SPA 4478 FINAL
uncertainty avoidance
(hof) dimension involves people's relationships to the larger social groups of which they are a part ; refers to expected behaviors toward the group
individualism vs collectivism
(hof) dimension involves peoples relationships to the larger social groups of which they are a part refers to expected behaviors towards the group
____ is the process by which people ASSUME CULTURAL attributes of a 2nd culture, such as english language cultural norm values and behaviors
acculturations
Additive bilingualism
achievement of high levels of proficiency in the first and second language
_______ is the process by which people establish and maintain relatively stable, helpful, and mutually shared relationships with others upon relocating to an unfamiliar cultural setting
adaptation
the ___ process is best seen as an ongoing set of choices about intercultural communication rather than as a single global selection among alternatives such as assimilation or integration
adaptation
Integration occurs when
an individual or group RETAINS its ORIGINAL cultural identity while seeking to maintain harmonious relationships with other cultures
3 models of assimilation and acculturation
anglo conformity melting pot cultural pluralism
favored through much of the history of the US
anglo conformity model
the melting pot metaphor envisions
cultures giving up their individual characteristics to build the new homogenized cultural identity of the US
culture shock
describes a pattern in which the individual has severe negative reactions on contact with another culture
Social identity
develops as a consequence of membership in particular groups within one's culture; ;inked to preferences shaped by their cultural identities.
accents
distinguishable marks of pronunciation
presentational style
emphasizes and appeals to the emotional aspects of persuasion
quasilaogical style
emphasizes the use of objective statistics and testimony from expert witnesses and is used by many western cultures
affect displays
facial and body movements that show feelings and emotions
low context cultures, time is views as
highly organized because of the additional energy needed to understand others) and people are forced to play more attention to time and complete the work of living with others.
6 forces that help generate cultural differences
history ecology (external environment) technology biology institutional networks and interpersonal comm patterns
power distance
hofstede the concerns that cultures have regarding the issue of human inequality ;l refers to relationships with people higher or lower in rank
pronouns are indicative of
important cultural characteristics and say something essential about the degree of individualism and the degree of collectivism
a cultures world orientation
indicates to people how to locate themselves in relation to the spiritual world, nature and other living beings
__ cultures are more likely to separate the task and instrumental dimensions
individualistic
___ cultures are often characterized by rapid innovation and change
individualistic
in a ___ culture an individual may be confrontational in a situation
individualistic
in a ____ culture a child is more likely to speak out in class
individualistic
members of an ____ culture deal with face threats in a more direct controlling way in order to maintain their own face
individualistic
Both ___ and ____ promote harmony and result in appropriate fit of individuals and groups to the large culture
integration and assimilation
the economic success of the US depends on
intercultural communication competence
the US economy is characterized by
interdependence with other countries
chemical code system
interprets chemical based body functions and includes ones natural body odor tears sweat gas household smell
dermal code
interprets short term changes in skin texture or sensitivity to physical or psychological reactions and includes blushing
physical code system
interprets unchanging aspects of the body including weight body shape skin color etc
Lingua Franca
is a language that enables communication to take place when two or more groups of people come into contact who do not share a common native language
creole
is a language that has developed from a pidgin to become established as a native language in some speech community
speech
is a method or verbal means of communicating or conveying a message. it is the result of specific motor behaviors and requires very precise neuromuscular coordination
language disorder
is an impairment in comprehension and or use of a spoken written and or other symbol system
compensatory adaptation
is becoming thoroughly mainstreamed into the new culture rejecting and avoiding identification with the native culture and language
Subtractive bilingualism
is defined as a situation in which a speaker's first language is replaced by the second language
biculturalism
is full involvement in 2 or more cultures
culture
is learned set of shared interpretations about beliefs, norms, values, social practices, which are the behaviors of a relatively large group of people
Sapir Whorf Firm hypothesis of linguistic relativity
language functions like a prison, once people learn a language they are irrevocably affected by its particulars language shapes how people think and experience their world, but that this influence is not unceasing
language delay
language skills that are SLOW to emerge or develop but are acquired in the order seen in normal children
when individuals or groups neither retain their cultural heritage nor maintain positive contacts with the other groups _____ occurs
marginalization
symbolic racism
modern racism occurs when members of a group with political and economic power believe that members of some other group threaten their traditional values
high context time is viewed as
more open less structured more responsive to immediate needs of people and less subject to external goals and constraints
connotative meanings
more personal emotionally charged private meanings
old fashioned racism
most extreme form of racism
FUTURE oriented cultured believe that tomorrow or another moment in the future is
most important
testing should be done in a
non discriminatory manner
illustrators
nonverbal behaviors that are directly tied to the verbal messages
emblems
nonverbal behaviors that have a direct verbal counterpart
regulators
nonverbal behaviors that help control the flow and sequencing of communication
interpersonal communication
occurs between small groups of people (couples family work etc) involves people interacting adapted to specific others interpretation of message can occur simultaneously
negative valence inaccuracy
occurs when exaggerating a cultures negative attributes while ignoring or devaluing its positive ones (PREJUDICE)
tokenism
occurs when individuals do not perceive themselves as prejudice because they make small concessions to while holding basically negative attitudes toward members of another group
aversive racism
occurs when individuals who highly value fairness and equality among all racial and cultural groups nevertheless have negative beliefs and feelings about members of another group
positive valence inaccuracy
occurs when overestimating the prevalence and importance of a culture positive characteristics
ethnocentrism
occurs when the beliefs values and practices of ones culture are viewed as superior to those of others
cultural pluralism model
offered as a alternative to the melting pot model ones culture is valued it is acceptable to maintain ethnic identity maintain and fosters ones language customs and other cultural values recognizes diversity within a nation
Cultural identity
one's sense of belonging in a particular group
the intial reactions of acceptance or rejection often shift as increased intercultural contacts produce different kinds of ___
outcomes
adaptors
personal body movements that occur as a reaction to an individual's physical or psychological state
adaptation includes what 3 types of changes??
physical social biological
what are the 2 primary dimensions of adaptation?
physiological sociocultural
a ____ is a lingua franca with a highly simplified grammatical structure that has emerged as a mixture of 2 or more languages and has no native speakers
pidgin
reaffirmation
rejecting a new culture and attempting to maintain or revive native cultural traditions
a culturally ____ point of view suggests that every culture has its own set of values and judgements can be made only within the context of the particular culture
relativistic
language difference
rule governed language style that deviates in some way from the standard use of mainstream culture
if a non dominant group chooses not to participate in the larger society in order to retain its own way of life the separation is called _____ EX : the AMISH
seclusion
the result of separation can result in
segregation
the metaphor as the US as a rainbow is used to describe ___ as the desired form of acculturation
separation
verbal code
set of ruels about the use of words in the creation of message
polychronic time system
several things being done at the same time
cultural universals
shoulder shrug facial expressions and need to be territorial
____ is a natural and inevitable human tendency to categorize groups of others and thereby make the world more predictable
stereotyping
racism
tendency to categorize people who are culturally different in terms of their physical traits the cumulative effects of individuals institutions and cultures that result int he oppression of ethnic minorities
idiosycratic interpretation suggests
that behaviors are unique to special individuals or relationships and they therefore have particular meanings only to these people
Hall organizes culture by
the amount of information i plied by the setting or the contesxt of the communication itself.. regardless of the specific words spoken
Hoftedes approach to cultural taxonomy is based on
the assertion that people carry mental programs or software of the mind
global village
the consequence of the mass medias ability to bring events from the far reaches of the globe into peoples homes
cultural patterns
the culture that is stable over time and that lead to roughly similar behaviors across simalr situations ; provides basic set of standards that guide thought and action ; NOT taught.... unconscious !
CUP model states
the experience with one language can promote development of the proficiency underlying both languages
the patterns of a culture create
the filter through which all verbal and nonverbal symbols are interpreted
globalization
the integration of capital technology and information across national boarders
SUP model states
the language proficiency in the first language is separate from proficiency in the second language
denotative meanings are
the more public objective dictionary based meanings
beliefs
the part of culture that refers to the basic understanding of a group of people about what the world is like or what is TRUE OR FALSE
social practices
the part of culture that refers to the predictable behavior patterns that members of a culture typically follow
norms
the part of culture that refers to the rules for appropriate behavior which provide the expectations people have of one another and of themselves
values
the part of culture that refers to what a group of people defines as good and bad or what is regarded as improtant
informed consent must be obtained in
the primary language
communication is
the process of exchanging information and ideas between individuals
withdrawal
the reject or withdraw from their native culture of the new culture because of the culture conflict
phonology
the rules of language for combining phonemes (basic unit of sound)
code switching
the selection of the language to be used in particular interaction by individuals who can speak multiple languages
a cultures self orientation is
the set of characterisitics of individuals who are valued and cherished
pragmatics
the study of how language is actually used and the effect that language has on human perceptions and behaviors
semantics
the study of the meaning of words
syntax
the study of the relationship of the words to one another
judgements of competences are strongly influenced by
the underlying patterns of ones cultural background.
monochronic time systems
things should be done one at a time and segmented into precise small units
high context cultures prefer
to use high context messages (LARGE EMPHASIS ON NON VERBAL QUES) japanese AA mexican latino
___ is one of the most fundamental parts of the human experience
touch
development of cultural identity in 3 stages:
unexamined: involves a lack of interest in cultural issues as a result of taking ones own cultural characteristics for granted search: involves a process of exploration and questioning about ones culture in order to learn about it achievement: involves the acceptance of oneself and an internalization of ones cultural identity
low context cultures prefer to
use low context messages (MEANING EXPLICIT IN MESSAGE) german swedish european american english
translation equivalence
used to describe the process of trying to translate and rep a source language as closely as possible
dialects
versions of a language with distinctive vocab grammar and pronunciation that are spoken by particular groups of people or within particular regions
prejudice serves as
ways to help people organize and simplify the world, to satisfy a utilitarian or adjustment function and ego defensive function by protecting self esteem a value expressive function and a knowledge function
cultural patterns form the basis for
what is considered to be communicately appropriate and effective
cultures have unique sets of displays rules that govern
when and under what circumstances nonverbal expressions are required, preferred, permitted or prohibited
masculinity-femininity
(hof) dimensions pertains to gender expectations and the extent to which people prefer achievement and assertiveness or nurturance and social support, indicates the degree to which a culture values masculine behaviors over feminine ones. refers to the expectations surrounding achievement and gender differences masculine : ACHIEVEMENT AND AMBITION feminine : importance of life choices that improve intrinsic aspects of the quality of life
time orientation
(hof) focuses on how cultures relate to the concept of time peoples search for virtue and lasting ideals
indulgence vs restraint
(hof) refers to psychological impulse control
autonomy vs embeddedness
(schwartz first problem) refers to a cultural preference for the kinds of relationships and boundaries that ought to exist between individuals of a larger group
harmony vs mastery
(schwartz third prob) deals with people orientations to social and natural resources
egalitarianism vs hierarchy
(shwartz second problem) people must organize and coordinate their activities in a way that preserves and fulfills the needs and goals of the social group
Assimilation occurs when
1 it is deemed relatively unimportant to maintain ones original cultural identity 2 it is important to establish and maintain relationships with other cultures 3 taking on the beliefs values norms and social practices of the dominant culture group
the levels of assimilation and adaptation
1 reaffirmation 2 synthesis 3 withdrawal 4 constructive marginality 5 biculturalism 6 compensatory adaptation
the metaphors used to describe the US as a melting pot or as a tributary stream illustrates
Assimilation
GLOBE :
Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness first 6 from hof last 4 from Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck
the metaphor garden salad and the US as the tapestry describe ____ as the preferred style of adaptation
Integration
PAST oriented cultured regard PREVIOUS experiences as
MOST IMPORTANT
PRESENT orientated cultures regard CURRENT experiences as
MOST IMPORTANT
t/f the pattern of adaptation varies widely from one individual to the next and therefore no single pattern can be said to characterize the typical adaptation process
T
stereotypes
a form of generalization about a group of people can be stereotyped based on religion age occupation social class etc are inaccurate because they try to apply to whole groups
nation
a political term referring to a government and a set of formal and legal mechanisms that regulate the political behavior of its people
jargon
a set of words or terms that are shared by those with a common profession or experience
language
a socially shared code for representing concepts through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule governed combos of those symbols
argot
a specialized lang that is used by a large group within a culture to define the boundaries of the group
communication
a symbolic, interpretive, transcational, contextual, process in which people create shared meaning
non whites under the anglo conformity model were expected to ___ their distinctive cultural religious and linguistic values to conform to the american model resulting in people rejecting or altering family names and the language and customs of the _____ ______
abandon ; old country
___ is changes in phonology and pronunciation
accent
constructive marginality
accepting of 2 or more culture BUT don't fully integrate into any of them
______ is the process of abandoning ones own culture in favor of the values behaviors and belief systems of a new culture
assimilation
synthesis
attempts are made to synthesize a selective combination of cultural aspects of 2 or more cultures
__ cultures value indirectness and ambiguity conflicts and confrontations are usually avoided
collectivistic
in ___ cultures people are more likely to merge task and instrumental concerns and conflict is therefor more likely to be saeen as personal
collectivistic
members of ___ culture are more likely to deal with face threats such as conflicts by selecting strategies that smooth over the disagreement and allow the to maintain the face of both parties
collectivistic
morphology
combining phonemes to form morphemes (smallest unit of meaning)
race
commonly used to refer to a genetic similarity (WRONG) predominately used as a political legal and social distinction more encompassing term than culture or nation can create visible and important distinctions
a time orientation
converns how people conceptualize time
there is a strong relationship between the foundations of _____ and ______
cultural patterns; intercultural competence
sustained intercultural contact that requires total immersion in another culture may produce a phenomenon that has been called ___ ___
culture shock
clinical practices and issues when working with clients from CLD backgrounds: testing should be done in the students ___ language
primary
Integration
produces distinguishable cultural groups that work cooperatively to ensure that the society and the individuals continue to function well
Kale suggests ___ and ____ transcends all cultures
protecting the worth and dignity of the human spirit and world at peace
____ _____ occurs when the indiv returns home and must readapt to the once taken for granted practices that can no longer be followed without question
re entry shock
technical time systems
refer to the precise scientific measurement of time
formal time systems
refer to the ways in which the members of a culture describe and comprehend units of time
ethnicity
refers to a wide variety of groups that share a common language relious traditions nation state cultural system and historical orgin
prejudice
refers to attitudes towards other people are are based on faulty and inflexible stereotypes
discrimination
refers to behavioral manifestations of prejudices; occurs in many forms from segregation and apartheid to biases
subculture/co culture
refers to cultures that exist in the midst of another large culture
idiomatic equivalence
refers to expressions that have a meaning contrary to the usual meaning of the words
vocab equiv
refers to finding a word in the target language that has the same meaning in the source language
conceptual equiv
refers to how different cultures define reality
sociocultural adaptation
refers to ones competence in managing the everyday social interactions that occur in daily life
physiological adaptation
refers to ones personal well being and good mental health while in the intercultural setting
Personal identity
refers to peoples unique characteristics which may differ from those of others in their cultural or social group
English Language Learners
refers to speakers who know little english but are not fluent communicators in english
informal time systems
refers to the assumption cultures make about how time should be used or experienced
oppression
refers to the systematic institutionalized mistreatment of one group of people by another
grammatical syntactical equiv
refers to transferring the grammatical rule system of one language to another
experiential equiv
refers to words that have meaning within the experiential framework of the receiver
____ is an individual who flees another country because of fear or persecution
refugee