Test 5 (Ch 29-32)

Describe why the U.S. economy moved forward from 1947 to 1950.(p. 697)

1. Suburb life grew, depended on cars (2 fam cars) 2. shopping centers were along the highway 3. baby boom/move to suburbia stimulated the economy 4. growth of aircraft and electronic industries 5. auto industry/appliance thrived

Discuss the main social events of the postwar era from 1945 to 1960.(p. 695)

1. Suburbs were in high demand, growth from the farms (Levittown) 2. Residential areas near NY/Chicago nearly doubled 3. Central cities remained stagnant, but pop sky rocketed (46%) in suburbs 4. Baby boom of young married couples (3-5 kids), led to 19% population growth which was largest since 1910/lots of sales of baby merch/growing focus on education 5. economy boomed as residential construction soared 6. consumer economy grew with advanced products (appliances/frozen food/cigs/phonographs/auto cars) 7. almost all homes were new/built in last 10 years 8. grocery stores began popping up near suburbs 9. affluence replaced poverty and hunger of great depression (thought to be conditioning a nation to be exactly alike/conformity/similar things) 10. Caution from post war/depression/anxiety, fear history would repeat itself 11. Civil rights movement started to form 12. fear of a nuclear war/Russia causing anxiety to the nation, second red scare

Explain the cause of the U.S. post-World War II economic boom.(p. 696)

1. demand for consumer goods fueled at a steady industrial expansion 2. heavy government spending on the Cold war added a stimulus to the economy 3. consumers who couldn't spend during the war could finally indulge their surpassed appetite for material goods 4. at the wars end personal savings was at 37 billion, providing a powerful stimulus to consumption 5. Marshall Plan/foreign aid programs/Korean War financed a heavy export trade 6. nation spent 44$ billion on national defense 7. baby boom/growth of suburbs were good stimulants to the growth of suburbia 8. capital investment/employment rose 9. income was greater/work hours were less 10. Auto/Electronic industry growth BIG -- American Consumers and Cold War

Explain the results of postwar sub-urbanization.(pp. 697-698)

1. suburbanization created very diverse communities. 2. growth of shopping centers 3. heavy dependence on automobile 4. less extended family living in close proximity

Discuss the foreign policies of Richard Nixon & his National Security Adviser regarding detente.(pp. 742-743)

Adopted affirmative action- hiring of minority contractors. Also expanded it to women. Approved the creation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration for reducing workplace injuries. Oversaw the establishment of the EPA to watch environmental affairs. Signed the Clean Air Act. Supported automatic cost of living increases so Social Security so that inflation wouldn't effect people living on Social Security. Revenue sharing. Planned to use American trade to induce Soviet cooperation while at the same time improving relations with China. Detente is a relaxation of tension. Strategics Arms Limitation Talks- arms control pact with Russia.Two documents signed- limited superpowers to two hundred anti ballistic missiles, froze the number of offensive ballistic missile for a five year period.

Name the second largest ethnic minority group in the U.S. in 2002.(p. 776)

African Americans. the United States had 39 million blacks, 12.5 percent of the population. heaviest concentration of African Americans was in northern cities, notably New York and Chicago, there was a significant movement back to the South. This shift, which began in the 1970s and accelerated during the 1990s, meant that by 2010 more than half of those identifying themselves as black for the census lived in the 16 states of the Sunbelt. Family ties and ancestral roots explained much of this movement, but it also reflected the same economic incentives that drew so many other Americans to the Sunbelt. more than 80 percent of blacks aged 25 and older had earned a high school diploma, 1/5 college grad, more black owned businesses poverty rate was 25% median income was less than 2/3 of white fams incarceration rate was high and they were forced into entry level jobs hough the relief efforts were largely color-blind (despite allegations to the contrary), the experience demonstrated that poverty in America was not. (hurricane katrina)

Name the fastest growing minority group in the 2000's.(p. 778)

Asian Americans. As of 2010, there were more than 15 million Americans of Asian or Pacific Island descent. Although only 5 percent of the total population, they were increasing at seven times the national rate, and projections indicated that by 2050 one in ten Americans would be of Asian ancestry. Chinese, filipinos, japanese, indians, koreans, and vietnamese. educated and affluent. (except for some Laotian and Vietnamese) They came to America seeking economic opportunity, "to climb the mountain of gold." "People are looking for a better life," a Chinese spokeswoman explained. "It's as simple as that, and we will continue to come here, especially if the situations over there [in Asia] stay tight, or get worse." Middle east followed closely behind the asians. (some were scared bc of 9/11, but others were continuing to seek the american dream)

Explain Barack Obama's election in 2008 (pp. 790-791)

By 2007, however, Americans faced a new problem—one that looked much like an old problem. A booming real-estate market in the early 2000s tempted banks and other investors to borrow and lend more than was prudent; when the real-estate bubble burst in 2007, the financial markets reeled. Wall Street's panic evoked grim memories of the Great Depression of the 1930s and produced a comparable result at the ballot box: the replacement of a Republican president by a Democratic one. That this new president was the first African American to occupy the White House made his accession even more historic. But it didn't make the problems he inherited less daunting. Obama ran a brilliant campaign, summarized in the catchword "Hope" and the promise "Yes We Can." More important was the fact that he was from the opposite party to that which had held the White House during the boom-and-bust. Obama garnered 53 percent of the popular vote and defeated McCain handily. Obama's supporters hoped for great things from the new president. And indeed his inauguration was historic and moving. "God calls on us to shape an uncertain destiny," Obama said. "This is the meaning of our liberty and our creed; why men and women and children of every race and every faith can join in celebration across this magnificent Mall, and why a man whose father less than 60 years ago might not have been served at a local restaurant can now stand before you to take a most sacred oath." secured health care, took out osama bin laden

Describe Carter's Middle East foreign policy.(p. 756)

Camp David accords. A framework for negotiations greater than an actual peace settlement. Gradual return of the Sinai to Egypt. The fate of the Palestinians, Arab inhabitants of the West bank was unsettled.

Describe Carter's Iranian crisis.(pp. 758-759)

Carter allowed the Iranian shah to receive medical treatment in the US. This caused Iranians to denounce the US. They took the US embassy and took fifty three prisoners. Authorized a rescue mission which failed. Helicopters broke down.

Describe the Reagan foreign policy toward the Soviet Union in 1987-88.(p. 764)

Change of leadership in Soviet Union. Gorbachev wanted to improve US relations with the Soviet Union. Intermediate Nuclear Forces Treaty by which Reagan and Gorbachev agreed to remove and destroy all intermediate range missile in Europe.

Discuss Clinton's domestic policy in his first term.(p. 779)

Federal budget called for tax increases and spending cuts. He had a deficit reduction. NAFTA was passed so that they had a free trade plan that united the US, Mexico, and Canada without tariff barriers. Also attempted to revamp the health care system.

Describe Kennedy's strategy for containing Communism.(p. 713)

Financial and technical assistance to help Third World Countries achieve economic moderation and stable free governments. He formed the idealistic Peace Corps and the ambitious Alliance for Progress- economic aid program for Latin America. He relied on the Green Berets to beat down communism. Gave aid to Diem against North Vietnam. The president decided against sending in combat troops, but he increased both economic aid to Diem and the size of the U.S. military mission in Saigon. American advisers in Vietnam grew from fewer than 1,000 in 1961 to more than 16,000 by late 1963. The flow of supplies and the creation of "strategic hamlets," fortified villages to protect the peasantry from the Vietcong, slowed the Communist momentum. But by 1963, the situation had again become critical. Diem, a Christian aristocrat, had lost the support of his own people; Buddhist monks set themselves aflame in protests against him, and his own generals plotted his overthrow.

Describe Kennedy's defense policy.(p. 713)

First goal was to build up the nation's armed forces. Construction of an awesome nuclear arsenal that included 1000 Minuteman solid fuel ICBMs and 32 Polaris submarines with 656 missiles. Developed plans to add five combat ready army divisions, three tactical air wings, and a ten-division strategic reserve. Expanded the Special Forces unit in North Carolina and insisted that it adopt a green beret as a symbol of its elite status. New policy of flexible response. Could choose among several defense plans.

Describe George W. Bush's war on terrorism (pp. 786-787)

Focused on securing the US from any further terrorist attacks. Approved a new Department of Homeland Security. This combined the Customs Bureau, the Coast Guard, the INS, and other government bureaus. Focused on homeland security by the safety of airline travel. Airlines replaced cockpit doors with secure barriers and permitted armed air marshals to ride amount the passengers. US violated the principles of individual freedom. Also, Ashcroft under the Patriot Act, conducted a crackdown on possible terrorists detaining many Muslim Americans.

Discuss the protests against LBJ and the Vietnam War. (p. 730)

Free speech to act out against the Vietnam war. Student's revolt of 1960s The Vietnam War became the focal point for youthful protests that made the 1960s the most turbulent decade of the twentieth century. Disenchantment with middle-class values, an increase in college enrollments as a result of the baby boom, a reaction against the crass materialism of the affluent society with its endless suburbs and shopping malls—all led American youth to embrace an alternative lifestyle based on the belief that people are "sensitive, searching, poetic, and capable of love." They were ready to create a counterculture. . Disturbances on college campuses reflected discontent in other parts of society, from the urban ghettos to the lettuce fields of the Southwest. All who felt disadvantaged and dissatisfied—students, African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, women, hippies—took to the streets. Founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War. It led thousands of protests before it split apart in the late 1960s.

Detail Nixon's plan to end the Vietnam War.(p. 743)

Gradually withdraw American troops Training of South Vietnamese to take over the combat role, Renewed bombing, Hard line in negotiations with Hanoi.

Explain the main principles of Reagan's supply-side economics.(pp., 759-760)

He believed that the private sector, if encourage by tax cuts, would shift its resources from tax shelters to productive investment, leading to an economic boom that would provide enough new income to offset the lost revenue

Describe how Reagan hoped to reduce government spending.(p. 760)

He cut into many social services such as food stamps, reducing public service jobs, student loans, and support for mass transit. He also trimmed taxes. Five percent tax cut.

Evaluate Kennedy's Cuban policy of 1961.(p. 714)

He decided to proceed with the Bay of Pigs invasion to overthrow Castro. Five hundred died, and the rest had to surrender. He ended up harassing the Castro regime, imposing an economic blockage, supported raids by exile groups from Florida, and allowed the CIA to experiment with plots to kill Castro. In April 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the CIA landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro. When the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for it. For the remainder of his presidency, Kennedy harassed the Castro regime, imposing an economic blockade on Cuba, supporting raids by exiles from Florida, and failing to stop the CIA from launching bizarre plots to assassinate Castro.

Explain how Reagan restored U.S. standing and respect in the world.(pp. 760-762)

He decided to strengthen America's defenses and recapture world supremacy from the Soviet Union.

Describe the basic tenet of Reagan's foreign policy.(pp. 761-762)

He embarked on military expansion. He started to increase defense spending. Developed new weapons. Soviet Union was a deadly enemy. The Iran-Contra affair involved officials in the Reagan administration secretly and illegally selling arms to Iran and using the proceeds to finance the Contra rebels in Nicaragua.

Discuss the Clinton Impeachment crisis.(pp. 781-782)

He ended up being impeached due to the Monica Lewinsky affair. He was charged with misconduct in office.50 to 50 with a perjury charge. Judge declared that he was acquitted with the charges.

Explain why Carter proved to be a failure as president.(p. 755)

He had no political philosophy, no sense of direction. Stated he was a populist.Welfare program lost support. Carter was unwilling to take political risks. He blamed his failure on people's lack of support. Wasn't a bold president.

Explain why Reagan won the presidential election of 1980.(pp. 758)

He hammered away at the state of the economy claiming that Carter was the source of the inflation so workers weren't t really earning money. He also accused Carter of allowing the Soviets to outstrip the US militarily and promised a massive buildup of American forces if he was elected. He also said that the American people have been no better off since Carter was elected.

Describe the key events in the Watergate Scandal leading to Nixon's resignation.(pp. 744-745)

He hired people to investigate leaks of information. Ended up spying on Nixon's democratic opponents and engage in political dirty tricks. Five of the "plumbers" were arrested at the Watergate office. He personally ordered the cover up. This garunteed the reelection. One of the plumbers who was being sentenced to jail revieled this scandal. The Senate ordered a committee to look into this. He resigned.

Explain why the Ford presidency was unsuccessful.(p. 754)

He pardoned Nixon's actions with the Watergate scandal. He also revealed info that the CIA was trying to kill foreign leaders. He opposed democratic measures like aid to education, and control over strip mining. He veto a lot of bills.

Explain why Kennedy won the presidential election in 1960.(p. 712)

He took full advantage of all of his opportunities. He appealed to the rank and file in primaries, he also chose Lyndon Johnson of Texas as his running mate to block out Nixon's control of the South. He symbolized youth, energy, and ambition.

Name the largest ethnic minority in the U.S. in 2002.(p. 775)

Hispanic. The Hispanic population climbed to over 49 million by 2010, accounting for 16 percent of the nation's population. Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cuban Americans, and other Hispanics, including many from Central America. Even though most of the Hispanic population was concentrated in cities such as New York, Los Angeles, San Antonio, and Miami, recent data showed a surprising geographical spread. Hispanics made up 20 percent of the population in individual counties in states such as Georgia, Iowa, and Minnesota. "The Latinization of the country is not just happening in New York, Miami, or L.A.," observed a Puerto Rican leader. "Its greatest impact is in the heartland in places like Reading, Pennsylvania; Lorain, Ohio; and Lowell, Massachusetts." youthful, poor, lacked education The entry of millions of illegal immigrants from Mexico, once derisively called "wetbacks" and now known as undocumented aliens, created a social problem for the nation and especially for the Southwest. Critics charged that the flagrant violation of the nation's border with Mexico had led to a subculture beyond the boundaries of law and ordinary custom. They argued that the aliens took jobs from U.S. citizens, kept wages artificially low, and received welfare and medical benefits that strained budgets in states such as Texas and California.

Describe the presidential election of 2000.(p. 783)

It was between Bush and Al Gore. Nadar was the Green Party Ticket who complicated the election. This was a narrow victory. Bush won.

Explain the campaign and the results of the presidential election of 1968.(pp. 735-736)

Johnson removed himself from the race. McCarthy and Kennedy were the antiwar candidate for the democrats. Humphrey was the pro war candidate. Kennedy ended up being assassinated. Nixon was the Republican nominee. Wallace ended up cutting into the Democratic nominee. Nixon won the election

Describe George W. Bush's domestic accomplishments. (p. 785)

Key Legislation: No Child Left Behind, Patriot Act, huge tax reform that cut tax rates, McCain-Feingold Campaign finance law, Medicare prescription drug law, law that made late term abortions illegal Key appointments: Colin Powell first African-American Sec of State, Elaine Chao first Asian labor secretary, Alberto Gonzalez first Hispanic attorney general, John Roberts named chief justice and Samuel Alito as associate justice

Name the points of origin for most immigrants to the U.S. between 1970 and 2002.(p. 774)

Latin America and Asia. By 2010, over half the foreign-born population of the United States came from Latin America, about one-quarter from Asia, and about one out of seven from Europe. The new immigrants tended to settle in urban areas in six states—California, Texas, New York, Florida, Illinois, and New Jersey. In California especially, the influx of immigrants from Asia and Mexico created growing pressure on public services. claimed that immigrants from developing countries lacked the education and skills to achieve the prosperity previous newcomers attained; instead of entering mainstream American life, they were likely to remain a permanent underclass

Describe the main actions of the civil rights movement in the 1950's.(p. 705)

Led the Montgomery bus boycott. Ended in victory, Alabama segregating seating was unconstitutional. Founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to direct the crusade against segregation. Drew on teachings of Gandhi. Passive resistance- refused to move after being denied service in store. Kneel ins at church, wade ins at pools. Led the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee.

Name the Kennedy programs Johnson pushed through Congress.(p. 720)

Liberal amendments that strengthened the Bill in the House. 1964 Civil Rights Act made illegal the segregation of blacks in public facilities, established an Equal Opportunity Commission to lessen racial discrimination in employment, protested the voting rights of blacks. He added gender to the prohibition of discrimination in Title VII of the act. Sponsored by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), freedom rides on buses by civil rights advocates in 1961 in the South were designed to test the enforcement of federal regulations that prohibited segregation in interstate public transportation.

Describe the areas of greatest consumer growth in the 1950's.

Manufacturers turned out an ever-increasing number of refrigerators, washing machines, and dishwashers to equip the kitchens of Levittown and its many imitators. The automobile industry thrived as two-car suburban families became common. In 1955, when oil was abundant and gasoline sold for less than 30 cents a gallon, Detroit sold a record 8 million cars. The electronics industry also boomed. Consumers were eager to acquire the latest marvel of home entertainment—the television set.

List the major points of Richard Nixon's presidency.(p. 742)

Nixon loved foreign policy. Henry Kissinger to be national security adviser Nixon planned to use American trade—notably grain and technology—to induce Soviet cooperation, while improving U.S. relations with China. The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) had been under way since 1969. During a visit to Moscow in May 1972, Nixon signed two vital documents with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev. The first limited the two superpowers to 200 antiballistic missiles (ABMs) apiece; the second froze the number of offensive ballistic missiles for five years. These SALT I agreements recognized the existing Soviet lead in missiles, but the American deployment of multiple independently targeted reentry vehicles (MIRVs) ensured a strategic advantage for the United States. (step toward peace with the nuclear arms race) Nixon's third tactic, negotiation with Hanoi, finally proved successful. Nixon's Vietnam problems and especially his formulation of détente made him sensitive to the unauthorized release of information about American foreign policy. Five of the "plumbers" were arrested in June 1972 during a break-in at the headquarters of the Democratic National Committee at the Watergate office complex in Washington. The White House took pains to conceal its connection to what its spokesman dismissed as a "third-rate burglary attempt." Nixon personally ordered the cover-up. "I want you to stonewall it, let them plead the Fifth Amendment, cover up, or anything else," Nixon told John Mitchell, his campaign director and former attorney general. Most regrettable was the abuse of presidential authority—a reflection both of the power of the modern presidency and of fatal flaws in Nixon's character. Unlike previous executive-branch scandals, Watergate involved a lust for power rather than money. Having become president, Nixon did everything possible to retain his hold on the office. He used the plumbers to maintain executive secrecy and directed the Internal Revenue Service and the Justice Department to punish his enemies and reward his friends. OPEC (5% cut) bc of eygpy/syria and attack in Israel The Arab oil embargo had a disastrous impact on the American economy. With Arab producers cutting oil production by 25 percent from the September 1973 level, world supplies fell by 10 percent. For the United States, which imported one-third of its daily consumption, this meant a loss of nearly 2 million barrels a day. Long lines formed at gas stations as motorists who feared running out of fuel kept filling their tanks. moon landing, woodstock music festival, epa established, 26th amendment ratified, first oil embargo/energy crisis, watergate, native american seizure of Alcatraz island/wounded knee village/kent state incident/cambodia bombings/

Explain the causes of the energy crisis.(p. 747)

October war. OPEC announced a five percent cut in oil production until Israel surrendered the lands it had taken. Once Nixon gave an aid package for Israel, Saudi Arabia cut off the supplies of oil to the US. Increase in oil resulted because of the embargo.

Describe Reagan's domestic accomplishments.(p. 760)

Opened federal land to coal and timber production. Adopted policies to reduce air pollution and increase safety. Couldn't cut back on entitlement programs that were main source of the deficit like SS. Low regard for women's rights.

Describe the events leading to U.S. foreign policy success in Kuwait .(p. 772-773)

Persuaded Saudi Arabia to allow troops in. Pres Saddam drop advancing past Kuwait. Formed an international coalition to condemn the Iraqi invasion. Needed the support of the Soviet Union. This became Desert Storm. Then he unleashed an Ariel attack on Iraq. Then there was a ground assault. He halted the advance and agreed to an armistice with Iraq.

Describe the U.S. energy policy dealing with the energy shortage.(p. 747)

Proposed a tax cut to stimulate consumer consumption. Continued federal deficits and relatively high interest rates. Strengthened the Clean Air Act.

Describe the general characteristics of Hispanic Americans in 2002.(pp. 775-776)

Relatively youthful, high fertility rate, relatively poor, employed in low paying positions as manual laborers, domestic servants, and migrant workers. Had a lack of education.

Explain the factors involved in the 1988 election.(p. 770)

Republican's hold on the Sunbelt, Democrats owned the House. Incumbent VP, GHW Bush takes it!

Describe the Russian and U.S. actions in the Cuban missile crisis.(pp. 714-715)

Soviet began a massive arms builup in Cuba to protect Castro from an American invasion. Kennedy had stopped direct U-2 overflights of Cuba. Found out about the missles. Kennedy decided to proclaim a quaruntine of Cuba to prevent the arrival of new misslies and threaten a nuclear confrontation to force the removal of those already there. If the Russians wouldn't coroprate, the US would invcade Cuba and take the missles by force. Then, Russia agreed to remove the missiles if Kennedy promised to not invade Cuba. For the remainder of his presidency, Kennedy harassed the Castro regime, imposing an economic blockade on Cuba, supporting raids by exiles from Florida, and failing to stop the CIA from launching bizarre plots to assassinate Castro.

Describe the major changes in the American population from 1970 to 2002.(pp. 773-774)

Started to migrate South to Texas, California, and Florida. NE and MW started to losing people. Texas ended up passing New York as the second most populous state. S and W expanded by twenty percent, compared to the six percent for the NE and MW. Increased urbanization. a lot more old people increased urbanization A broad band of states running across the South from Florida to Texas, extending west and north to include California and the Pacific Northwest. Beginning in the 1970s, it experienced rapid economic and population growth. buildup of military bases and defense plants during World War II. Rapid population growth continued with the stimulus of heavy Cold War defense spending and accelerated in the 1970s when lower labor costs and the favorable climate of the Sunbelt states attracted both high-technology firms and more established industries

Describe the campaign and results of the presidential election of 1992.(p. 779)

The recession was persistent which hindered the Bush administration. Unemployment persisted. It was Clinton vs. Bush. Clinton won. nton proved to be the most adept politician since Franklin Roosevelt. Born in Hope, Arkansas, in 1946, Clinton weathered a difficult childhood with an alcoholic stepfather by developing skills at dealing with people and using personal charm to achieve his goals. Intelligent and ambitious, he completed his undergraduate work at Georgetown University, studied law at Yale, and spent two years as a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University in England.

Describe the Gay Liberation Movement of the late 20th century. (pp.752-753)

The two-day Stonewall Riots marked the beginning of the modern gay liberation movement. Refusing to be victims any longer, gays and lesbians affirmed their sexual orientation and demanded an end to discrimination against homosexuals. the Gay Liberation Front and the Gay Activist Alliance, with branches and offshoots in cities across the country. The basic theme of gay liberation was to urge all homosexuals to "come out of the closet" and affirm their sexual identity with pride not shame. The very act of coming out would bring freedom and self-respect. "Come out for freedom! Come out now!" proclaimed the Gay Liberation Front's newspaper. "Come out of the closet before the door is nailed shut!" 2003 Supreme Court decision in Lawrence v. Texas struck down a Texas sodomy law and declared private consensual sex a matter of personal liberty. Gays fought hard for laws forbidding discrimination against homosexuals in housing and employment, and in 1980, the Democratic national platform included a gay rights plank. The gay community faced new condemnation at a time when its members were trying desperately to care for the many victims of the disease within their ranks. The gay organizations formed in the 1970s to win new rights now channeled their energies into caring for the ill, promoting safer sex practices, and fighting for more public funding to help conquer AIDS. National Coming Out Day in October to encourage homosexuals to proclaim proudly their sexual identity 1996, President Clinton signed the Defense of Marriage Act, which decreed that states did not have to recognize same-sex marriages performed elsewhere. But in 2000, following a state supreme court ruling, the Vermont legislature legalized civil unions between individuals of the same sex, enabling gays and lesbians to receive all the legal benefits available to married couples. Homo in the military -- "don't ask, don't tell"

Describe the campaign & results of the presidential election of 1996.(pp. 780-781)

There were a lot of scandals that popped up during Clinton's administration. Then there was a a claim that he sexually harassed a girl. Though, Clinton won the election.Dole was the Republican candidate. The Republicans claimed a mandate to resume the Reagan revolution: to cut taxes, diminish the scope of government, and empower the private sector. Clinton and the Democrats managed to check the Republicans on matters of substance, but the Republicans in turn contrived to hobble Clinton. The administration and the Republicans collaborated on welfare reform and a modest increase in the minimum wage, but otherwise deadlock descended on Washington.

Describe the results of the Second Berlin Crisis in 1962.-

They settled for a stalemate . Began the construction of the Berlin Wall to stop the intelligence from going to the West. Soviets signed a separate peace treaty that didn't effect US occupation rights. Neither side could claim a victory. Soviets built wall around West Berlin to prevent people from fleeing Communism to freedom

Explain why Johnson pushed the U.S. into large-scale involvement in South Vietnam .(pp. 727-729)

This was for a series of steps designed primarily to prevent a North Vietnamese victory. Wanted American air attacks to block North Vietnamese infiltration routes, make Hanoi pay a heavy price for its role, and lift the morale of South Vietnam. Air strikes didn't work.Resisting pressure for direct military involvement, LBJ continued Kennedy's policy of economic and technical assistance. He sent 7,000 more military advisers and an additional $50 million in aid. While he insisted the Vietnamese themselves had to win the war, he expanded American support for covert operations, including amphibious raids on the North. So he settled for a limited war, committing 500,000 American troops to battle in Southeast Asia, while pretending it was a minor engagement and refusing to ask the American people for the support and sacrifice victory required. he failure to confront the people with the stark choices the nation faced in Vietnam, the insistence on secrecy and deceit, the refusal to acknowledge that he had committed the United States to a dangerous military involvement—these were Johnson's sins in Vietnam. His lack of self-confidence in foreign policy and fear of domestic reaction led to his undoing.

Describe the events and results of the Tet Offensive in 1968.(pp. 734-735)

This was the decisive event in breaking the stalemate in Vietnam and driving Johnson from office. The used deceptive tactics to began a prolonged siege of an American marine base. They used this tactic at Tet as a surprise attack in the populated cities. The US repelled the attack. It was the turning point of the Vietnam War. Communists held on to most rural areas and had scored an impressive political victory. The were winning the war. This costed Johnson the presidential victory. In February 1968, the Vietcong launched a major offensive in the cities of South Vietnam. Although caught by surprise, American and South Vietnam forces quashed this attack. But the Tet offensive was a blow to American public opinion and led President Lyndon Johnson to seek a negotiated peace.

Describe Kennedy's civil rights program.(pp. 717-718)

Tried to expand voting rights to blacks. Appointed blacks to high office positions. Indirect approach. Convinced the ICC to ban segregation in all bus and train stations. He sponsored civil rights legislation providing equal access to all public accommodations as well as an extension of voting rights for African Americans.

Describe the main elements of Bush's foreign policy.(pp. 771-772)

Tried to maintain a working relationship with China. He wanted to preserve American influence with the Chinese gov't. Had a cautious approach. He facilitated the reunification of Germany, offered economic assistance to Russia. They agreed to reduce nuclear warheads to less than ten thousand.

Describe Reagan's Latin American foreign policy.(p. 762)

US normally supported right wing dictators rather than leftist groups that raised the radical issues like land reform and redistribution of wealth.Reversed the policy of American economic aid to Nicaragua. Passed to Bol and Amendment prohibiting any US agency from spending money in Central America.

Explain the role of the Supreme Court and the President in desegregating the schools.(pp. 703-704)

Upheld the separate but equal policy in Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson. Then, in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Supreme court declared that separate educational facilities and inherently unequal and overturned plessy v ferg. Led to civil rights legislation.Created a permanent Commission for Civil Rights. Federal efforts aimed a protecting the right to vote. 270 armed troops turned 9 black students from school and a mob of 500 whites jeered at them when they were let in, eisenhower, nationalized the arizona national guard and sent in 1,000 soldiers to little rock arizona to ensure the rights of the little rock nine to attend central high

Explain the fundamental change in the civil rights movement in the mid- 1960's.(p. 731)

Wanted economic equality. Raised the expectations of of urban blacks for improvement. Rage and destruction. Also had many raids. Mobs started to kill people. Attacked shops and stores. This was extremism.

Explain the motivation and results of the Gulf of Tonkin resolution.(p. 726)

Wanted the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution to demonstrate to North Vietnam the American determination to defend South Vietnam at any costs. He also wanted to preempt the Vietnam issue from his Republican opponent. Results: Voted for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. He could use as much force as possible. Ended up declaring war on Vietnam. These undercover activities led to the Gulf of Tonkin affair. On August 2, 1964, North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked the Maddox, an American destroyer engaged in intelligence gathering in the Gulf of Tonkin. The North Vietnamese believed the American ship had been involved in a South Vietnamese raid nearby. The Maddox escaped unscathed, but the navy sent in another destroyer, the C. Turner Joy. On August 4, the two destroyers, responding to sonar and radar contacts, opened fire on North Vietnamese gunboats. Johnson ordered retaliatory air strikes on North Vietnamese naval bases. Later investigation indicated that the North Vietnamese gunboats had not launched a second attack on the American ships. After a North Vietnamese attack on an American destroyer in the Gulf of Tonkin in 1964, Congress gave President Lyndon Johnson authority in this resolution to use force in Vietnam.

List the legislative accomplishments of Johnson's Great Society.(pp. 721-725)

balanced budgets and fiscal orthodoxy He gave health care and education top priority. He settled for Medicare which man fated health insurance under the Social Security program for people over 65. Medicaid for the younger people. The Elementary and Secondary Eduacation Act of 1965 provided one billion in federal aid. Voting Rights Act of 1965 which banned literacy tests in states. Two new cabinet departments, acts to provide highway safety, clean air and water, higher education money, war on poverty, immigration reform policy. The tax cut came first. Johnson was even more influential in passing the Kennedy civil rights measure. The 1964 Civil Rights Act, signed on July 2, outlawed segregation in public facilities, established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to lessen racial discrimination in employment, and protected African American voting rights. An amendment sponsored by segregationists to obstruct the bill added gender to the prohibition of discrimination in Title VII of the act; women's groups would use the clause to secure government support for greater equality in employment and education.

Describe the accomplishments of Truman's Fair Deal-

civil rights legislation, aid to education, new agricultural subsidies, increasing minimum wage. that all Americans have health insurance, that the minimum wage (the lowest amount of money per hour that someone can be paid) be increased, and that, by law, all Americans be guaranteed equal rights. Medical insurance for all Americans. Fair Employment Practices Commission to open up employment for African Americans. This was closed. Federal aid to education in order to help the states handle the postwar baby boom. The only real success was expanding Social Security to cover more Americans and raising minimum wage.

Discuss the U.S. reaction to Soviets launching Sputnik. -

creation of NDEA & NASA, interest in teaching math & science, creation of Commission on National Goals 1. fear 2. a sense of dismay/humiliation as well as a loss of optimism and sense of a national purpose. 3. creation of nasa and ndea/presidential science advisor/intense comp between soviet union which resulted in the US putting a man on the moon before 1960s 4. the beginning of federal financing of scientific/foreign language programs 5. increased national defense budget 6. sped up american missile program

List Eisenhower's legislative accomplishments.-

extend Social Security, create HEW Dept, National Highway Act of 1956, Civil Rights Act of 1957, St. Lawrence Seaway Major goal was to restore calm and tranquility to a badly divided nation. He had no commitment to social change or economic reform. Intent on balancing budget. No plans to dismantle the New Deal. Wanted to keep military spending in check, encourage promote initiative as possible, and to reduce federal activities to the minimum. Conservative to money, liberal to human beings. Signed bills on Social Security. Raised minimum wage to a dollar. Added four million workers to those eligible for unemployment benefits. State and local govt deal with schools. Highway Act of 1956- funds for a forty one thousand mile highway system. High fund raised by taxes on vehicle items.

Describe the Women's Rights Movement of the late 20th century. (pp. 749-781)

he 1964 Civil Rights Act made it illegal to discriminate in employment on the basis of gender. Women filed suit for equal wages, demanded that companies provide day care for their infants and preschool children, and entered politics to lobby against laws that—in the guise of protecting a weaker gender—were unfair to women. As the women's liberation movement grew, its advocates began to attack laws banning abortion and fought to toughen the enforcement of rape laws. number of births to women over age 30 increased, and single mothers comprised 7 percent of all households by 2000, a 25 percent increase since 1990 family structure changed, more stay at home dads or 2 job families rapid movement of women into the labor force in the 1970s; 6 million more married women held jobs by 1980 as two incomes became increasingly necessary to keep up with inflation Women scored some impressive breakthroughs. They began to enter corporate boardrooms, became presidents of major universities, and were admitted to the nation's military academies. Women entered blue-collar, professional, and small-business fields traditionally dominated by men. Ronald Reagan's appointment of Sandra Day O'Connor to the Supreme Court in 1981 marked a historic first. still encountered resistance and cont to work in women dom fields and only earned 80 to 100 of a male National Women's Economic Summit in 1996 exaggerated only slightly in crediting her group with restoring prosperity, claiming that "the American economy has been revitalized in good measure because of the participation of and contributions of women business owners." ERA 1972, no discrimination by sex protect roe v wade