THE BODY'S SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE

Prostaglandins

Causes smooth muscle contratctions

T cells

Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.

mast cells

Cells that release chemicals (such as histamine) that promote inflammation.

What is the third stage of inflammation

Chemicals are released by damaged cells

What is the responsibility of the second line of defense

Destroy Pathogens

What are the functions of the inflammatory response?

Destroy the cause of infection Limit the effects of the infection by confining it Replace and repair tissue

What is triggered when a virus enters a cell?

INTERFERON

HOW IS IT GOING SO FAR

If it's going well, great! keep it up If it's going okay, keep on studying and star terms you don't understand If it's going bad, I believe in you, you got this, keep studying go through the terms routinely and don't give up

What is the second stage of phagocytosis?

The pathogen is engulfed

What is the third stage of phagocytosis?

The phagocyte becomes a phagosome

What is the fourth stage of phagocytosis

The phagosome combines with a lysosome

What is the first stage of phagocytosis?

The pseudopodia begins to extend.

What cell(s) is/are responsible for Antimicrobial substances?

eosinophils, they produce toxic proteins against certain parasites, some phagocytosis.

What can cause osteoporosis?

genetics, poor diet, obesity, drinking/smoking/ low calcium and vitamin D levels.

what kind of defenses are included in innate immunity

barrier defenses (non specific)

Why does redness occur in inflammation?

blood is moving into the area

What does fever do?

intensifies effects of interferons; inhibits the growth of some microbes; speeds up body reactions that aid repair Increases the production of T cells Speeds up the metabolic reaction which helps increases the rate of tissue repair Increases healing rate so that white blood cells are delivered to sites of infection at a faster rate.

What is the sixth stage of inflammation?

An abses forms after a few days. (PUS)

What do sharp objects that enter bodily tissue carry?

BACTERIA

What is the first stage of inflammation

Bacteria enters the body on a sharp object

What cell(s) is/are responsible for inflammation and fever?

Basophils, (release heparin and histamine which promotes inflammation)

What is the second stage of inflammation

Blood clot forms

What is the fourth stage of inflammation

Blood vessels increase in diameter and permeability in the area of damage. This increases blood flow to the area and allows defensive substances to leak into tissue spaces.

What is the end result in the inflammatory response?

Protection and Health (Healing)

Histamine

(SWELLING) produced by mast cells

What is the percentage of basophils in a sample of 100 blood cells (AVG)

1/2-1%

What is the percentage of eosinophils in a sample of 100 blood cells (AVG)

2-4%

What is the percentage of lymphocytes in a sample of 100 blood cells (AVG)

20-25%

What is the percentage of monocytes in a sample of 100 blood cells (AVG)

3-8%

What is the percentage of neutrophils in a sample of 100 blood cells (AVG)

60-70%

pseudopodia

A cellular extension of amoeboid cells used in moving and feeding.

What is interferon?

A distress signal sent by cells to warn other cells of the virus to block their receptor proteins.

Granulocytes

A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils.

what is dormant?

A period of time when a pathogen can go unrecognized.

Antigen

A protein that, when introduced in the blood, triggers the production of an antibody

What is hemodialysis?

A technique in which an artificial kidney machine removes waste products from the blood (done in a facility by professionals)

Neutrophils

A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.

lymphocyte

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

What has evolution done to enable pathogens to avoid destruction by phagocytic cells

ADAPTION!!!!!!!!

what do microbes to to "override" the microbial system

Enter phagocytes which prevents fusion of the lysosome, kill phagocytes, hide inside other cells.

what is the function of granules in Granulocytes?

Enzymes

Why does swelling occur during the inflammatory process?

Fluid Builds Up

Macrophages

Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream. ANTIGEN PRESENTING

Eosinophils

Helps fight parasitic infection. releases lytic enzymes.

Leukotrienes

Increased permeability of blood vessels, phagocytic attachment

What is pus?

It is the accumulation of damaged tissue and dead microbes, granulocytes, and macrophages.

Which cell(s) is/are considered phagocytes

Neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes

What is the fifth stage of phagocytosis

Pathogen is destroyed by enzymes in the lysosome

What is the sixth stage of phagocytosis

Pathogen is released by the phagosome into the bloodstream

What is the fifth stage of inflammation

Phagocytes reach the damaged area and squeeze between cells of blood vessel walls to enter the region and destroy the microbes.

Why does pain occur during the inflammatory response?

Pressure on the pain nerons

What are the four most common indicators of acute inflammation?

Redness, Heat, Swelling and Pain.

What is the fifth indicator that sometimes happens and why does it happen?

a loss of function and it is done to wall of the infliction

B cells

a lymphocyte not processed by the thymus gland, and responsible for producing antibodies.

What is osteoporosis?

a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D.

What is perforin?

a protein, released by NK cells, that destroys targeted cells (mutations) by creating lesions like pores in their membranes.

antibody

a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body.

what is a phagocyte

a type of cell within the body capable of engulfing and absorbing bacteria and other small cells and particles.

Antimicrobial protiens

an innate defense; includes: Interferons & complement

heparin

anticoagulant found in blood and tissue cells (dilates blood vessels) speeding up blood vessels.

Basophils

leukocyte that contain anticoagulant heparin, which prevents blood from clotting too quickly. They also contain the vasodilator histamine, which promotes blood flow to tissues.

NK cells

natural killer cells responsible for immune surveillance

What is the difference between osteoporosis and osteopenia?

osteopenia is the middle man between osteoporosis and healthy bones meaning it is pre-osteoporosis

What is margination?

phagocytes cling to the walls of capillaries in the injured area

complement proteins

proteins in blood that help destroy pathogens by coating or puncturing them

Euthrocytes

red blood cells

dendritic cells

specialized white blood cells that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections (comes from nervous tissue) (lives in lymph nodes)

adaptive immunity

the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them.

innate immunity

the immediate response to infections and serves as the foundation for adaptive immunity

What is phagocytosis?

the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans.

Why does heat occur?

the movement of blood causes friction

What is diapedesis?

the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation.

Is fever beneficial?

to a certain point

What is the purpose of dialysis

to clean the blood (take the place of a kidney)

What is peritoneal dialysis?

uses lining of abdomen (peritoneal membrane) to filter blood, catheter in abdomen surgically placed, dialysate is instilled in the abdomen, it dwells and then is drained using gravity (done by patient anywhere)

When is the inflammatory response triggered?

when body tissues are injured

Leukocytes

white blood cells

which type of blood cells are most responsible during the second line of defense

white blood cells