SPA 4478 FINAL

uncertainty avoidance

(hof) dimension involves people's relationships to the larger social groups of which they are a part ; refers to expected behaviors toward the group

individualism vs collectivism

(hof) dimension involves peoples relationships to the larger social groups of which they are a part refers to expected behaviors towards the group

____ is the process by which people ASSUME CULTURAL attributes of a 2nd culture, such as english language cultural norm values and behaviors

acculturations

Additive bilingualism

achievement of high levels of proficiency in the first and second language

_______ is the process by which people establish and maintain relatively stable, helpful, and mutually shared relationships with others upon relocating to an unfamiliar cultural setting

adaptation

the ___ process is best seen as an ongoing set of choices about intercultural communication rather than as a single global selection among alternatives such as assimilation or integration

adaptation

Integration occurs when

an individual or group RETAINS its ORIGINAL cultural identity while seeking to maintain harmonious relationships with other cultures

3 models of assimilation and acculturation

anglo conformity melting pot cultural pluralism

favored through much of the history of the US

anglo conformity model

the melting pot metaphor envisions

cultures giving up their individual characteristics to build the new homogenized cultural identity of the US

culture shock

describes a pattern in which the individual has severe negative reactions on contact with another culture

Social identity

develops as a consequence of membership in particular groups within one's culture; ;inked to preferences shaped by their cultural identities.

accents

distinguishable marks of pronunciation

presentational style

emphasizes and appeals to the emotional aspects of persuasion

quasilaogical style

emphasizes the use of objective statistics and testimony from expert witnesses and is used by many western cultures

affect displays

facial and body movements that show feelings and emotions

low context cultures, time is views as

highly organized because of the additional energy needed to understand others) and people are forced to play more attention to time and complete the work of living with others.

6 forces that help generate cultural differences

history ecology (external environment) technology biology institutional networks and interpersonal comm patterns

power distance

hofstede the concerns that cultures have regarding the issue of human inequality ;l refers to relationships with people higher or lower in rank

pronouns are indicative of

important cultural characteristics and say something essential about the degree of individualism and the degree of collectivism

a cultures world orientation

indicates to people how to locate themselves in relation to the spiritual world, nature and other living beings

__ cultures are more likely to separate the task and instrumental dimensions

individualistic

___ cultures are often characterized by rapid innovation and change

individualistic

in a ___ culture an individual may be confrontational in a situation

individualistic

in a ____ culture a child is more likely to speak out in class

individualistic

members of an ____ culture deal with face threats in a more direct controlling way in order to maintain their own face

individualistic

Both ___ and ____ promote harmony and result in appropriate fit of individuals and groups to the large culture

integration and assimilation

the economic success of the US depends on

intercultural communication competence

the US economy is characterized by

interdependence with other countries

chemical code system

interprets chemical based body functions and includes ones natural body odor tears sweat gas household smell

dermal code

interprets short term changes in skin texture or sensitivity to physical or psychological reactions and includes blushing

physical code system

interprets unchanging aspects of the body including weight body shape skin color etc

Lingua Franca

is a language that enables communication to take place when two or more groups of people come into contact who do not share a common native language

creole

is a language that has developed from a pidgin to become established as a native language in some speech community

speech

is a method or verbal means of communicating or conveying a message. it is the result of specific motor behaviors and requires very precise neuromuscular coordination

language disorder

is an impairment in comprehension and or use of a spoken written and or other symbol system

compensatory adaptation

is becoming thoroughly mainstreamed into the new culture rejecting and avoiding identification with the native culture and language

Subtractive bilingualism

is defined as a situation in which a speaker's first language is replaced by the second language

biculturalism

is full involvement in 2 or more cultures

culture

is learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, norms, values, social practices, which are the behaviors of a relatively large group of people

Sapir Whorf Firm hypothesis of linguistic relativity

language functions like a prison, once people learn a language they are irrevocably affected by its particulars language shapes how people think and experience their world, but that this influence is not unceasing

language delay

language skills that are SLOW to emerge or develop but are acquired in the order seen in normal children

when individuals or groups neither retain their cultural heritage nor maintain positive contacts with the other groups _____ occurs

marginalization

symbolic racism

modern racism occurs when members of a group with political and economic power believe that members of some other group threaten their traditional values

high context time is viewed as

more open less structured more responsive to immediate needs of people and less subject to external goals and constraints

connotative meanings

more personal emotionally charged private meanings

old fashioned racism

most extreme form of racism

FUTURE oriented cultured believe that tomorrow or another moment in the future is

most important

testing should be done in a

non discriminatory manner

illustrators

nonverbal behaviors that are directly tied to the verbal messages

emblems

nonverbal behaviors that have a direct verbal counterpart

regulators

nonverbal behaviors that help control the flow and sequencing of communication

interpersonal communication

occurs between small groups of people (couples family work etc) involves people interacting adapted to specific others interpretation of message can occur simultaneously

negative valence inaccuracy

occurs when exaggerating a cultures negative attributes while ignoring or devaluing its positive ones (PREJUDICE)

tokenism

occurs when individuals do not perceive themselves as prejudice because they make small concessions to while holding basically negative attitudes toward members of another group

aversive racism

occurs when individuals who highly value fairness and equality among all racial and cultural groups nevertheless have negative beliefs and feelings about members of another group

positive valence inaccuracy

occurs when overestimating the prevalence and importance of a culture positive characteristics

ethnocentrism

occurs when the beliefs values and practices of ones culture are viewed as superior to those of others

cultural pluralism model

offered as a alternative to the melting pot model ones culture is valued it is acceptable to maintain ethnic identity maintain and fosters ones language customs and other cultural values recognizes diversity within a nation

Cultural identity

one's sense of belonging in a particular group

the intial reactions of acceptance or rejection often shift as increased intercultural contacts produce different kinds of ___

outcomes

adaptors

personal body movements that occur as a reaction to an individual's physical or psychological state

adaptation includes what 3 types of changes??

physical social biological

what are the 2 primary dimensions of adaptation?

physiological sociocultural

a ____ is a lingua franca with a highly simplified grammatical structure that has emerged as a mixture of 2 or more languages and has no native speakers

pidgin

reaffirmation

rejecting a new culture and attempting to maintain or revive native cultural traditions

a culturally ____ point of view suggests that every culture has its own set of values and judgements can be made only within the context of the particular culture

relativistic

language difference

rule governed language style that deviates in some way from the standard use of mainstream culture

if a non dominant group chooses not to participate in the larger society in order to retain its own way of life the separation is called _____ EX : the AMISH

seclusion

the result of separation can result in

segregation

the metaphor as the US as a rainbow is used to describe ___ as the desired form of acculturation

separation

verbal code

set of ruels about the use of words in the creation of message

polychronic time system

several things being done at the same time

cultural universals

shoulder shrug facial expressions and need to be territorial

____ is a natural and inevitable human tendency to categorize groups of others and thereby make the world more predictable

stereotyping

racism

tendency to categorize people who are culturally different in terms of their physical traits the cumulative effects of individuals institutions and cultures that result int he oppression of ethnic minorities

idiosycratic interpretation suggests

that behaviors are unique to special individuals or relationships and they therefore have particular meanings only to these people

Hall organizes culture by

the amount of information i plied by the setting or the contesxt of the communication itself.. regardless of the specific words spoken

Hoftedes approach to cultural taxonomy is based on

the assertion that people carry mental programs or software of the mind

global village

the consequence of the mass medias ability to bring events from the far reaches of the globe into peoples homes

cultural patterns

the culture that is stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across simalr situations ; provides basic set of standards that guide thought and action ; NOT taught.... unconscious !

CUP model states

the experience with one language can promote development of the proficiency underlying both languages

the patterns of a culture create

the filter through which all verbal and nonverbal symbols are interpreted

globalization

the integration of capital technology and information across national boarders

SUP model states

the language proficiency in the first language is separate from proficiency in the second language

denotative meanings are

the more public objective dictionary based meanings

beliefs

the part of culture that refers to the basic understanding of a group of people about what the world is like or what is TRUE OR FALSE

social practices

the part of culture that refers to the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow

norms

the part of culture that refers to the rules for appropriate behavior which provide the expectations people have of one another and of themselves

values

the part of culture that refers to what a group of people defines as good and bad or what is regarded as improtant

informed consent must be obtained in

the primary language

communication is

the process of exchanging information and ideas between individuals

withdrawal

the reject or withdraw from their native culture of the new culture because of the culture conflict

phonology

the rules of language for combining phonemes (basic unit of sound)

code switching

the selection of the language to be used in particular interaction by individuals who can speak multiple languages

a cultures self orientation is

the set of characterisitics of individuals who are valued and cherished

pragmatics

the study of how language is actually used and the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors

semantics

the study of the meaning of words

syntax

the study of the relationship of the words to one another

judgements of competences are strongly influenced by

the underlying patterns of ones cultural background.

monochronic time systems

things should be done one at a time and segmented into precise small units

high context cultures prefer

to use high context messages (LARGE EMPHASIS ON NON VERBAL QUES) japanese AA mexican latino

___ is one of the most fundamental parts of the human experience

touch

development of cultural identity in 3 stages:

unexamined: involves a lack of interest in cultural issues as a result of taking ones own cultural characteristics for granted search: involves a process of exploration and questioning about ones culture in order to learn about it achievement: involves the acceptance of oneself and an internalization of ones cultural identity

low context cultures prefer to

use low context messages (MEANING EXPLICIT IN MESSAGE) german swedish european american english

translation equivalence

used to describe the process of trying to translate and rep a source language as closely as possible

dialects

versions of a language with distinctive vocab grammar and pronunciation that are spoken by particular groups of people or within particular regions

prejudice serves as

ways to help people organize and simplify the world, to satisfy a utilitarian or adjustment function and ego defensive function by protecting self esteem a value expressive function and a knowledge function

cultural patterns form the basis for

what is considered to be communicately appropriate and effective

cultures have unique sets of displays rules that govern

when and under what circumstances nonverbal expressions are required, preferred, permitted or prohibited

masculinity-femininity

(hof) dimensions pertains to gender expectations and the extent to which people prefer achievement and assertiveness or nurturance and social support, indicates the degree to which a culture values masculine behaviors over feminine ones. refers to the expectations surrounding achievement and gender differences masculine : ACHIEVEMENT AND AMBITION feminine : importance of life choices that improve intrinsic aspects of the quality of life

time orientation

(hof) focuses on how cultures relate to the concept of time peoples search for virtue and lasting ideals

indulgence vs restraint

(hof) refers to psychological impulse control

autonomy vs embeddedness

(schwartz first problem) refers to a cultural preference for the kinds of relationships and boundaries that ought to exist between individuals of a larger group

harmony vs mastery

(schwartz third prob) deals with people orientations to social and natural resources

egalitarianism vs hierarchy

(shwartz second problem) people must organize and coordinate their activities in a way that preserves and fulfills the needs and goals of the social group

Assimilation occurs when

1 it is deemed relatively unimportant to maintain ones original cultural identity 2 it is important to establish and maintain relationships with other cultures 3 taking on the beliefs values norms and social practices of the dominant culture group

the levels of assimilation and adaptation

1 reaffirmation 2 synthesis 3 withdrawal 4 constructive marginality 5 biculturalism 6 compensatory adaptation

the metaphors used to describe the US as a melting pot or as a tributary stream illustrates

Assimilation

GLOBE :

Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness first 6 from hof last 4 from Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck

the metaphor garden salad and the US as the tapestry describe ____ as the preferred style of adaptation

Integration

PAST oriented cultured regard PREVIOUS experiences as

MOST IMPORTANT

PRESENT orientated cultures regard CURRENT experiences as

MOST IMPORTANT

t/f the pattern of adaptation varies widely from one individual to the next and therefore no single pattern can be said to characterize the typical adaptation process

T

stereotypes

a form of generalization about a group of people can be stereotyped based on religion age occupation social class etc are inaccurate because they try to apply to whole groups

nation

a political term referring to a government and a set of formal and legal mechanisms that regulate the political behavior of its people

jargon

a set of words or terms that are shared by those with a common profession or experience

language

a socially shared code for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule governed combos of those symbols

argot

a specialized lang that is used by a large group within a culture to define the boundaries of the group

communication

a symbolic, interpretive, transcational, contextual, process in which people create shared meaning

non whites under the anglo conformity model were expected to ___ their distinctive cultural religious and linguistic values to conform to the american model resulting in people rejecting or altering family names and the language and customs of the _____ ______

abandon ; old country

___ is changes in phonology and pronunciation

accent

constructive marginality

accepting of 2 or more culture BUT don't fully integrate into any of them

______ is the process of abandoning ones own culture in favor of the values behaviors and belief systems of a new culture

assimilation

synthesis

attempts are made to synthesize a selective combination of cultural aspects of 2 or more cultures

__ cultures value indirectness and ambiguity conflicts and confrontations are usually avoided

collectivistic

in ___ cultures people are more likely to merge task and instrumental concerns and conflict is therefor more likely to be saeen as personal

collectivistic

members of ___ culture are more likely to deal with face threats such as conflicts by selecting strategies that smooth over the disagreement and allow the to maintain the face of both parties

collectivistic

morphology

combining phonemes to form morphemes (smallest unit of meaning)

race

commonly used to refer to a genetic similarity (WRONG) predominately used as a political legal and social distinction more encompassing term than culture or nation can create visible and important distinctions

a time orientation

converns how people conceptualize time

there is a strong relationship between the foundations of _____ and ______

cultural patterns; intercultural competence

sustained intercultural contact that requires total immersion in another culture may produce a phenomenon that has been called ___ ___

culture shock

clinical practices and issues when working with clients from CLD backgrounds: testing should be done in the students ___ language

primary

Integration

produces distinguishable cultural groups that work cooperatively to ensure that the society and the individuals continue to function well

Kale suggests ___ and ____ transcends all cultures

protecting the worth and dignity of the human spirit and world at peace

____ _____ occurs when the indiv returns home and must readapt to the once taken for granted practices that can no longer be followed without question

re entry shock

technical time systems

refer to the precise scientific measurement of time

formal time systems

refer to the ways in which the members of a culture describe and comprehend units of time

ethnicity

refers to a wide variety of groups that share a common language relious traditions nation state cultural system and historical orgin

prejudice

refers to attitudes towards other people are are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes

discrimination

refers to behavioral manifestations of prejudices; occurs in many forms from segregation and apartheid to biases

subculture/co culture

refers to cultures that exist in the midst of another large culture

idiomatic equivalence

refers to expressions that have a meaning contrary to the usual meaning of the words

vocab equiv

refers to finding a word in the target language that has the same meaning in the source language

conceptual equiv

refers to how different cultures define reality

sociocultural adaptation

refers to ones competence in managing the everyday social interactions that occur in daily life

physiological adaptation

refers to ones personal well being and good mental health while in the intercultural setting

Personal identity

refers to peoples unique characteristics which may differ from those of others in their cultural or social group

English Language Learners

refers to speakers who know little english but are not fluent communicators in english

informal time systems

refers to the assumption cultures make about how time should be used or experienced

oppression

refers to the systematic institutionalized mistreatment of one group of people by another

grammatical syntactical equiv

refers to transferring the grammatical rule system of one language to another

experiential equiv

refers to words that have meaning within the experiential framework of the receiver

____ is an individual who flees another country because of fear or persecution

refugee