Speech test 3

What is persuasive speaking? Give an everyday example of persuasion.

A persuasive speech is meant to influence audience members, attitudes, beliefs, values, and/or behavior by appealing to some combination of their needs, desires, interests, and even fears. Public service campaigns, social media ads and people can all be persuasive.

What are some of the techniques a speaker can use to give closure to a speech? What is one technique a speaker can use in a conclusion?

A technique a speaker can use to give closer to a speech is use transitional words or phrases. You can also vary your tone, pitch, rhythm, and rate of speech. A technique a speaker can use in a conclusion is make use of the same devices for capturing attention, quotations, stories, startling statements, questions, references to the audience and the occasion, and humor.

Action

Action-the speaker asks audience members to act according to their acceptance of the message.

To build trust and credibility, language must be accurate. When considering accuracy, a speaker must consider the meaning of words. Explain the denotative and connotative meanings of words, and give an example of each.

Denotative meaning of a word is its literal, or dictionary, definition. Connotative meaning of a word is the special association that different people bring to bear on it. Ex- "you may agree that you are angry but not irate, and thrifty but not cheap.

Define figure of speech. Define three types of figures of speech, and give an example of each.

Figure of speech is to make striking comparisons that help listeners visualize, identify with, and understand the speakers ideas. Types of figures of speech are simile, metaphors, and analogies. A simile- "he works like a dog" Metaphors- "time is a thief" Analogy- is an extended metaphor or simile that compares an unfamiliar concept of process to a more familiar one.

What are the four functions of a conclusion?

Four functions of a conclusion are to signal the end of the speech and provide closure, summarize key points, reiterate the topic and speech purpose, and challenge the audience to respond.

What are logical fallacies? Provide examples

Logical fallacies are either a false or erroneous statement or an invalid or deceptive line of reasoning." Either you're with us or against us"

Define and give personal examples of ethos, pathos, and logos.

Logos- Aristotle used this term to refer to persuasive appeals to reason and logic. Ex- "if you don't turn in your homework your grades will suffer." Ethos- Greek word for character. Audiences listen to and trust speakers if the exhibit competence and food moral character. Ex- "as a teacher I see this problem a lot I recommend studying more." Pathos- persuasive appeals based on emotion. Ex-"if we don't adopt the kitten, it may never find a home"

Explain what the text means by oral style.

Oral style is the use of language that is simpler, more repetitious, more rhythmic, and more interactive that written language. More animated!

What are some options the text outlines for displaying presentation aids?

Presentation aids can be an object, model, picture, graph, chart, table, audio, video, or multimedia.

What are some functions of an introduction?

Some functions of a introduction are to arouse the audiences attention and willingness to listen, introduce the topic, purpose, and main points, establish your credibility, motivate the audience to accept your speech.

11.What are some limitations in the use of presentation aids?

Some limitations in the use of presentation aids are may distract speakers, interfere with eye contact, could damage your credibility, or put you at the mercy of equipment.

What are some reasons for visual aids?

Some reasons for visual aids are to help listeners understand and retain information that is otherwise difficult or time consuming to convey in words.

The text mentions techniques that are designed to win the audience's attention. Please identify some of them.

Techniques that are designed to win the audiences attention are sharing a compelling quotation or story, establishing common ground, providing unusual information, posing a question, and using humor.

using inclusive language and by avoiding biased language. Explain this concept. The textbook discusses how speakers can use language to share meaning by being

Using inclusive and unbiased language is to focus on using language that reflects respect for audience members cultural beliefs, norms, and traditions. You should review and eliminate any language that reflects unfounded assumptions, negative descriptions, or sterotypes of a given groups age, class, gender identity, sexual orientation, anility, and ethnic, racial, or religious characteristics.

Comparative advantage pattern of arrangement

a pattern of organizing speech points so that the speakers viewpoint or proposal is shown to be superior to one or more alternative viewpoints or proposals.

Problem-solution pattern of arrangement

a pattern of organizing speech points so that they demonstrate the nature and significance of a problem first, and then provide justification for a proposed solution.

Monroe's motivated sequence (define each step) is a five step sequence that begins with arousing listeners attention and ends with calling for action. Attention-

address listeners core concerns, making the speech highly relevant to them.

Target audience

are those individuals within the broader audience who are most likely to be influenced in the direction the speaker seeks.

Satisfaction-

identifies the solution.

Hasty generalization

is a fallacy of reasoning in which a speaker attempts to support a claim by asserting that a particular piece of evidence is true for all conditions concerned.

Ad hominem

is a fallacy of reasoning in which a speaker targets a person instead of the issue at hand.

Begging the question

is a fallacy of reasoning in which an argument is presented as necessarily true, even though no evidence is offered in support of it.

Claim of value

is an argument that addresses issues of judgement.

Claim of fact

is an argument that focuses on whether something is or is not true or whether something will or will not happen.

Claim of policy

is an argument that recommends that a specific course of action be taken, or approved, by an audience.

Appeal to Tradition

is an argument which bases its acceptance on historical tradition- on the fact that if something had traditionally been done, it must be done right.

Repetition

is repeating something that has already been said.

Sans serif typeface

is small amounts of text such as headings, are best viewed in sans serif type.

Red herring

is something that misleads or distracts from a relevant or important question. Logical fallacy

Jargon

is specialized terminology developed within a given endeavor or field of study and which must be translated for lay audiences.

Evidence

is supporting material that provides grounds for belief.

Maslow's hierarchy

is that each of us has a set of basic needs ranging from essential, life-sustaining ones to less critical, self-improvement ones. Physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, self-esteem needs, self-actualization needs.

Need-

the need step isolates the issue to be addressed.

Serif typeface

when reading a block of text serif typeface is easier on the eye.

Slippery slope

is a fallacy of reasoning in which one instance of an event or one small step will necessarily lead to a series of unwanted events or actions.

What are the guidelines for using PowerPoint and other presentation sorftware effectively?

and fonts, use color carefully, consider subjective interpretations of color. the design simple, use design elements consistently, select appropriate typeface styles Guidelines for using PowerPoint and other presentation software effectively is to keep

Bandwagoning

is a fallacy of reasoning in which the speaker offers an argument as true because general opinion supports it.

Either-or-fallacy

is a fallacy of reasoning in which the speaker offers only two alternatives, even though there are multiple ways of viewing the issue.

Warrant

is a line of reasoning that justifies the link between a claim and evidence in the minds of the audience.

Post Hoc

is a logical fallacy in which one event is said to be that cause of a later event simply because it occurred earlier.

Peripheral processing

is a mode of processing a persuasive message that does not consider the quality of the speakers message but is influenced by such non content issues as the speakers appearance or reputation, certain slogans or one liners, or obvious attempts to manipulate emotions.

Central processing

is a mode of processing a persuasive message that involves thinking critically about the contents of the message and the strength and quality of the speakers arguments.

Refutation pattern of arrangement

is a pattern or organizing speech points in which each main point addresses and then refutes an opposing claim to a speakers position.

Six-by-six rule

is a rule designed that suggest using no more than sic words per line and six lines or bullet points per slide or other visual aid.

Faulty Analogy

is an accurate or misleading comparison suggesting that because two things are similar in some ways, they are necessarily similar in others.

Non sequitur

is an argument in which the conclusion does not connect to the reasoning.

Counterargument

is an argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument.

Parallelism

is the arrangement of words, phrases, or sentences in similar grammatical and stylistic form. Parallel structure can help the speaker emphasize important ideas in the speech.

Claim

is the declaration of a state of affairs, In which a speaker attempts to prove something by providing evidence and reasons.

Alliteration

is the repetition of the same sounds, usually initial consonants, in two or more neighboring words or syllables

Visualization-

provides the audience with a vision of anticipated outcomes associated with the solution.