UNIT SEVEN AP WORLD HISTORY ESSAY TEST

Who was the leader of the totalitarian state of Germany during most of WWII? (1)

Adolf Hitler

What effect did the New Deal have on radical movements in the United States? (2)

Although the New Deal did not dramatically improve the US economy and bring it out of the Great Depression, it brought stability to the US and prevented the radical movements of communism and fascism from becoming mainstream in America.

In 1938, Hitler used force to unite Austria and Germany in the ________________. (1)

Anschluss

Name and describe four episodes of genocide, ethnic violence, or attempted destruction of specific populations in this era we are covering. (12)

Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during and after World War I -The Armenian genocide was the systematic killing and deportation of Armenians by the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. -In 1915, during World War I, leaders of the Turkish government set in motion a plan to expel and massacre Armenians. By the early 1920s, when the massacres and deportations finally ended, between 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians were dead, with many more forcibly removed from the country. Cambodia during the late 1970s -In April 1975, a Communist group known as the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot, seized control of Cambodia. The Khmer Rouge's polices were guided by its belief that the citizens of Cambodia had been tainted by exposure to outside ideas, especially by the capitalist West. -The Khmer Rouge persecuted the educated — such as doctors, lawyers, and current or former military and police. Christian, Buddhist and Muslim citizens also were specifically targeted. -In an effort to create a society without competition, in which people worked for the common good, the Khmer Rouge placed people in collective living arrangements — or communes — and enacted "re-education" programs to encourage the commune lifestyle. Those who refused re-education were killed in the fields. Over four years, the Khmer Rouge killed more than 1.7 million people through work, starvation and torture. Tutsi in Rwanda in the 1990s -During a civil war in the east-central African nation of Rwanda, members of the Hutu ethnic majority murdered as many as 800,000 people, mostly of the Tutsi minority during the Rwandan genocide of 1994. -Started by Hutu nationalists, the genocide spread throughout the country with shocking speed and brutality, as ordinary citizens were incited by local officials and the Hutu government to take up arms against their neighbors. Ukraine in the Soviet Union in the 1920s and 1930s -Ukraine was a part of the Soviet Union ruled by Stalin. In 1929, as part of his plan to rapidly create a totally communist economy, Stalin had imposed collectivization, which replaced individually owned and operated farms with state-run collectives. Ukraine's small, mostly subsistence farmers resisted giving up their land and livelihoods. -In response, the Soviet regime derided the resisters as kulaks—well-to-do peasants, who in Soviet ideology were considered enemies of the state. Soviet officials drove these peasants off their farms by force and deported 50,000 Ukrainian farm families to Siberia -Collectivization in Ukraine failed: grain harvest missed Soviet planners' target by 60 percent -Meanwhile, Stalin arrested tens of thousands of Ukrainian teachers and intellectuals and removed Ukrainian-language books from schools and libraries. He used the grain shortfall as an excuse for even more intense anti-Ukrainian repression. -The Ukrainian famine—known as the Holodomor, claimed the lives of 3.9 million people, about 13 percent of the population. Unlike other famines in history caused by blight or drought, this was caused by a dictator who wanted both to replace Ukraine's small farms with state-run collectives and punish independence-minded Ukrainians who posed a threat to his totalitarian authority.

Name the five major Allied powers in WWI. (3)

Britain, France, Russia, USA, Japan, Italy

What battle pushed back the German offensive and destroyed Germany's hopes for a quick victory on the Western Front? (1)

British and French troops defeat Germany in the Battle of the Marne. The Battle of the Marne pushed back the German offensive and destroyed Germany's hopes for a quick victory on the Western Front.

What was the Lend-Lease Act? (1)

Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, which allowed the President to supply arms to those who were fighting for democracy.

In 1935, Mussolini invaded _________________. The League of Nations voted for sanctions but had no power to enforce the penalties. (1)

Ethiopia

In the Soviet Union, the government controlled the national economy through the _______________________________, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population. (1)

Five Year Plans

Who was the leader of the Western democracy of the United States through most of WWII? (1)

Franklin Roosevelt

Who introduced the New Deal and why was it implemented? (2)

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt is elected and he introduced the New Deal, a massive government package of economic and social programs, to help combat the Great Depression. This increased government intervention in the economy and created the modern American welfare state

What causes the Japanese to surrender to the United States in WWII? (1)

President Truman drops the A-bomb on Hiroshima. The US demands Japan's surrender. Japan refuses. Three days later the A-bomb is dropped on Nagasaki. The Soviet Union honors its pledge to declare war on Japan and moves troops to Manchuria. Japan surrenders.

The Russian Civil War begins between the ___________ (Communists) and the ____________ (non-Communists). _________________ and his family are executed by the Communists. (2)

Reds Whites Czar Nicholas II

What was the world's first communist nation? (1)

Soviet Union

Who launched the Great Purge? Why did he launch the Great Purge? What were three effects of the Great Purge? (5)

Stalin harbored obsessive fears that rival party leaders were plotting against him. In 1934, he launched the Great Purge. -At least four million people were purged during the Stalin years. They were killed. -The purges increased Stalin's power -The victims of the purges included most of the nation's military leadership.

Hitler demanded annexation of the _____________, a region in western Czechoslovakia, to Germany. At the ____________________, British and French leaders again chose appeasement, giving the Czechoslovakian land to Germany. ____________________, Prime Minister of Britain proudly declares that they have achieved "Peace for our time" by accepting Hitler's demands. (3)

Sudetenland Munich Conference Neville Chamberlain

What signaled the Great Depression? (1)

The 1929 stock market crash signaled the beginning of the Great Depression.

What was the name of the peace treaty for Germany after WWI? The treaty forced Germany to assume _______________________ and ______________________ upon Germany. (2)

The Treaty of Versailles It forced Germany to assume full blame for causing the war and imposed huge reparations upon Germany.

What event caused Britain to enter WWI? (1)

German forces swept through Belgium toward Paris. Great Britain declares war on Germany because of the German invasion of Belgium. The German push through Belgium was slower than expected.

What role did the Fascist nations play in the Spanish Civil War? Who becomes leader of Spain? (2)

Germany and Italy help the nationalists under fascist leader General Franco defeat the Republicans. Franco becomes the leader of Spain in 1939.67

What event begins WWII? (1)

Germany and the Soviet Union conquered and divided Poland

Name the three major Central powers in WWI. (2)

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Who were the three major Axis powers in WWII? (2)

Germany, Italy, Japan

Hitler organized a system of terror, repression, and totalitarian rule. His secret police, called the ______________, could arrest anyone that was against Hitler's rule. (1)

Gestapo

Who were the four major Allied powers in WWII? (3)

Great Britain, France, USA (eventually), Soviet Union (eventually)

What was the Holocaust? (2)

Hitler eventually came up with the "final solution"—the extermination of all Jews: the Holocaust. Initiated during World War II; the Germans will kill approximately 6 million Jews in the Holocaust.

What was the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact and what was the purpose of the pact for Hitler? (3)

Hitler formed a Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact with Stalinknown. In it, Germany and the USSR agreed to divide up Poland and give the USSR control of the Baltic states. Hitler believed that Britain and France would not go to war over Poland if the USSR agreed not to fight Germany.

Stalin brought all economic activity under government control. The Soviet Union developed a ___________________ economy. (1)

command

Hitler sent tens of thousands of Jews to _________________________, detention centers for civilians considered enemies of the state. (1)

concentration camps

Germany reacted to the worldwide depression by printing more money, causing _____________. (1)

hyperinflation

Economic hardships in Brazil and Mexico gave rise to populist leaders that ____________________________ in guiding the economy. (1)

increased the role of government

Hitler built up the German _____________ in defiance of the Versailles treaty. Then, in 1936, he sent troops into the demilitarized ________________ bordering France — another treaty violation. (2)

military Rhineland

To stop Japanese aggression, the United States banned the sale of war materials to Japan; most importantly: ______________. The USA told Japan that they would have to agree to ______________________ in order to re-establish trade with the USA again. (2)

oil peace with China

Hitler sought to replace ______________ with his racial creed. (1)

religion

What critical role did women play in a total war? (3)

-As men left to fight, women took over their jobs and kept national companies going. -Many women worked in war industries, manufacturing weapons and supplies. -Women worked as nurses close to the front lines.

What was the economic impact of WWI? (3)

-Both sides set up systems to recruit, arm, transport and supply huge fighting forces -All nations except Britain imposed universal military conscription: compulsory enlistment for the armed forces; "the draft." -Governments raised taxes, borrowed money, and rationed food and other products.

Following World War I and the onset of the Great Depression, governments began to take a more active role in economic life. Name three examples of government intervention in the economy (3)

-The New Deal -The fascist corporatist economy -Governments with strong popular support in Brazil and Mexico

Describe the decline of the Qing Empire in this era we are covering. (5)

-By the early 20th century, mass civil disorder was growing in China. -Empress Dowager Cixi issued an imperial edict in 1901 calling for reform proposals from the governors-general and governors and initiated the era of the dynasty's "New Policies", also known as the "Late Qing Reform". The edict paved the way for the most far-reaching reforms in terms of their social consequences, including the creation of a national education system and the abolition of the imperial examinations in 1905 -The Guangxu Emperor died on 14 November 1908, and on 15 November 1908, Cixi also died. Rumors held that she ordered trusted eunuchs to poison the Guangxu Emperor, and an autopsy conducted nearly a century later confirmed lethal levels of arsenic in his corpse. Puyi, nephew to the childless Guangxu Emperor, was appointed successor at the age of two. -Successful uprisings resulted in provinces rejecting Qing rule. This led to the creation of a new central government, the Republic of China, in Nanjing with Sun Yat-sen as its provisional head. -The Qing government gave Yuan Shikai full military power to crush the newly declared government. He took the position of Prime Minister and effectively became a dictator. The ruler of China and the Manchu dynasty had lost all power; it formally abdicated in early 1912. -Yuan Shikai began negotiating with Sun Yat-sen, who decided that his goal had been achieved in forming a republic, and that therefore he could allow Yuan to step into the position of President of the Republic of China. -On 12 February 1912, after rounds of negotiations, an imperial edict bringing about the abdication of the child emperor Puyi. This brought an end to over 2,000 years of Imperial China and began an extended period of instability of warlord factionalismin China.

Describe the decline of the Russian Empire in this era we are covering. (5)

-Defeat in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) was a major blow to the Russia's Tsarist regime and further increased the potential for unrest -In January 1905, an incident known as "Bloody Sunday" occurred when Father Georgy Gapon led an enormous crowd to the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg to present a petition to the Tsar. When the procession reached the palace, soldiers opened fire on the crowd, killing hundreds. The Russian masses were so furious over the massacre that a general strike was declared demanding a democratic republic. This marked the beginning of the Revolution of 1905. -Soviets (councils of workers) appeared in most cities to direct revolutionary activity. Russia was paralyzed, and the government was desperate. -In October 1905, Tsar Nicholas II reluctantly issued the October Manifesto, which conceded the creation of a national Duma (legislature) to be called without delay. The right to vote was extended and no law was to become final without confirmation by the Duma. The moderate groups were satisfied. But the socialists rejected the concessions as insufficient and tried to organize new strikes. By the end of 1905, there was disunity among the reformers, and the tsar's position was strengthened for the time being. -Tsar Nicholas II appointed a conservative prime minister who instituted arrests, pogroms (mob attacks against Jews), and executions. Only limited reforms were made. By 1914, Russia was still an autocracy, simmering with unrest.

Describe the decline of the Ottoman Empire in this era we are covering. (5)

-Europe had strengthened rapidly with the Renaissance and the dawn of the Industrial Revolution. Other factors, such as poor leadership and having to compete with trade from the Americas and India, led to the weakening of the empire. -In 1683, the Ottoman Turks were defeated at the Battle of Vienna. -Over the next hundred years, the empire began to lose key regions of land. -After a revolt, Greece won their independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830. -The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox coalition led by the Russian Empire and composed of the principalities of Bulgaria, Romania, and Serbia which had declared independence from Ottoman rule. The Russian-led coalition won the war. -In 1912, Russia had encouraged the cluster of Balkan nations—Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Greece—to form an alliance aimed at taking control of the European territory still occupied by the Ottoman Empire. The outcome of the First Balkan War surprised many, as the combined Balkan forces quickly and decisively defeated the Ottoman army, driving the Turks from almost all of their territory in southeastern Europe within a month. The Ottoman Empire lost nearly all their territories in Europe. -WWI would cause the end of the Ottoman Empire and the creation of Turkey.

Name and describe the event that caused the United States to declare war on Germany. (3)

-German submarines were attacking merchant and passenger ships carrying American citizens. In May 1915, a German submarine torpedoed the British liner Lusitania, killing 1,200 passengers, including 120 Americans. -Many Americans felt ties of culture and language to Britain and sympathized with France as another democracy. -In early 1917, the British intercepted a telegram sent by German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmerman. The Zimmerman Telegram revealed that, in exchange for Mexican support, Germany had offered to help Mexico reconquer New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona.

What role did Germany play in causing WWI? (6)

-Germany offered full support to Austria-Hungary. The Kaiser gave Austria-Hungary a "blank check" instead of urging restraint between Austria-Hungary and Serbia -After the assassination of the archduke, Austria-Hungary sent Serbia an ultimatum: a final list of demands to be met or war will occur -Serbia agreed to most, but not all, of the terms of Austria-Hungary's ultimatum. As a result, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. -Serbia sought help from Russia, the champion of Slavic nations. When Austria-Hungary refused to soften its demands, Russia began to mobilize. -Germany responded to Russia's mobilization by declaring war on Russia. -Russia appealed to its ally France. France openly offered full support to Russia, prompting Germany to declare war on France.

Describe the Battle of Britain. (3)

-In 1940, Hitler ordered Operation Sea Lion, the invasion of Britain -The Germans first bombed military targets, then changed tactics to the blitz, or bombing, of London and other cities. -London did not break under the blitz. The bombing only strengthened British resolve to turn back the enemy -Operation Sea Lion was a failure due to a lack of German air superiority

Describe Operation Barbarossa. (3)

-In 1941, Hitler embarked on Operation Barbarossa, the conquest of the Soviet Union. Germany declares war on the Soviet Union. -The Nazis smashed deep into Russia, but were stalled by the cold winter before they could take Moscow and Leningrad. -Thousands of German soldiers froze to death in Russia's winter. -Stalin urged Britain to open a second front in Western Europe.

Name six new weapons technologies in WWI. (3)

-Machine Gun -Zeppelin -Poison Gas -Airplane -Submarine -Tank

Describe the impact of the atomic bomb on WWII (3)

-The atomic bomb was the most profound military development of WWII. The aftermath and destruction of the atomic bombing on Japan was unseen in warfare prior to WWII, and the strategic implications of such a massively destructive weapon still reverberate in the 21st century. -The atomic bomb was dropped on Japan to end the Pacific war in 1945. -Atomic weapons are complicated in terms of the physics, thus difficult to build in terms of the technology. Two different types of weapons were built in order to increase the chances of getting at least one of them right. The bomb dropped on Hiroshima was a uranium-type bomb (Little Boy), and the one dropped on Nagasaki used plutonium (Fat Man). -For the first and only time in history, nuclear weapons were used by one warring nation against another, flattening entire cities, killing tens of thousands of civilians instantly, and poisoning thousands more with radiation-induced illnesses. -It changed the relationship between the US and the USSR.

Describe the impact of aircraft on WWII (3)

-The concept of massed aerial bombing had become popular with politicians and military leaders seeking an alternative to trench warfare of WWI. -Superior German aircraft allowed Germany to quickly overrun Western Europe in 1940. -The Luftwaffe had a campaign of strategic bombing against British cities called the Blitz which lasted for 76 consecutive nights and killed more than 40,000 civilians. The deliberate targeting of civilians was an act of psychological warfare. -The Spitfire and the Hurricane, British planes, were superior to German planes which gave them an advantage in the Battle of Britain (the Blitz) -The Axis and the Allies bombed cities, including the use of incendiary firebombs. Hundreds of thousands of civilians died in these bombings. -More people perished in the bombings of Dresden (in Germany) and Tokyo (Japan) than at the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

Describe the Mexican Revolution and America's role in the revolution. (7)

-The outbreak of the Mexican Revolution in 1910 resulted from the increasing unpopularity of the 31-year-long regime of Porfirio Díaz and the regime's failure to find a controlled solution to the issue of presidential succession. -Wealthy landowner Francisco Madero challenged Díaz in the 1910 presidential election, and following the rigged results, revolted. With support from portions of the middle class, the peasantry, and organized labor, Díaz was forced out of office. -In a free and fair vote, Madero overwhelmingly won the presidential contest, taking office in November 1911. He was the first ever democratically elected president in Mexico. -Opposition to Madero's regime grew - both from both the conservatives, who saw him as too weak and too liberal, and from former revolutionary fighters and the dispossessed, who saw him as too conservative. -General Huerta, whom Madero had entrusted to put down an attempted coup, took over the Mexican government as president in 1913 and murdered Madero. The US ambassador to Mexico had been influential in Huerta's assumption of power; believing that a dictatorial leader was the best option for protection of US interests in Mexico. -US President Wilson disagreed with his ambassador and refused to recognize Huerta's government because of his seizure of power and his murder of Madero. Wilson demanded Huerta hold free elections. Huerta refused. -In 1914 the US began to sell weapons to a rival, General Carranza. Huerta went into exile, but a Mexican convention failed to come to an agreement on its future and a civil war erupted between Carranza's forces and rival leaders such as Emilio Zapata and Pancho Villa -Carranza was unpopular in Mexico and undemocratic; although the Mexican Constitution of 1917 was enacted during his reign, effectively ending the revolution.9

Name and describe two examples of anti-imperial resistance between the world wars. (6)

Indian National Congress -The Indian National Congress first met in December 1885. During its first several decades, the Congress Party passed fairly moderate reform resolutions, though many within the organization were becoming radicalized by the increased poverty that accompanied British imperialism. -In the 1920s and 1930s the Congress Party, led by Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi, began advocating nonviolent noncooperation. Many of the acts of civil disobedience that followed were implemented through the All India Congress Committee, formed in 1929, which advocated avoiding taxes as a protest against British rule. Notable in that regard was the Salt March in 1930 led by Gandhi. West African resistance (strikes/congresses) to French rule -French colonies in West Africa experienced colonial boycotts of French goods and strikes -West Africans formed congresses to promote autonomy and independence from French rule62

What was the world's first Fascist nation and who was its leader? (2)

Italy Mussolini

What event caused the USA to declare war on Japan? (1)

Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7th, 1941

Who was the leader of the totalitarian state of the USSR during WWII? (1)

Joseph Stalin

In 1938, Nazi-led mobs attacked Jewish communities all over Germany in what came to be called ___________________, or the "Night of Broken Glass." (1)

Kristallnacht

In May 1915, a German submarine torpedoed the British liner _________________, killing 1,200 passengers, including 120 Americans. (1)

Lusitania

Name and describe the five causes of WWI. (10)

M.A.N.I.A. Militarism- The 1800s saw a rise in militarism: the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests Alliances- European alliances increased the chance of a wider conflict. Nationalism- Aggressive nationalism was one leading cause of international tensions. Imperialism-Imperialism heightened tensions in Europe. Assassination- Assassination: In 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary announced he would visit Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia. At the time, Bosnia was under the rule of Austria-Hungary, which was also the home of many Serbs and Slavs. Serbian nationalists viewed Austrians as foreign oppressors. Members of a Serbian terrorist group assassinated the Archduke and his wife.

In prison, Hitler wrote _____________________ ("My Struggle"). It would later become the basic book of Nazi goals and ideology. (1)

Mein Kampf

Name and describe the four turning point battles in WWII, including where they fought, and the year of each battle. (8)

Midway - Mid 1942 - The Pacific: The US Navy defeats the bulk of the Japanese Navy. Japan is on the defensive for the rest of the war. El Alamein -- Late 1942 - North Africa: The British stopped Rommel's advance and pushed the Axis forces back. First major victory of the Allies against Germany. The only great land battle won by the British and Commonwealth forces without direct American participation. Axis will eventually lose North Africa Stalingrad - Late 1942 - The Eastern Front: The Soviet Red Army took the offensive and began to drive the Germans out of the Soviet Union entirely. Hitler's forces suffered irreplaceable losses of troops and equipment. Normandy - Mid 1944 - Europe: The Allies opened a second front in Europe with the amphibious invasion of Nazi occupied France. (D-Day) Allies will liberate France and push towards Germany.

What was the most profound negative effect of Stalin's agricultural collectivization? (1)

Millions die of starvation caused by the inefficiencies of communist collectivization.

Adolf Hitler was the leader of the ____________________________, or Nazi, party. (1)

National Socialist German Workers

Name and describe two territorial gains between the world wars. (11)

Transfer of former German colonies to Great Britain and France under the system of League of Nations mandates -The Treaty of Versailles forced Germany to give up all of its overseas colonies in Africa, the Pacific, and China to the League of Nations to be managed by Allied nations -Eventually Great Britain and France fully gained most of these colonies Manchukuo/Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere -After WWI Japan's military gains power in the government. -In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria (owned by China), adding it to the growing Japanese empire. Japan creates Manchukuo from their gains in Manchuria, declaring East Asia as part of their "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere". -"Asia for the Asians" becomes the slogan for the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. In reality the goal of the Japanese is for Asia to belong to Japan. -The League of Nations does not use force to prevent Japan's military actions even though Japan invaded a League of Nations member, China. -In 1937, Japanese troops invaded China again, overrunning eastern China, including Beijing. -Japanese troops marched into Nanjing. After the city's surrender, the Japanese killed hundreds of thousands of soldiers and civilians in what came to be known as the "rape of Nanjing." -These actions hurt the relations between the Japanese and the US government. The US and Japan became hostile to each other.

What was Wilson's Fourteen Points? Name six things he called for in the Fourteen Points. What effect does Wilson's proposal of Fourteen Points have on Germany? (8)

US President Woodrow Wilson issued the Fourteen Points, a list of his terms for resolving World War I and future wars. This was issued before the war ended. This included -freedom of the seas -free trade -large-scale reductions of arms -an end to secret treaties -self-determination, or the right of people to choose their own form of government -the creation of a "general association of nations" to keep the peace in the future (The League of Nations) Wilson's 14 Points causes Germany to believe that the Allies will be fair negotiators for peace with America taking part in the process. This helps Germany consider an armistice and raises expectations for a fair peace.

Russia dropped out of WWI because of the Russian Revolution. Communist leader _________________ and his ________________ take over the Russian government. They make peace with Germany (the treaty of _________________) by giving large amounts of territory to the Germans. (2)

V.I. Lenin Bolsheviks Brest-Litovsk

Who was the leader of the Western democracy of Great Britain through most of WWII? (1)

Winston Churchill