Unit 8: Accidents: Causes and Prevention/Permit Study Guide

The RIGHT-OF-WAY is given to you by another driver. Never assume the RIGHT-OF-WAY until you are sure that the other driver is going to yield to you. This usually is encountered at stop signs.

When to use it:

Defensive driving techniques Be alert Don't make assumptions about other driver's intentions Skid techniques (deep front tires aligned with intended path) Three second rule Escape techniques Emergency breaking - Pump drum brakes, use threshold braking for disk brakes, and slam on antilock brakes Effective use of horn Be flexible to selecting appropriate speed for conditions Avoiding a collision with the car ahead Importance of correct vehicle lane placement Know when to increase following distance to more than three seconds When being tailgated When vision is blocked or visibility is poor When speed is increased When adverse roadway, traffic, or weather conditions exist Momentary distractions-pick a safe time to look away Check the situation ahead Take short looks Have a passenger help with navigation and other non-driving chores Look ahead for trouble Look over and around the car ahead Check ahead for speed on hilltops and curves Watch brake lights in adjacent lanes Start breading early Locations to watch for trouble Traffic controlled intersections Approaching crosswalks Lanes next to parked cars Parking lot entrances Interchanges where cars enter and leave Slippery or ice covered streets Where children play Avoid being rear-ended by another vehicle Increase the following distances from vehicles ahead Signal early for turns, stops, and lane changes Brake smoothly and gradually Keep pace with traffic when possible and legal Check mirrors for following distance of other vehicles Before changing lanes, check direction of travel After stopping, keep brake pedal depressed Keep read lights clean and functioning How to choose an alternate path of travel as an escape route Importance of maintaining adequate visual lead Select speeds which position vehicle between clusters of vehicles Select a safe lane position within traffic clusters Avoiding multiple hazards Identify hazards early Predict potential hazards Adjust speed and position to avoid potential hazards Anticipate and plan escape routes HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS A. Driving in the fog. 1. Obtaining maximum visibility and reducing glare. *Appropriate use of headlamps You must always use your low-beam lights while driving in fog. If you try to use your high-beam lights, the fog will muffle the projection of your lights, not allowing the driver to see the roadway. *Use of fog lights and mounting. Any motor vehicle may be equipped with no more than two-fog lamps, but cannot be substituted for headlights. Use in heavy fog to help illuminate the roadway. They should be mounted on the front of your vehicle, no less than 12 inches, or higher than 30 inches, and aimed so that when the vehicle is not loaded none of the high-intensity portion of the light to the left or the center of the vehicle shall at a distance of 25 feet ahead project higher than a level of four inches below the level of the center of the lamp from which it comes. *Windshield wipers and defrosters. Use your windshield wipers in the fog to wipe away any water that will accumulate on your windshield, which may block your visibility. Use your defroster to eliminate the fogging that happens on the inside of the windshield, which will also block your visibility. B. Speed. 1. Reduce speed, but keep moving when entering a fog bank Always reduce your speed when you have loss of visibility, but never stop moving, because the vehicles behind you cannot see the roadway and conditions either, they may rear end your vehicle. 2. Watch for slow-moving vehicles ahead. Keep your eyes peered on the road, watch for taillights ahead of you, you will encounter slowing moving vehicles on the roadway. Due to the fog conditions other drivers are having a hard time seeing ahead of them. If you have fog lamps you will be able to see the road better than other drivers who do not have them. 3. Look in the rearview mirror for vehicles approaching from the rear. Watch your rear view and side view mirrors. To assure that vehicles approaching you from the rear see you. In addition, if they are coming to fast move to the right if there is a lane available and safe to move into, or tap on your brakes to warn the approaching vehicle to slow down. C. When your vehicle stalls. 1. Move off roadways as quickly as possible. If your vehicle is having difficulties or stalls you must try to get to the side of the road, shoulder or cut off so that you are out for the way of vehicles that will approach your vehicle to the rear. Use your emergency flashers to let drivers know that you are having difficulties. If you are not able to get to the shoulder or side of the road, put your flashers on and remain in your vehicle, if you get out of your vehicle you may get hit by a passing drivers. If at the shoulder or side of the roadway do not stand to the side of the vehicle in which vehicle are closest to, and do not stand to the rear of your vehicle, just in case a driver may hit the rear of your vehicle. 2. Move away from vehicle. Again if you are having difficulties with your vehicle depending upon where your vehicle is located either on or off the roadway you will need to get away from the vehicle. You want to do this in case a vehicle might hit your vehicle and you do not want to be injured. Never stand on the side of your vehicle in which traffic is passing on and never stand to the rear of your vehicle. The best remedy is to get to a CALL BOX and call for emergency roadside assistance. 3. Restricted use of Flashers or Flares. You must never use any of your emergency equipment for non-emergencies. Only use your emergency flashers and your emergency flares when you actually have an emergency situation; such as, your vehicle has stalled or you are having serious medical problems that make you unable to operate your vehicle. D. General Tips. 1. Listen for traffic you cannot see. When you are in a hazardous situation you must be aware of more impending dangers. When you view is blocked or impaired you must listen for any vehicles, train, or transit rail trains that must be approaching. Then you ease up until you feel and hear that you may continue. 2. Avoid crossing roadways. If at all possible do not cross a roadway. Make other maneuvers that do not pull you, your passengers and others on the roadway in danger. It is almost impossible to cross a busy roadway without an incident or a close call since you have so many things to look for when crossing and you do not have the right of way. 3. Avoid passing a line of cars. You should never attempt passing a long line of vehicles. A driver needs so much space to pass that it will never be enough of a clearance to do so safely. Also another driver ahead of you, in the line, may decide that they want to pass also and pull out into or in front of your vehicle. 4. Consider postponing driving until conditions clear. Whenever there is heavy traffic or the weather is poor, and the overall conditions of the roadways are poor you should consider rescheduling or postponing your trip, until the conditions have improved. This will actually save you in the long run. 5. Keep headlights and taillights clean. You must clean your headlights and taillights clear of dust, dirt, snow, ice and debris. This is so you will have complete visibility and others will be able to see your vehicle. When they are covered you do not have the full visibility and illumination that you need to see and be seen, especially when driving under bad weather and road conditions. E. Driving on Slippery Surfaces. 1. Obtaining maximum Visibility. *Drive with headlamps on. Whether you are driving during darkness or daylight hours when you are driving on a slippery surface, you should use your headlights to let others be able to see you. *Use windshield washers to remove film. Due to the rain, ice or snow that is on the road, drivers on the road in front of you will be throwing up ice, water or snow onto your windows with their tires; causing a film on you to wash away the film to be able to see as best as possible. F. Speed. 1. Keep below dry road speed. When driving under hazardous conditions, no matter what those conditions are, you must reduce your speed to the elements; this usually means reduced speeds below the posted speed limit. The speed that you should travel should depend on the conditions, the other vehicles around you and your capacity to handle the conditions. Do not forget to use a larger space cushion; this will make for a safer ride. 2. Decrease speed when entering a curve. When the road is wet, has snow or ice, or you are under conditions that cause a hazard; upon entering a curve you must decrease your speed to a speed that is safe for you to handle the hazards. Under weather conditions a curve can be deadly, if speeds are not reduced, causing your vehicle to slide out of control. When it has snowed or is snowing curves can be the most hazardous place on the road, even on very large freeways or interstates. Curves are usually shadowed by trees, leaving the road ice. While the rest of the roadway maybe easy for you to handle. G. Starving on the roadway. 1. Stay on paved portion of the roadway. You must always stay on the paved portion of the roadway. Do not drives on the shoulder or center divide? The unpaved portion of the road may, at higher speeds then a crawl, could send your vehicle into a slid or skid, due to the loose gravel or dirt. In bad weather you never can tell what the conditions of the shoulder or the divide may be. There could be anything just lying there and you will hit it. Do not park or stop on the side of the road when the weather and road conditions are hazardous, another vehicle may not see your vehicle due to the poor visibility, and they may collide into your vehicle. 2. Drive in the tracks of the car ahead. Stay only on the paved portion of the roadway and follow the tracks of the vehicle that you are traveling behind or the tracks that are established from previous traffic. When it is snowing, raining or the road is icy; the tracks of the previous traffic will provide more traction for you to drive upon; reducing your possibility of skidding off the roadway. You may still encounter bad spots that could cause you to spin or skid the vehicle, but it helps you a lot since they have groomed the tracks. 3. Allow more of a space cushion. Always when the road conditions are less than perfect you should double your normal space cushion and stay on the roadway. In bad weather your traction is greatly reduced. 4. Avoid sudden movements. Avoid sudden braking, steering, gear shifting and speeding when driving a vehicle this to avoid hazards from occurring. Always drive smoothly under bad weather conditions. H. Going through deep water. 1. Do not overload the rear. When you load down the rear of the vehicle this will not only send your headlights into the sky, but it will also cause you to hydroplane, because if pulls your front wheels up and in deep water this causes hydroplaning. You may also get your vehicle stuck on more rule roads. 2. Shift to a lower gear. When you are preparing to go through deep water you need to reduce speed and shift to a lower gear. This will allow you to get through the deep water without stalling the engine. I. Hydroplaning. 1. Regaining vehicle control. Hydroplaning is when your front wheels actually leave the pavement and the wheels are riding on a thin layer of water, which takes away your traction and control. Take foot off gas. In order to gain control of your vehicle you must reduce your speed; speed is usually the reason in which drivers hydroplane; you must take your foot off the gas pedal and allow the vehicle to slow down without using your brakes. Do not brake. You should never break while you are hydroplaning; this will send your vehicle skidding out of control due to the fact that you do not have any traction. Just take your foot off of the gas pedal allowing the vehicle to slow down gradually. J. Driving in snow and ice. 1. Obtaining maximum visibility. *Appropriate use of headlamps. Whether you are driving during daylight or darkness you must use your headlights when you are driving in snow and ice. This is so you are able to see as must as you most possible can, as well as allowing other drivers, who are having a hard time seeing, see you on the roadway. The important thing you should remember is that the headlights must be positioned in the low-beam position. The reason why should only use your low-beam lights is due to the snow and ice flying through hard and fast as your windshield, which can be blinding if a driver is using the high-beam lights. This is true when driving in the fog as well. *Windshield wipers and defrosters. While driving in snow or ice you must keep your windshield as clean and free of snow and ice as you possibly can. The snow and ice will start to build up on your windshield as you drive. In order to clear your windshield you need to use your windshield wipers to brush away any build up. If after using your windshield you need to use your windshield wipers to brush away any build up. If after using your windshield wipers you see that ice is forming on your windshield turn on and keep on your defroster, adjust it to the warmest position so it will melt away the ice buildup. Continue using your defroster until you are clear off the snowy and icy weather conditions. However, you may need to adjust the temperature to one that does not make you too hot. You may also run in and out of snow or ice in which you will be turning the defroster on and off. The need for this is so you have the best visibility possible. Using the defroster in conjunction with the windshield wipers will give you the best possible visibility under these conditions. K. Speed. 1. Keep speed below dry-road speed. When driving under hazardous conditions such as snow and ice you must reduce your speed to below the dry-road speed, much less then the posted speed limit, only drive as fast or as slow as weather and road conditions allow you to go. 2. Keep steady speed. While driving on snow, ice or rain weathered roadways you need to keep a consistent and steady speed so that you do not send your vehicle into a slide or a skid. 3. Reduce speed on curves and shady areas. Because ice usually stays on curves and in shady areas, while the read of the roadway may be clear, you need to reduce your speed and keep a steady position on the roadway while making your way around a curve or when driving through a shaded area. Always look ahead of you to see if you are approaching a curve or shady area, so that you may prepare by reducing your speed. This is to keep you from sliding out of control. 4. Maintain a longer space cushion. Increase your space cushions by allowing at least double the cushion under ideal driving conditions. The longer space cushion will allow you to have more time to react, slow, and maneuver the vehicle to avoid any hazards on the roadway. Remember it is twice as hard to stop when you are on snowy or icy roads. L. General tips to avoid skids. 1. Watch for areas where ice collects. Look ahead and be prepared to slow down over bridges, around curves and in shaded areas, where the ice collects. Preparing in advance will help keep you from skidding. 2. Avoid turning or swerving suddenly. You must keep a steady hold on the road any sudden movements when traveling on ice or snowy roads may cause your vehicle to skid out of control. Always make very controlled and directed movements. 3. Avoid applying brakes too suddenly or too hard. Always apply your brakes evenly and slowly this will allow you to slow or stop without an incident. If you brake too suddenly or too hard you will send your vehicle into a skid and out of control. 4. Do not drive on road edge or shoulder. Since the snow covers whatever is lying around so that you cannot see what is under it, you must never drive on the side of the roadway or on the shoulder. This is also where the snow will have the most build up, due to the snow plows pushing the snow and ice off of the road and since no vehicles travel on this portion of the road you will not know if there is ice under the snow. Keep your vehicle positioned in the tracks of the other vehicles that have traveled before you. 5. Do not change to a lower gear at too fast a speed. Never change gears when you are going too fast. This will send your vehicle into a skid or a slid. You should slow down gradually by reducing your speed or gently use your brakes. When you are at a lower speed then you can switch into a lower gear safely. 6. When to use chains. When signs are posted and you do not have a four-wheel vehicle, or where the signs say that ever fourwheel vehicles must use chains in when you should and must use chains to go any farther down the roadway. When signs are not posted and you have to make a decision of your own; you should always use your chains if it is snowing and the snow is lying on the road, making a blanket of snow that you have to drive upon. If you are traveling on a mountain road it is best to sop at a safe off road location so that you are away from passing vehicles, so that you may put on your snow chains. You should always use your chains when the road has ice it, but, this only gives you a little added traction, you must remain at reduced low speeds. M. How to stop skidding. 1. Avoid braking suddenly-pump breaks lightly but fast. Do not break suddenly when you are in a skid this will only complicate and make the situation worse. What you should do however, is to pump your brakes lighting if you do not have anti-lock brakes. If you have anti-lock brakes then you should just brakes steadily and evenly. 2. Steer in the direction which the rear end is skidding. If you are in a skid do not steer away from the rear end; steer In the direction that the back of your vehicle is directed in. this will help you pull your vehicle out of the skid and allow you to get the vehicle under control. 3. Avoid over steering. Do not jerk or make a quick movement with the steering wheel. You should only steer enough to be able to get the vehicle out of the skid. Over steering will send your vehicle into another skid, but in the opposite direction of the last skid. 4. Keep the clutch engaged. If your vehicle has a standard transmission, you should engage the clutch. This will act as neutral. You do not want to take your-vehicle out of gear. How to Rock out 1. Start slowly in low gear. When your vehicle is stuck in a water puddle, sand, snow, and you need to rock your vehicle out you should first put your vehicle into a lower gear. This is will allow you to get the power needed to help you get movement. Otherwise you will dig yourself a bigger hole, in which you may never get out of until the tow truck comes. The movement should be followed by the next step in rapid succession; which is to shift into reverse. 2. Shift rapidly to reverse. After you have made a movement forward in a low gear, you should quickly move the gear to reverse and then accelerate. This will give you an extra incentive to get out of the hole. 3. Back until wheels start to spin. After you have put the vehicle into reverse and have accelerated you should back the vehicle up until the wheels start to spin. When the wheels start to spin you are not moving any longer and hopefully you have moved enough to be able to have room to get out. 4. Shift back to low gear. Once you have started to spin your wheels in reverse you must quickly change back to a lower gear and try to go forward once again. Hopefully this will get you out of the rut. 5. Repeat movement in rapid succession. If the above steps have not worked to get you out of the hole you must continue the entire process in rapid, quick succession. This repeated should set your vehicle out, but you must do the steps quickly enough and with enough incentive in order to overcome what is holding you in the rut. 6. Use of branches or boards. If you have followed all of the steps and you still cannot get your vehicle unstuck then you should look around for any branches or boards that you can find to lay under the front and back of the tires. By laying the branches or boards under the tires you give the vehicle leverage to get the vehicle moving this will get you out of the rut. P. Mechanical Failure. 1. Accelerator stuck. If you find that your accelerator is stuck, you need to reach down with your hand or use your foot to pull up the on the accelerator, all the while keeping your eyes on the road. If this does not help fix the problem you should put the vehicle into the neutral position; and this will idle the engine not allowing it to keep accelerating. After putting the vehicle into neutral you must move over safely and get into the emergency lane and stop your vehicle. 2. Blowout. When you have a blow out while you are driving you must have a good hold on the steering wheel. When the blow out happens, you should steer away from the tire that has blown out. You will know which not it is because the vehicle will pull in that direction. When you have as much control of the vehicle that is possible, signal that you are in trouble by using your flashers and get safely over to the emergency lane and stop your vehicle. 3. Brake failure. If your vehicle does not have an anti-lock braking system you should pump four times on the brakes, rapidly. You should know whether your brakes have take hold by the last pump on the brakes. If they have not taken hold you should look for a hedge, bush or a "run- away tuck" lane in which to use to stop your vehicle. You should not forget to use your lights and your flashers as a warning to other drivers of the emergency situation that you are having. You should also use your gears to slow you down. If you are in fourth gear you should skip third gear and go into second gear. Then after allowing the vehicle to slow down switch the gear to first, after the vehicle has slowed down you can use your emergency brake to stop your vehicle. However, be aware of any vehicle that are not aware of your emergency situation, and only use the emergency brake when it is safe and clear. 4. Headlight failure. If you have complete light failure you must stop your vehicle and not drive the vehicle during the hours between dust and dawn, until you have had the lights repaired. A driver is not able to see, or be seen without proper headlights. If your vehicle's low-beam suddenly go out between or during the hours between dust and dawn, until you can immediately get to the repair shop or get the new headlights replaced, remember that while driving with the high beam lights on you are blind other drivers. If one low beam light is out, do not primarily use your high beam lights. Use your low beam lights and go immediately to get the light repaired. If you are unable to find a place to repair the light, get off of the road and park the vehicle until you are able to fix it. 5. Power steering failure. If your power steering goes out you must try to hard steer the vehicle to the right side or shoulder of the road, while reduces your speed and using your emergency flashers. Once you have moved over into the emergency lane safely, stop the vehicle. It is hard to see a vehicle that is manufactured with power steering when the power steering fails, but if you use enough arm muscle you should be able to steer your way over to the emergency lane. 6. Overheating If your car engine overheats you will need to pull over and wait for it to cool down before you continue driving. Failure to do so can result in major and costly engine problems. You should always keep a close eye on your temperature gauge especially during the summertime if your vehicle is equipped with one. If it's not equipped with a gauge, then there will usually be a warning light that will become visual when your engine temperature reaches a high level.

Accident Avoidance and Prevention:

Stress and anger greatly increase the danger of accidents due to drivers: 1. Get upset over trifles, or become nervous in unusual situations. 2. Lose their tempers and consequently, their judgment. 3. Express anger by driving recklessly. 4. Show impatience in traffic jams by useless horn blowing. 5. Flash their high-beam lights in the eyes of approaching drivers. 6. Talk loudly or use profanity. 7. Resort to crowding, tailgating, and forcing others out of traffic Lanes.

Accident potential:

(a)The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to any person, other than himself or herself, or in death of any person shall immediately stop the vehicle at the scene of the accident and shall fulfill the requirements of sections 20003 and 20004. (b) (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), any violation of subdivision (a) shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison or in the county jail for not more than one year, or by a fine of not less than one thousand dollars ($1,000.00) nor more than ten thousand dollars (10,000.00), or by both fine and imprisonment. (2) Any violation of subdivision (a) which result in death or permanent, serious injury shall be punished by imprisonment in the state prison for two, three, or four years, or in the county jail for not less than 90 days nor more than one year, or by a fine of not less than one thousand dollars (1,000.00) nor more than ten thousand dollars (10,000.00), or by both fine and imprisonment. However, the court may, in the interests of justice and for reasons stated in the record, reduce or eliminate the minimum imprisonment required bay this paragraph. As used in this paragraph, "permanent, serious injury" means loss or permanent impairment of function of any bodily member or organ. (3) In imposing the minimum fine required by this subdivision, the court shall take into consideration the defendants ability in the record; reduce the amount of that minimum fine to less than the amount otherwise required by this subdivision.

Accidents and accident reports (CVC Section): Duty to Stop at Scene of Accident 20001 CVC:

Obtain Names and Addresses of Other Witnesses. It is important to get the names and addresses of any witnesses to the accident. You need to have a witness who can attest to the cause of the accident. You or your insurance company may need to get in touch with the witnesses; in the case that there is a dispute to whom or what was the cause. Give Accurate Facts to Police. It is important that when you are giving your account of the accident that you give the true and accurate statement. Do not exaggerate or lie about the true cause of the accident, just to benefit your cause. Seek Medical Attention. If you, your passengers or any other persons involved in the accident have been injured, it is important for medical assistance. If you have any injuries, do not take any chances, have your self checked by a medical doctor. File Necessary Supplemental Reports. The Department of the California Highway Patrol ay requires any driver, or the owner of a common carrier vehicle, involves in any accident, of which a report must be made as provided in section 20008, to file a supplemental reports. In addition, may require witnesses of accidents to render reports to them, whenever the original report is insufficient in the opinion of such department.

Additional Steps:

A driver needs to understand that the environment and conditions of the roadways are constantly changing. With the weather, traffic, accidents, construction areas, sunrise and sunset, etc. a driver must be prepared to handle these changes. A good way for a driver to be prepared is to listen to traffic reports so you may avoid congestion, construction areas, traffic accidents; listen to radio reports of the weather as well. Know that a driver has harder time adjusting their vision during sunrises and sunsets. If you take precautions, you can be prepared in advance to handle whatever may come up.

Adjusting to the Driving Environment:

Sending for help. Whenever you are involved in an accident and you have caused injury to another person with your vehicle, or you have been injured by another vehicle; you must have medical attention. If you have injured someone with your vehicle you must call for an emergency vehicle. You can call the local police department or California Highway Patrol to have them respond to the accident. But, you must inform them, that there is an injured person, so they may call out an emergency medical response vehicle. If you are injured in the accident it is the responsibility of the other driver to contact help. If you are conscious of your injuries ask someone at the scene of the accident to call for help. When to Move an Injured Person Never move person when they have been injured in an accident, unless there is a fire or extreme potential of a fire, or any other extreme danger. Wait until the emergency medical response vehicle, and allow them to handle the injured party/parties.

Aid to the Injured:

Dry sand or gravel does not improve traction on hard surface roads, as it would be on ice. On the contrary, dry sand or gravel may act the same way that a quantity if buckshot marbles would work under your wheels. Your tires cannot get a grip because they slide. As you leave the concrete and asphalt highways and go further into the country, you often travel on gravel roads. Sometimes you find that these gravel roads continue for miles. Gravel roads are fine when there is enough dirt and moisture to keep packed down hard, with as even a surface as possible. When there is not enough of this binder to pack down the gravel, the road becomes rutted. Free gravel lies in the ruts and over the road surface. In such conditions, speeds of zero to 5 mph are dangerous. If the car's tread is a bit narrower or wider that the ruts, either the front or the rear end, either may be on an unexpected stretch of loose, rutted gravel that trick the unwary.

Bad Pavement:

Bodily injury coverage pays for the injuries that occur in an accident. This means that if you injure someone in an accident that you're insurance will cover their medical bills (only to the limit that you have coverage for).

Bodily injury:

Property Damage Amount. You must make or cause to be made a report of an accident when there is $500.00 (Five hundred dollars) or more, in property damage. Injury. Whenever there is an injury to any person who is involved in an accident, a report must be filed. If there is any injury seek an emergency medical assistance for those injuries. Make sure that the local governing authorities have been called in to investigate and report the accident. Time Frames for Reporting. Any accident that has caused an injury or more than $500.00 (five hundred dollars) property damage must be reported to the local governing authorities, insurance company, or legal representative, within 10 days, for the time of the accident.

Financial Responsibility Requirements: When a report is Require:

Collision insurance coverage protects you when you are involved in an accident. It covers the damage that you incur, this covers your vehicle when in an accident.

Collision:

Comprehensive insurance covers other damages that occur to your vehicle, other than accident damage (i.e. cracked windshield).

Comprehensive:

(a)No traffic or police officer shall include in any counter report of a property-damage accident, as defined in this section, any determination by the peace officer of fault of reporting person, including, but not limited to, inattentiveness. This section does not apply to a determination which is the result of an examination of the physical evidence of the accident at the site of the accident by the traffic or police officer or the result of an express, knowing admission of the reporting person if the basis for the determination is also included in the report. (b)As used in this section, "counter report of a property-damage accident" means any report of an accident involving one or more vehicles which meets the following criteria: The accident reported caused damage to property, but did not cause personal injury to or death of any person. The report is prepared at an office of the California Highway Patrol or local law enforcement agency. The report is written or recorded by, or with the assistance of, a peace officer.

Counter Reports; No Determination of Fault. 20015 CVC:

Treat other drivers, as you would like to be treated. If you see something wrong with someone's car, tell him or her. A broken taillight or a low tire may cause an accident. Make room for other drivers who wish to pull into heavy traffic or change lanes. Often they will reward you with a smile or a nod of thanks. There are some positive steps that responsible drivers can take to help assure their own driving safety and pleasure as well as that of their passengers and others sharing the road and highways. Try these tips and enjoy seeing other drivers return the courtesy. * Give yourself extra time. Leaving earlier will help you arrive in time. It can mean the difference between a safe, relaxed trip and pressured driving. * Realize when you are in no condition to drive. This does not just mean impairment from alcohol or other drugs, but from ill health, emotional distress or physical limitations. Think about whether you can be a safe driver before you start your engine. * Check your driving techniques. Do you do the very things that make you angry with other drivers? Do you straddle lanes, drive slower than the flow of traffic, for get to signal or merge into traffic too abruptly? If so, driving techniques need improvement. * Observe the total traffic picture. Keep your eyes moving especially when changing lanes and at intersections. Do not depend solely on you mirrors. Check over your shoulder as well. Since blind spots are always there. * Check your car periodically for maintenance. Be sure to keep your vehicle in tip-top shape brakes, lights, and turn signals in good working order. Make sure your windows are clean, too. Your courtesy not only will make your traveling time safer and more enjoyable; it may also make someone else's day.

Courtesy is Contagious:

Do not try to drive the same speed at night as which you do during the day. You should slow down to safer speed. You and other drivers have less visibility at night. Since the area that in which your headlamps light is very limited, so too will be your visibility. Be sure that you can stop within that distance within your headlamps. Be extra alert look for bicycles, motorcycles, and people walking. They are harder to see at night. The law states that all drivers must turn on their headlamps when they drive, from 30 minutes after sunset until 30 minutes before sunrise and any other time when you can see less than 1,000 feet ahead. It is illegal to drive with only your parking lights on, day or night. Do not blind other drivers with your headlamps. Use your high beam lights only in open country when other vehicle coming towards you. If you are following another vehicle, switch to low beam lights when you get closer than 300 feet. Drive as far to the right as possible if a vehicle with one headlamp comes towards you. It could be a bicycle or motorcycle, but it could also be a "one-eyed" car (a car with a broken headlamp). When leaving a brightly-lit place, drive slowly until your eyes adjust to the darkness. Avoid looking directly into the glare of oncoming headlights. Watch the right edge of your lane, noting the position of the oncoming vehicle out of the corner of your eye. Do not wear sunglasses when driving at night. Consult your eye doctor before wearing glasses for night driving.

Daytime vs. Nighttime:

Be as courteous while driving as in other social contacts. From a psychological point of view, the top-notch driver not only has skill but also balance and self-control. He/she has good social attitudes. The most important quality he or she possesses is a good driver attitude. This quality is called the "driving conscience." When top-notch drivers get behind the wheel of a car, he/she shows certain excellent characteristics, such as: * Acceptance of responsibility: If you make a mistake, do not get mad at others take responsibility. If your mistake involves another driver (without incident), give a wave and let them know that you are sorry for your mistake. Take responsibility for your actions. * Alertness: Always be alert. Watch the road ahead to the sides and behind your vehicle. Be ready to handle and driving situation you may encounter. * Consideration for others, including car occupants: By driving consistently and courteously, you are being considerate to others. * Courtesy: Be courteous to others on the road. * Foresight: Be aware of potential hazardous situations ahead of you on the road. * Good attitude towards other highway users & toward the laws and law enforcement. Always have a good attitude towards others on the roadway. Regard all traffic laws. Respect law enforcement agents. * Good Judgment: Use good judgment in making driving decisions.

Driving Courtesy and Attitude:

(a)The driver of a vehicle, other than a common carrier vehicle, involved in any accident resulting in injuries to or death of any person shall within 24 hours after the accident make or cause to be made a written report of the accident to the Department of the California Highway Patrol or, if the accident occurred within a city, to either the Department of the city in which the accident occurred. If the agency which receives the report is not responsible for investigating the accident, it shall immediately forward the report to the law enforcement agency which is responsible for investigating the accident. On or before the fifth day of each month, every police department which received a report during the previous calendar month of an accident which it is responsible for investigating shall forward the report or a copy thereof to the main office of the Department of the California Highway Patrol at Sacramento. (b) The owner or driver of a common carrier vehicle involved in any accident shall make a like report to the Department of California Highway Patrol on or before the 10th day of the month following the accident.

Duty to Report Accidents 20008 CVC:

(a)The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident resulting in damage to any property, including vehicles, shall immediately stop the vehicle at the scene of the accident and do either of following: (1)Locate and notify the owner or person in charge of that property of the name and address of the driver and owner of the vehicle involved and, upon locating the driver of any other vehicle involved or the owner or person in charge of any damaged property, upon being requested, present his or her drivers license, any vehicle registration, to the other driver, property owner, or person in charge of that property. The information presented shall include the current residence address of the driver and of the registered owner. If the registered owner of an involved vehicle is present at the scene, he or she shall also, upon request, present his or her driver's license information, if available or other valid identification to the other involved parties. (2)Leave in a conspicuous place on the vehicle or other property damaged a written notice giving the name and address of the driver and of the owner of the vehicle involved and a statement of the circumstances thereof and shall without unnecessary delay notify the police department of the city wherein the collision occurred or if the collision occurred in unincorporated territory, the local headquarters of the Department of the California Highway Patrol. (b) Any person who parks a vehicle which, prior to the vehicle again being driven, becomes a runaway vehicle and is involved in an accident resulting in damage to any property, attended or unattended, Shall comply with the requirements of this section relating to notification and reporting and shall, upon conviction thereof, be liable to the penalties of this section for failure to comply with the requirements. (c) Any person failing to comply with all the requirements of this section is guilty of a misdemeanor and, upon conviction thereof, shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail not exceeding six months, or by a fine not exceeding one thousand dollars (1,000.00), or by both.

Duty where Property Damaged 20002 CVC:

Identifying information When you are involved in an accident you must exchange information with any persons involved in the accident. The driver must show and give the other parties their driver's license number, current home address, evidence of insurance, registration, an give the name and current home address of the owner of the vehicle. This information must be given to the driver or injured persons of the other(s) involved in the accident. If there is no immediate determination or confession of fault to who is responsible for causing the accident then both or all drivers involved must exchange the above information with each other. Noting Damage and Injury. In an accident whether you are the one at fault or not it is impossible to note and record all damage to your and any other vehicles involved in the accident. Note location of and the amount of damage. If your vehicle is damaged it is important to get an estimate from a mechanic immediately after the accident. This will assure accurate and non-disputable report of the damage. In the event of personal bodily injury to yourself or other parties in the accident you should make notes of what kind of injures there are, what complains are being spoken of. If you are injured, go to the hospital or go to a doctor immediately after the accident. If any other party involved has been injured and if you have been injured must secure a doctor's report of the injuries. If a party involved in the accident goes immediately for a medical examination this will be more accurate and creditable then waiting to receive help.

Exchanging information:

The driver of every motor vehicle who is in any manner involved in an accident originating from the operation of a motor vehicle on any street or highway or any reportable off-highway accident defined in section 16000.1 which has resulted in damage to the property of any one person in excess of five hundred dollars ($500.00) or in bodily injury or in the death of any person shall, within 10 days after the accident, report the accident, either personally or through an insurance agent, broker, or legal representative, on a form approved by the department to the office of the department at Sacramento, subject to the provisions of this chapter. The driver shall identify on the form, by name and current residence address, if available, any person involved in the accident complaining of bodily injury. A report is not required pursuant to subdivision (a) if the motor vehicle involved in the accident was owned or leased by, or under the direction of, the United States, this state, another state, or a local agency.

Financial Responsibility Laws (CVC Section): Report Required. 16000 CVC:

Sometimes a road that's normally safe becomes dangerous when slippery. Ice and snow on the road can cause the car to skid, especially if you drive fast or downhill. If the car goes into a skid, stop braking and turn the steering wheel into the direction of the skid. If you cannot control your vehicle on a slippery surface, try to find something to stop you. Try to get a wheel on dry pavement or on the shoulder of the road. You may have to slowly edge into a snow bank or some bushes to stop. To avoid skidding on slippery surfaces you should: 1. Drive more slowly and stay further behind the car ahead. 2. Slow your speed as you approach curves and intersections. 3. Avoid fast turns. 4. Avoid quick stops. "Pump" the brake to slow or stop the vehicle. 5. Shift to low gear before going down a steep hill. If brakes get wet, dry them by pressing the gas pedal and brake at the same time so that the car drives against the pressure of the brakes. Avoid especially slippery areas, such as ice patches wet leaves, oil and deep puddles.

HANDLING slippery surfaces:

Anger and stress while driving causes chaos. You effect other drivers on the road when you are full of anger and stress. You usually speed, cut in and out traffic and do a lot of yelling. This can cause high accident potential. Your emotional balance effects your driving because you are not emotionally behind the wheel; you are dealing with whatever personal problems are bothering you. The stress and anger giver the driver emotional imbalance. The driver should not drive when they are emotional. The driver that has fatigue cannot react quickly to hazards on the roadway. The driver who is fatigue could fall asleep behind the wheel and cause serious injury to other drivers, pedestrians, passengers in other cars, passengers in their car, and to themselves. Fatigue kills thousands of people each year. If you are sleepy do not drive a car, find a motel or rest area and go to sleep.

How does it Affect Driving?:

If something happens to make you tense or upset, one of the obvious signs of stress is often a disturbance in your normal eating and sleeping habits. Lack of sleep causes fatigue and a consequent inability to make decisions. Anger can also carry over from some event that happened before the person started driving. The driver thus finds it difficult to focus attention to the total driving task. Since anger sets up the body for combat, it impairs the performance of smooth braking and accelerating. These actions can cause hazards for other road users. Stress differs from anger because drivers recognize it and try to avoid. Angry drivers can have more difficulty calming themselves. Drivers suffering from stress. Therefore, they can safely complete their trip. However, they may make some panic decisions because they have difficulty identifying potential hazards and predicting the actions of other road users. Emotions are the results of the stress and angry taking its effect on your mind. It could also be an argument or going through personal problems that affect your emotional balance. The driver who is upset should not be driving, wait until you have all of faculties in place. To know that you are too tired to drive is sometimes a very hard thing for a driver to realize. If you are yawning, having to bat your eyes to keep them open, or if you are driving long distances at night all of these things can cause a driver to fall asleep behind the wheel. Other factors can add to hazards driving conditions when a driver is tired, such as the weather and road conditions. If you are tired do not drive, pull over and rest.

How to recognize it:

In a heavy rain, your tires can lose contact with the roadway surface and actually ride on top of a film of water. This is known as hydroplaning. When this occurs, a vehicle's direction and speed are no longer under the driver's control. (On a straight section of roadway, the driver may be unaware that this condition exists.) The precise point at which a car will begin to hydroplane is difficult to identify. Because it is influenced by the speed of the car, the amount of water on the roads' surface, the depth of the tire tread, and the tire inflation. You should be alert to the problem anytime the water is standing on the pavement or when rain is falling hard enough to cause the raindrops to bubble as they hit the roadway.

Hydroplaning:

Identifying an intersection. An intersection is any place where a line of traffic meets another. This includes: * Cross streets and side streets. * Freeway entrances. * Driveway and shopping center entrances. In addition, some of the most dangerous intersections are blind intersections. There are no traffic control devices in these intersections. The blind intersections are usually found in residential, business and industry areas. To identify a blind intersection, it is best when approaching an intersection in which you have no traffic control device too slow to 15 mph. if another car is present, yield to the car on your right. However, if the driver is unaware of the blind intersection and is not slowing, you should stop completely to avoid collision.

Intersections: Marked and Unmarked:

(a)The department shall suspend the driver privilege of any person who fails, refuses, or neglects to make a report of an accident as required in this chapter. (b)A suspension taken under this section shall remain in effect until terminated by receipt of the report of the accident or upon receipt of evidence that financial responsibility as provided in section 16021 is in effect. (c) The driving privilege shall not be suspended under this section, and, if a suspension has been imposed and is in effect under this section, that suspension shall be terminated, if the driving privilege is suspended under section 16370 or 16381 as the result of a judgment arising out of the same accident for which the report of the accident is required by this section. The department may suspend or re-impose the suspension of the driving privilege of a person under this section if the suspension under section 16370 or 16381 is later set aside for a reason other than that the person has satisfied the judgment in full or to the extent provided in chapter 2 (commencing with section 16250) and has given proof of financial responsibility as provided in chapter 3 (commencing with section 16430).

Mandatory Suspension of License 16004 CVC:

(a)The suspension of the driving privilege of a person as provided in section 16070 shall not be terminated until one year has elapsed from the date of actual commencement of the suspension and until the person files proof of financial responsibility as provided in chapter 3 (commencing with section 16430), except that the suspension shall be reinstated if the person fails to maintain proof of financial responsibility for three years. However, in lieu of suspending a person's driving privilege pursuant to this section, the department may, upon application, if the person files and thereafter maintains proof of financial responsibility as provided in this section and pays a penalty fee to the department of two hundred fifty dollars ($250.00), restrict the person's driving privilege to any of the following situations: Necessary travel to and from that person's place of employment. Driving that is required in the person's course of employment, when driving a motor vehicle is necessary in order to perform the duties of the person's primary employment. Necessary travel to transport a minor dependent in that person's immediate family to and from an institute of primary and secondary education, if the chief administrative officer or principal of the educational institution certifies in writing to the department that the minor dependent is enrolled in the educational institution and no form of public transportation or school bus is available between the applicant's place of residence and the educational institution. The restriction shall remain in effect for the period of suspension requires by this section, so long as proof of financial responsibility is maintained. (b)If a suspension has been imposed under section 16070 and one year has elapsed from the date the suspension actually commenced, that suspension shall be terminated if the driving privilege is suspended under section 16370 or 16381 as the result of a judgment arising out of the accident for which proof of financial responsibility was required to be established. The department may re-impose the suspension of the driving privilege of a person under section 16070 if the suspension under section 16370 or 16381 is later set aside for a reason other than that the person has satisfied the judgment in full or to the extent provided in chapter 2 (commencing with section 16430). (c)Notwithstanding chapter 2 (commencing with section 42200 of division 18j, all revenues derived from the penalty fees provided in subdivision (a) shall, after deduction by the department of the costs incurred by the department in the administering of this section, be deposited in the Financial Responsibility Penalty in the General Fund. The balance in this fund on July 1, which is not subject to appropriation as provided in section 12980 of the Insurance Code, shall revert to the General Fund.

Period of Suspension. 16072 CVC:

Planning your trip how you will get to you destination is part of the rules of safety when driving. Below examines some reasons and purposes for "planning your route." 1. Planning ahead can prevent many serious difficulties even on routine, local trips. 2. Selecting the right time to travel is important. Try to avoid rush hour traffic. 3. It is a good idea to keep listening to local radio stations while driving. 4. To become familiar with the area, check a local map before leaving. 5. You should know ahead of time the destination, address and what street to take. If you miss a street, do not try to make a spilt-second turn or stop. Go around the block and try again, if traveling on the freeway; if you pass your exit or not in the proper lane to exit, do not try to stop, cut-off, or endanger other cars. Just continue on to the next exit and then back track. 6. If you have a nighttime vision problem, avoid driving at night. 7. When lost, stop and ask questions at once, do not just drive blindly. 8. Never try to look at a map when your car is moving. 9. From the map, you can learn distances from place to place and plan your stops intelligently. This is a safe feature as well as a convenience. A good procedure when planning a trip is to draw a heavy line among your proposed route.

Planning the Route:

Reducing Chances of Fire. If you are in an accident and there is a possibility of a ruptured gas tank on either your vehicle or any other vehicle involved; you must reduce the chance of a fire breaking out. In order to do so it is best in any accident to turn off the engine and request that other drivers do the same. Do not smoke, or allow anyone else to smoke at the scene of the accident. Warning Oncoming Vehicles. After the accident has happened it is important to warm oncoming vehicles of the hazard in order to prevent any further accidents. Once you have noted injury to others it is important to secure the accident scene. Putout and position flares to direct oncoming vehicles away from the accident. Turn on the emergency flashers and use any other emergency warning devices you may have. Do not stand in the roadway directing traffic and get all persons away from any vehicle that is on fire or is about to explode into fire.

Preventing Further Damage:

The driver of any vehicle involved in an accident resulting in injury to any person (other than themselves), or in death; and or property damage must immediately stop at the scene of the accident and shall fulfill the requirements of sections 20002 and 20004 of the California Vehicle Code. Victims at scene. Your responsibility to any injured victims at the scene of an accident it is your responsibility to stop and help or ask for or to call for help. Call the local police department or the California High Way Patrol, They will send out an emergency vehicle to help the injured. The driver that is involved in an accident resulting in injury or death of a person shall give their name, current home address, insurance policy card, vehicle registration number of the vehicle he or she is driving, and the driver's license the name and address to the person struck. In addition to, the driver or occupants of any vehicle collided with. All this information shall also be provided to the traffic or police officer at the scene of the accident. Property Damage-Unable to Locate Owner. If a driver hits a parked vehicle it is the driver's responsibility to find that owner and explain what has happened, and then give your driver's license number, name, current home address, insurance policy. However, if the owner of the vehicle cannot be located you must leave a note with your name and address and phone number, along with a quick explanation of what happened.

Procedures when involved in an accident: Stopping Requirements:

The department of Motor Vehicles requires that all owners of motor vehicle show proof of insurance upon registering their vehicle in this state. Failure to show proof of insurance means that their vehicle will be not registered.

Proof Required When Registering a Vehicle or Renewing:

In heavy rain or snowstorm, you may not be able to see more than 100 feet, or no visibility ahead at all. When you cannot see any further than that, you cannot safely drive faster than 30 mph, or less. In a very heavy downpour or storm of any kind, you may not be able to see well enough to drive. Pull off the road in a safe area and wait until it is clear. In packed snow, cut speed in half or more, in ice, slow to a crawl. Near the freezing point, the ice is wet, so it is more slippery that at colder temperatures. RAIN: When heavy, reduces visibility markedly. If the wind is blowing, the situation is intensified. Rain on the windows interferes with and distorts vision. Other vehicles are difficult to see particularly if their headlights are not on. Adjust your driving to the weather conditions. Rain and fog demand that you slow your speed down. It is wise to turn your lights when visibility is poor, even in daylight. FOG: Fog reflects light, whether it would be daylight or headlights. Visibility is reduced in any degree of smog, light, or dense. Drivers must guard against entering a foggy area at a speed that was safe only in a clear area. In any, fog day or night, drivers must use low-beam headlights, and speed must be reduced. An added space cushion is necessary because of the second-by-second change of conditions. The changing intensity of fog makes it extremely difficult to judge distances accurately. SNOW: Safe driving on icy and snowy roads demands greater skill and effort. A car is designed to perform on dry surfaces. It will perform well in many adverse winter conditions, if it is driven with care and at great reduces speeds. Wind driven snow limits visibility. Drivers must use low-beam lights, day or night, to see and be seen. In crusted snow and in heavy snow, the car will not skid sideways as easily as in packed snow, but it may be more difficult to get the car moving. Slushy snow has a bulky, caused by water being held in suspension and may cause hydroplaning. Snow packed down by traffic is much like, ice, skids of any kind happen easily. ICY SPOTS: Following distances should be especially long in cold weather. A day or two after a storm, there may be icy spots on the road in such places as on bridges, under overpasses, or on shady stretches of road.

Rain, Fog, Snow:

When a Report must be filed. The driver of a vehicle involved in any accident resulting in injuries to, or death of any person, or property damage to any vehicle; shall within 24 hours after the accident make or cause to be made a written report of the accident to the Department of the California Highway Patrol. However, if the accident occurred within the city, to either the California Highway Patrol or to the police department of the city in which the accident occurred. Use of Reports. All accidents reports, supplemental reports, reports made by the California Highway Patrol, by any peace officer, member of the California Highway Patrol, or other employee of the Department of Motor Vehicles; shall be made immediately available for the confidential use of any division in the department requesting such, and for confidential use by the Department of Transportation, and or for the confidential use of the local governing authority. As well as any party to the accident, such as insurance companies, attorneys, and any representative of drivers and injured persons involved in the accident.

Reporting Requirements:

All required accident reports, and supplemental reports, shall be without prejudice to the individual so reporting and shall be for the confidential use of the Department of Motor Vehicles of the California Highway Patrol, except that the Department of the California Highway Patrol the law enforcement agency to whom the accident was reported shall dispose the entire contents of the reports, including, but not limited to, names and addresses of persons involved or injured in, or witnesses to, an accident, the registration numbers and descriptions of vehicles involved, the date, time and location of an accident, all diagrams, and the statements of the drivers involved or occupants injured in the accident and the statements of all witnesses, to any person who may have a proper interest therein, including, but not limited to, the drivers involved, or the guardian or conservator thereof, the parent of a minor driver, the authorized representative of a driver, or to any named person injured therein , the owners of vehicles of property damaged thereby, persons who may incur civil liability, including liability based upon a breach of warranty arising out of the accident, and any attorney who declares under penalty of perjury that he or she represents any of above persons. A request for a copy of an accident report shall be accompanied by payment of a fee, provided such fee shall not exceed the actual cost of providing () the copy.

Reports Confidential 20012 CVC:

No such accident report shall be used as evidence in any trial, civil or criminal, arising out of an accident, except that the department shall furnish upon demand of any person who has, or claims to have, made such a report or upon demand of any court, a certificate showing that a specified accident report has or has not been made to the department solely to prove a compliance or failure to comply with the requirement that such a report be made to the department.

Reports as Evidence 20013 CVC:

Minimum Amounts of Insurance Coverage. Every driver on the roadway must have at least the minimum required amount of insurance coverage. A person may obtain the insurance with a licensed insurance agent who is in the state and is authorized to do business within California. The minimum coverage is called Liability insurance. Liability insurance only covers a driver for the damage that they cause to another vehicle, or another person in the accident; it will not cover the holder of such insurance or their property. Liability insurance minimums are as follows: Property damage= a minimum of $5,000.00 (five thousand dollars) Bodily injury to one person= a minimum of $15,000.00 (fifteen thousand dollars) Bodily injury two or more persons= a minimum of $30,000.00 (thirty thousand dollars). Liability insurance must have the minimum coverage in the cause of an accident that results in bodily injury or death, of not less than $15,000.00 (fifteen thousand dollars). Bodily injury or death to one person in an accident and, subject to such limit for one person, to a limit of not less than $30,000.00 (thirty thousand dollars) because of bodily injury to or death of two or more persons in any one accident. If the accident has resulted in injury to, or destruction of property, to a limit of not less than $5,000.00 (five thousand dollars) because of injury to or destruction of property of others in any one accident. Additional Forms of Coverage. Other forms of liability coverage may be obtained by different methods. By depositing with the department cash in the amount specified in section 16056 CVC By a bond or surety policy that has been filed with a company licensed in the state of Ca. By any other manner authorized by the department which effectuates the purposes of financial responsibility. Additional types of coverage on an insurance policy, that are not required. A driver may obtain additional coverage through their insurance company. The liability limits may be raised to a higher limit, as well as adding other types of coverage; such as, compensation; which covers your vehicle. It is best to talk with someone who is well educated in the different types of coverage and limits of an insurance policy. Some drivers may live in an area that is highly populated and our driving more often than other drivers and in this case they are more likely involved in some type of accident. Thereof, the coverage for such a driver should be higher, as well as, be able to cover his or her own loses in an accident. Take into consideration the cost of repairs to your vehicle when you are getting insurance. You want enough coverage so that you are covered completely in the event of an accident. Medical, car rental, towing, etc. are also additional forms of insurance that you may choose to get. Go over everything carefully and make sure that you understand the coverage and the limits. Remember the insurance company will charge you for the higher limits and for each additional type of coverage. The other types of coverage are for your comfort, you may choose whether or not to get any or some of these coverage's. The only coverage that you must have is liability at the amounts already specified in section G., of this chapter.

Required Amounts of Coverage:

(a) Every driver and every owner of a motor vehicle shall at all times be able to establish financial responsibility pursuant to section 16021, and shall at all times carry in the vehicle evidence of the form of financial responsibility in effect for the vehicle. Driver's name and current residence address, driver's license number. Vehicle identification number and current residence address of registered owner. Evidence of financial responsibility, as specified in section 16020. If the financial responsibility of a person is a form of insurance, then that person shall supply the name and address of the insurance company. (b)Any person failing to comply with all of the requirements of this section is guilty of an infraction punishable by a fine not to exceed two hundred fifty dollars ($250.00).

Required Maintenance of Financial Responsibility. 16020 CVC:

(a) No policy or bond shall be effective under section 16054 unless issued by an insurance company or surety company authorized to do business in this state, except as provided in subdivision (b) of this section, nor unless the policy or bond is subject, of the accident has resulted in bodily injury or death, to a limit, exclusive of interest and costs, of not less than fifteen thousand dollars ($15,000.00) because of bodily injury to or death of one person in any one accident and, subject to such limit for one person, to a limit of not less than thirty thousand dollars ($30,000.00) because of bodily injury to or death of two or more persons in any one accident, and if the accident has resulted in injury to, or destruction of property, to a limit of not less than five thousand dollars ($5,000.00) because of injury to or destruction of property of others in any one accident. (b)No policy or bond shall be effective under section 16054 with respect to any vehicle which was not registered in this state or was a vehicle which was registered elsewhere than in this state at the effective date of the policy or bond or the most recent renewal thereof, unless the insurance company or surety company issuing the policy or bond is authorized to do business in this state, or if the company is not authorizing the department to accept service on its behalf of notice or process in any action upon the policy or bond arising out of an accident mentioned in subdivision (a).

Requirements of Policy or Bond. 16056 CVC:

Means the right immediate use of the roadway, but use only in such a manner as will assure the safety of the other driver and pedestrians. A fundamental part of the RIGHT-OF-WAY rule is the duty to drive in such a way as to avoid accidents. In general, RIGHT-OF-WAY rules indicate who shall yield when there is a potential conflict between vehicles or between a vehicle and a pedestrian. In other words, they establish traffic priorities. When the paths of highway users cross, there is a conflict. Who should proceed and who should wait? In other words, who has the RIGHT-OF-WAY? In general, RIGHT-OF-WAY rules require one person to yield and stop, that is, to let another proceed first. It is extremely important that drivers know and obey the RIGHTOF-WAY laws. Not knowing or disobeying these laws can lead to serious accidents.

Right of Way:

The edge of the pavement sometimes causes very serious accidents. A ridge between the pavement and the road shoulder easily throws a car into a skid. Keep all the wheels of your car always on the pavement. Do not try to get back on the pavement at high speed. Avoid panic. Never "SLAM ON THE BRAKES." Drive straight ahead with the right wheels off the pavement, and slow you car down gradually. Drive at a slow speed with the right wheels about feet (if possible) off the shoulder. Check the roadway behind you. Then cut back onto the pavement by turning the front wheels slowly to the left. If you jerk back at high speeds, or attempt to get back while driving nearly parallel to the pavement's edge, you can ruin tires, throw the car into a dangerous skid, or cause the car to roll over. Be aware of another danger along the edge of the road. SOFT SHOULDERS: If you happen to drive on them, they may: drag: your car off the road. They actually pull the car's wheels farther into the loose dirt. Stay away from soft shoulders. If you find yourself on one, grip your wheel strongly and firmly as you steer and move, at reduced speed, back onto the traveled part of the road.

Road Conditions: Soft Shoulders and Dropouts:

OIL Slicks: The millions of motor vehicles passing over highways drop oil and grease. Each car drops only a little, but the oil and grease gradually collect on the road. In the course of a year, this can amount to as much as 1,000 gallons per mile (or about gallon for every 5 feet of road). A little, wet fog on this film of oil lowers traction just as though there had been a light snowstorm. Be aware of this condition. You will be driving on a slippery road. Power should be applied gently, bumps or rough surfaces. If either the gas or the brakes are applied too heavily, a bump or even a bumpy surface, can throw a vehicle into a "bouncing skid." The skillful driver reduces their speed before reaching a bump or bumpy surface, in any kind of weather.

Seasonal Hazards:

How you drive depends on what you see. To be a good driver you need to look carefully. To look carefully you must: *look ahead *look to the side *look behind you LOOKING AHEAD: In order to avoid last minute moves, you should look down the road 10 to 15 seconds ahead of your car. A driver needs to look that far ahead to see hazards early. Constantly staring at the road just in front of your car is dangerous. If you look ahead, you will be able to see important things that you cannot see later, such as someone getting into a parked car. In the city, 10 to 15 seconds are about on block. When you drive in city traffic, you should look at least on block ahead. TAKE IN THE WHOLE SCENE: Looking 10 to 15 seconds ahead does not mean looking only at the middle of the road. It means looking at the side of the road, behind your vehicle and in front of your vehicle. "Scanning" the roadside helps you see: * Cars and people that may be on the side of the road, preparing to enter the roadway. * Animals that may be on the road or on the side of the road. * Signs warning of problems ahead. * Signs giving you directions. WATCH FOR HAZARDS: Look well beyond the car ahead of yours. Do not develop a "FIXED STARE." Look around, keep your eyes moving. Check your rear view mirror frequently (every to 5 seconds) so that you know the position of the cars near you. As you look ahead, think about what will (or might) happen on the road. Always leave yourself and "out." Mistakes cause accidents. To protect yourself, know which lanes are clear so you can use them if you need to. LOOKING TO THE SIDES: Any time you come to a place where people may cross or enter your path. You should look to the sides to make sure no one is coming. Always look to the sides at intersections, crosswalks, and railroad crossings. This is also true when you intend to make a lane change. Look to you sides and over your shoulder to make sure your path to change lanes is clear. LOOKING BEHIND: It is a good idea to check traffic behind you often. This way you will know if cars are tailgating or coming up behind you too fast. You may have time to get out of their way before being hit from the rear. It is very important to check behind you before you change lanes, slow quickly. It is also imperative to look behind you when you back up, drive down a long or steep hill, or when you are having car problems.

See and be seen:

When approaching an intersection with a signal light, even if the light is green, be ready to brake and keep plenty of room between your car and the car ahead of your vehicle. * Look left, right, left again for vehicles on the cross street before you can enter the intersection. Check for pedestrians and bicyclists, make sure they see you. Watch for oncoming traffic for vehicles that may make illegal turns in front of you. Poor visual scanning can put you in a very dangerous situation. If you have good scanning habits you are more likely to be able to avoid an accident than if you did not scan effectively. Making poor decisions can be very dangerous for all drivers. Poor decisions can be made for two different reasons. 1) Disregard of the law 2) Not knowing the law. Watch for the light to turn yellow. You have to decide when it is safe to stop on a yellow light. You should make certain that you consistently identify the point at which a safe stop could be made.

Signal Controlling:

PURPOSE OF SIGNALING is communication and lets the other drivers know what you plan to do. If you plan to turn beyond an intersection, do not signal until you are actually into the intersection. If you signal earlier, another driver may think you will turn before you reach them. They may pull into your path. You must give a signal before you turn, change lanes, or move right or left on the roadway. A driver needs to be familiar with when and what distance to use their turning signal.

Signal Distance:

Any signal of intention to turn right or left shall be given continuously during the last 100 feet traveled by the vehicle before turning (over city block).

Signaling Distance:

All intersections must be approached with caution. Speed will vary depending on the traffic, width of the road, pedestrians, parked vehicles, bicycles, motorcycles, street marking, weather conditions, light, etc. You must not enter or cross an intersection faster than is considered a reasonable safe speed. Some intersections are clearly marked with traffic control signs or signals. However, many are not. When approaching a green light at any speed, cover your brake pedal, however do not press the brake unless you want to warn drivers behind you slow down, and slow to avoid an accident, cars or slowing to traffic. Covering the brakes will reduce the reaction time in the event of danger or an accident. Be careful of an "old green light." this light is going to turn yellow at any second. Do not run a caution light if you can make it safe without causing a rear-ended accident. To avoid "stepping on the gas" to beat a caution or red light. Following too closely can be dangerous because if a stale green light turns to yellow the car in front of you may decide to stop. If you are following too close you may end up rear ending the vehicle in front of you. That is why a 3 second following distance is always recommended so that you have enough time to stop if you encounter this situation. Inattentive drivers can also be involved in a rear end accident because their attention was not on the traffic and driving, but instead concentrating on something else that is on their mind.

Speed:

Darkness call for reduced speed. Reduce speed when facing glare from oncoming headlights. Slow down enough to be sure that you can see well. Keep moving your eyes to make up for any loss of side vision. Overdriving headlights mean, driving at speeds that make stopping distance longer than the distance lighted by headlights. You must be able to stop within the distance light by the range of your headlights. When facing glare from approaching headlights, reduce speed and avoid locking directly at the lights. Keep speeds reduced until your eyes recover from the effects of the lights. Never drive blindly; drive very slowly on the extreme right until the glare has passed.

Speed:

White lines, a foot or more wide, painted across traffic lanes, marked here so you know where you must stop your vehicle at an intersection. This keeps drivers out of the way of pedestrians and cross traffic. These wide lines are called "limit lines." A limit line is a solid white line not less than one but not more than two or more inches wide. A limit line is a line extending across a roadway or any portion thereof. Indicating where traffic is required to stop in compliance with legal requirements.

Stopping Limits:

Stress is a problem that is becoming increasingly common, given the strains of life is this highly technological society. Though it is not something that can be counted, weighed or measured, the condition is known to be the result of excessive demands on physical or mental energy. It can cause fatigue, unhappiness, emotional problems, and in the long run, illness. Anger causes stress to drivers. Anger comes over a driver usually when they become in a hurry. An angry driver is not courteous to other drivers on the road, since their attitude effects the other drivers on the road. Anger is contagious, just a courtesy is. If a driver is angry on the road, they make other drivers react with that same fowl attitude. An emotional driver does not have their attention completely on their driving. If you are upset over personal problems, it is best not to get behind the wheel of a car. Fatigue kills thousands of drivers every year. Sleepy drivers do not always have to good sense to get off the road and rest. When a driver is exhausted, they cannot react quickly to driving hazards. Being tired while driving and having to peel your eye lids open means that you are the biggest hazard on the road. You may doze off at any time. Sending your car off the road into another vehicle, or hitting a pedestrian. Never drive when you are tired, find a hotel and go to sleep.

Stress, Anger, Emotion, Fatigue, Depression, Preoccupation with Problems:

Period of Suspension. If you have been involved in an accident and you fail to show proof of financial responsibility insurance coverage at the time of the accident you will be fined and your privilege to drive a vehicle will be suspended. The department, upon receiving notice of your failure to provide proof of coverage, shall mail a notice of intent to suspend the driver's license. Within this notice will start 30 days after the mailing of the notification letter, unless the hearing board has made other arrangements. The suspension shall not be terminated until one year has elapsed from the date of actual commencement of the suspension, and until that person files and maintains financial responsibility. The suspension shall be reinstates if the person fails to maintain proof of financial responsibility for three years. The department may, when applied for and fees paid restrict the person's driving privileges to necessary travel and from the person's place of employment. In addition, for driving that is required for that person's employment, when driving is necessary in order to perform the duties of that person's primary employment; or, to necessary travel in the transportation of a minor dependent of that person's immediate family, and only to the dependents institute of primary or secondary education, and only upon written certification from that institutes chief administrative officer or principal that there is no form of public transportation or school bus available for the minor dependent, between that's minor's residence and the educational institute. The restricted license will remain for the period of suspension as long as proof of financial responsibility is maintained.

Suspension for Failure to Provide Proof of Coverage:

(a)Whenever a driver involved in an accident described in section 16000 fails to prove the existence of financial responsibility as required by section 16020 at the time of the accident, the department shall immediately mail to that driver a notice of intent to suspend the driver's license of that driver. The department shall suspend the driving privilege 30 days after mailing the notice, unless the driver has, prior to that date, established proof of financial responsibility at the time of the accident, as specified in section 16021, with the department. The suspension notice shall notify the driver of the action taken and the right to a hearing under section 16075.

Suspension of Driving Privilege:

Every driver and every owner of a motor vehicle that is operated in the state of California must have liability insurance, which covers damages that they cause in an accident. It is a requirement that benefits all law abiding citizens.

Uninsured Driver (required):

All required accident reports and supplemental reports and all reports made to the Department of the California Highway Patrol by any peace officer, member of the Department of the California Highway Patrol, or other employee if the Department of Motor Vehicles and the Department of the California Highway Patrol, shall be immediately available for the confidential use of any division in the department needing the same, for confidential use of the Department of Transportation, and, with respect to accidents occurring on highways other than state highways, for the confidential use of the local authority having jurisdiction over the highway.

Use of Reports 20014 CVC:

When you are facing the sun, the light can be very deceiving, particularly if there is an accumulation of dust on the windshield. Oncoming cars may suddenly appear, "from nowhere." At dusk, you need to take extra care to see potential danger. Light fades gradually at the day's end. There is not as much light as during the day, yet it may not seem dark enough for headlights. By turning on low-beam lights long before lights are needed, a driver can make the vehicle more visible to other drivers. At night, a driver is not able to see the road and its conditions without using their headlamps. The headlamps illuminate the roadway ahead of the driver, allowing the driver to see. The driver's visibility is limited by night and by the limits of the illumination. All vehicles on the road are required to keep their headlamps working at all times. A driver with one headlight not only reduces their vision, but they also reduce the vision of other drivers. When driving at night in a city a driver's vision is disturbed by the darkness and then with the city street lights that are bright on their eyes. This sometimes gives drivers spots that reduce the quality of driver visibility.

Visibility:

(Visibility, braking distance, speed, and wet surfaces.) Some drivers do not understand the importance of driving in accordance with conditions. Driving becomes more difficult when visibility is reduced or when road surfaces are covered with snow, rain, or ice. Under good driving conditions, the car responds to the controls in the same manner, time after time. When a change occurs on the road surface the car response differently of fails to respond at all. The driver must adjust to changing conditions. Lack of visibility in rain, fog, dust, sand, snow, or darkness:

Weather conditions:

The safer action is to yield the RIGHT-OF-WAY although the other driver is supposed to yield to you. This is less dangerous than taking the RIGHT-OF-WAY. If two vehicles are approaching or entering an uncontrolled (unmarked) intersection, at the same time, the other driver on the left shall yield the RIGHT-OF-WAY to the driver on his/her right. The first vehicle at the intersection should be allowed to go ahead. (at a "T" intersection, vehicles on the through road have the RIGHT-OF-WAY). When you see a vehicle crossing or beginning to cross the road ahead of you, slow down, prepare to stop and let it go ahead. The driver on your right has the RIGHT-OF-WAY (you have the RIGHTOF-WAY over a driver on your left. If both of you reach the intersection from different streets at the same time and (a) there is no stop sign or traffic signal in any direction; (b) the intersection is controlled from all directions by a stop sign.

When to give it up: