggressive models teach aggressive behavior by all of the following except a. teaching observers how to perform the aggressive act. b. fostering positive attitudes toward aggression. c. allowing observers to construct aggressive scripts. d. increasing the frustration experienced by observers.

d. increasing the frustration experienced by observers.

120. Sexually coercive behavior is least likely to be exhibited by someone who a. is highly sexually aroused by violent pornography. b. indicates greater acceptance of interpersonal violence against women. c. thinks he or she has consumed alcohol. d. indicates strong rejection of rape myths.

d. indicates strong rejection of rape myths.

107. Which factor is not a component of the I3 theory of aggression? a. impellance b. instigation c. inhibition d. intelligence

d. intelligence

129. Samantha and David had no close friends outside of their marriage but instead relied on each other for everything. When the marriage failed, they were both extremely distressed, most likely as a result of their a. identities. b. comparison level alternatives. c. misattribution. d. interdependence.

d. interdependence.

17. Shari is a 42-year-old woman who has wanted to find a husband for many years. She has had several successful dating relationships, but they never seem to "go the distance." In addition, Shari does not have a true "best friend" to rely on in times of personal distress. Shari is likely experiencing ____ loneliness. a. companionate b. consummate c. relational d. intimate

d. intimate

49. Research suggests that a ____ would be most likely to engage in social loafing. a. woman from a collectivist culture b. man from a collectivist culture c. woman from an individualistic culture d. man from an individualistic culture

d. man from an individualistic culture

43. In a study about status (to successfully compete for mates), Vlades Griskevicius and others (2009) and Vaillancourt (2005) found that a. women do not use aggression of any type to boost their status. b. men are more likely to boost their status through indirect aggression. c. women are more likely to boost their status through direct aggression. d. men are more likely to boost their status through direct aggression

d. men are more likely to boost their status through direct aggression

117. Jay has just been exposed to highly arousing violent pornography, whereas Dave has just been exposed to equally arousing but nonviolent pornography. The research on pornography and aggression suggests that, compared to Dave, Jay should subsequently be a. less aggressive toward both women and men. b. more aggressive toward both women and men. c. less aggressive toward women but no different in his level of aggression toward men. d. more aggressive toward women but no different in his level of aggression toward men.

d. more aggressive toward women but no different in his level of aggression toward men.

According to the theory of social facilitation, the presence of others should lead to all except which outcome? a. improved performance on an easy task b. physiological arousal c. a dominant response d. more carefully deliberated behavior

d. more carefully deliberated behavior

100. Research by Woolley and colleagues (2008) suggest that when it comes to expertise and planning, a. groups with experts can typically get away with not planning their strategy ahead of time, with little adverse effect on performance. b. groups that create a clear plan for how to address a problem don't enjoy any extra benefits from having experts as members. c. expertise is much more important than planning when it comes to group performance. d. only groups that had experts and planned their actions ahead of time did well on a complex task.

d. only groups that had experts and planned their actions ahead of time did well on a complex task.

9. When Katie found out that her brother Matt had pulled the heads off all of her Barbie dolls, she threw her Easy Bake oven at him. Katie's behavior illustrates ____ aggression. a. instrumental b. proactive c. incompatible d. reactive

d. reactive

8. Participants in a study by O'Connor and Rosen blood (1996) indicated about every hour whether they were alone or with others and whether they wanted to be alone or with others. The results of this study revealed that a. most of the time, participants wanted to be with others, but were alone. b. most of the time, participants wanted to be alone, but were with others. c. regardless of whether they wanted to be alone or with others, most of the time, participants were not in their desired social state. d. regardless of whether they wanted to be alone or with others, most of the time, participants were in their desired social state.

d. regardless of whether they wanted to be alone or with others, most of the time, participants were in their desired social state.

36. Evolutionary accounts of aggression emphasize the a. role of aggression in securing food and land. b. contribution of genetics and hormones to aggressive behavior. c. importance of intrapsychic conflict in aggressive behavior. d. role of aggression in securing a mate.

d. role of aggression in securing a mate.

99. Eileen says she loves Jesse, even though they met very recently and both of them are still dating other people. When her best friend asks her what she means by "love," Eileen says, "I feel like even though we just met, I could tell him anything in the world. And he's so sexy—I get butterflies just thinking about him." According to the triangular theory of love, Eileen's feelings towards Jesse would best be labeled a. consummate love. b. companionate love. c. fatuous love. d. romantic love.

d. romantic love.

124. Denson, Capper, and others (2011) found that training in ____ resulted in less aggressiveness following provocation than if no training were provided. a. social learning b. self-esteem c. catharsis d. self-control

d. self-control

48. Which of the following is not one of the four types of similarity most relevant to predicting interpersonal attraction? a. similarity in subjective experience b. similarity in attitudes c. demographic similarity d. similarity in eye and hair color

d. similarity in eye and hair color

108. When they first started dating, Norma and Nathan didn't share much about themselves with one another, but as their relationship developed, they began to talk more about personal issues and reveal more about themselves. Their behavior is most consistent with the predictions of a. the matching hypothesis. b. equity theory. c. the triangular theory of love. d. social penetration theory.

d. social penetration theory.

Groups include all of the following essential components except a. roles. b. norms. c. cohesiveness. d. status.

d. status.

123. Aggression replacement training has all of the following components except a. improved moral reasoning. b. social competence training. c. aggression control. d. systematic desensitization.

d. systematic desensitization.

12. Group attacks against other groups are least likely to occur in a. the Middle East. b. Eastern Europe. c. Africa. d. the United States.

d. the United States.

21. Someone who argues that attraction is simply a function of wanting to have healthy offspring probably endorses a. the belief that situational variables influence attraction. b. social exchange theory. c. the matching hypothesis of attraction. d. the approach of evolutionary psychology.

d. the approach of evolutionary psychology.

69. Ryan was abused as a child. He is now married to a woman who abuses him, and he is physically abusive toward his child. This pattern of behavior is consistent with a. the negative affect escape model. b. the arousal affect model. c. cultivation. d. the cycle of violence.

d. the cycle of violence.

82. Group polarization may, in part, stem from a. an increase in dominant responses under conditions of high arousal. b. lack of group cohesiveness. c. deindividuation of group members. d. the desire to distinguish one's group from other groups.

d. the desire to distinguish one's group from other groups.

Cohesion does seem to exert a causal effect on group performance. Whether this effect occurs depends upon all except which of the following? a. group size b. whether it is task or interpersonal cohesion c. the nature of the group task d. the extent to which group members are paid the same salary

d. the extent to which group members are paid the same salary

123. Research concerning the marital trajectory demonstrates that a. the longer couples are married, the more satisfied they become. b. wives are significantly more satisfied in their marriages than are husbands. c. husbands are significantly more satisfied in their marriages than are wives. d. the greater number of anew experiences that married couples share, the greater their satisfaction.

d. the greater number of anew experiences that married couples share, the greater their satisfaction.

98. The tendency to perceive hostile intent in the actions of others is called a. aggression cultivation. b. emotional aggression. c. excitation transfer. d. the hostile attribution bias.

d. the hostile attribution bias.

Research by Zajonc's et al. (1969) in which cockroaches run in simple or complex mazes alone, in pairs, or with an audience provides support for which explanation of social facilitation? a. the evaluation apprehension theory b. the distraction-conflict theory c. the persuasive arguments theory d. the mere presence theory

d. the mere presence theory

74. Bruce and Pam have just started dating. According to social exchange theory, their relationship is likely to last longer and be more satisfying if they each feel that a. the rewards gained from the relationship are shared equally between them. b. the costs of maintaining the relationship are shared equally between them. c. the rewards gained from the relationship are equal to the costs of maintaining the relationship. d. the rewards gained from the relationship are greater than the costs of maintaining the relationship.

d. the rewards gained from the relationship are greater than the costs of maintaining the relationship.

64. Gee and Leigh (2007) analyzed aggressive behavior in the National Hockey League (NHL). They concluded that players born in North America were more likely to resort to fighting to deal with their frustration because a. hockey players generally have aggressive personalities. b. they were always punished severely when they acted aggressively. c. the sport of hockey makes people act aggressively. d. they had been exposed to models of aggression in hockey from a young age.

d. they had been exposed to models of aggression in hockey from a young age.

According to Pelt (1968), a(n) ____ culture is one that has strong norms and little tolerance for behaviors that deviate from the norm. a. loose b. individualistic c. restrictive d. tight

d. tight

72. Nesbit & Cohen (1996) found that among ____ in the American South, there was a greater acceptance of the notion that a man has a right to kill in defense of his family and his house. a. black women b. white women c. black men d. white men

d. white men

125. One of the most successful treatments for violent juvenile delinquents is called a. multisystem therapy. b. aggression replacement training. c. bullying prevention. d. sensitization therapy.

uvenile delinquents is called a. multisystem therapy.