UVic Biol 334 - Plants & People - Final Exam
The Spanish, or rather Moorish variations on Persian gardens featured roses, oranges, myrtle, cypresses and vines. Some of the finest representative types are still found in Spain, what are two examples?
1) the Alhambra 2) the Generalife
Pines fall into two groups, what are they?
1)Soft (yellow) pines, which characteristically have their needles in clusters of five. Their wood is soft compared with that of the second group 2) Hard pines. Their needles occur in clusters of two or three
How many types of bananas can be found in India?
670, wild and cultivated.
About what percent of cotton plants used in agriculture are genetically modified?
70% of the worlds cotton crop are genetically modified.
What does a species name denote?
It means that all organisms that are given this name are thought to be able to reproduce with one another.
What made the Cotton Bonds issued by President Jefferson Davis so appealing?
It offered to pay 7% per year for 20 years and if the Confederacy defaulted on payments the bondholder would instead receive a real amount of cotton at the pre-war price. In short it offered cotton as collateral.
The "fourness" of the ponds found in Persian gardens was meant to refer to what?
It represented the "fourness" of the rivers, refers to the four sacred rivers of the ancient world. This type of garden still exists in Iran and Iraq today, thousands of years later
The main reason that raw cotton was the limiting factor at the height of the industrialized cotton production process was that the cotton hairs that are attached to the seed need to be separated before being spun. About how many hours would it take to eliminate one pound of lint from three pounds of the small tough seeds?
It took about 10 hours of handiwork, slave handiwork.
What was the significance of the discovery of the structure of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) for the field of genetics?
It unraveled of biochemical basis of heredity
Where is the unusual lemon called the Hand of Buddha found naturally?
It is found naturally in Northern Italy.
The biggest rose in the world was planted in 1885 in Tombstone, Arizona. What types of rose is it?
It is a Lady Banksia rose sent from Scotland to the wife of a mining engineer names Gee.
What are some uses of pine nuts? (3)
1) Garnish salads 2) Garnish pizzas 3) Make pesto
What are the three keys to good gardening?
1) Good soil 2) Good drainage 3) Suitable plants
Some pine species are among the oldest organisms on earth. What are two examples of this?
1) Some individual bristlecone pine trees are nearly 6,000 years old. 2) A clone of Norway spruce that is estimated to be 9,000 years old.
How frequently are pine cones produced on the stone pine?
Stone pine cones have a three-year development. Tiny cones are formed in year one. It is the immature cones in year two that are first attacked by Leptoglossus.
Why are GM products like tomato or wheat not presently available.
Strong consumer resistance to their introduction.
Who was the first sultan of the Ottoman Empire to take a shine to tulips?
Sultan Selim II. In 1574, Selim II wrote to an official in a distant city requesting " I need about 50,000 tulips for my royal gardens. To bring these bulbs I send you one of the chiefs of my servants. I command you in no way to delay."
What kind of wine should sweet foods be paired with?
Sweet foods will increase the perception of bitterness and astringency in wine. It will make it taste less fruity and more bold. Its best to pair a sweet food with a sweet wine - must be of equal or greater sweetness.
In western culture up until well into the 18th century, general opinion held that these kind of wines were better.
Sweeter
What differentiates red from white wine?
Tannins
What does oak contain that play well with wine tannins producing a smoother, less gritty, flavor?
Tannins
When it is said that a species has a past and perhaps a future, what characteristic of evolution is being referred to?
That evolution is dynamic and unpredictable. It indicates that a species arose from an ancestral species and may well, in time, either give rise to one or many species, or it may go extinct.
You should be careful when you call a wine sour as sour can also mean what?
That the wine is undrinkable, i.e. a spoiled wine, which is one turning to vinegar.
Vegetatively propagated tulips from offsets are "true-to-type", what does this mean?
That they are cloned
What made the 1980s a good time for traditional herbicide and pesticide manufacturing companies, such as Monsanto, Bayer, Rhône-Poulenc, Dupont and others began to buy up seed supply companies (and vice versa)?
The 1980s were a time of available money for investment, particularly in the agrichemical industry, which underwent a profound change.
What is considered the mother of all botanical gardens?
The British Kew Gardens - the "largest and most diverse botanical and mycological collections in the world"
Why was the church able to act as a refugia for wine during the Dark Ages in France?
The Church needed wine to celebrate mass, in particular Holy Communion. Wine carries a deep Christian meaning. It represents or is the true blood of Jesus Christ.
How did President Jefferson Davis make his Cotton Bonds even more appealing to potential purchasers?
The Confederacy choked the cotton supply, driving up demand, which in turn drove up the price and made cotton look like a great bet as the Cotton Bonds promised cotton at pre-war prices.
After President Jefferson Davis couldn't get additional money for the Confederate States of America's war effort from the money markets in Europe what clever solution did he come up with?
The Confederate States of America issued a Cotton Bond. It offered to pay 7% per year for 20 years and if the Confederacy defaulted on payments the bondholder would instead receive a real amount of cotton at the pre-war price. In short it offered cotton as collateral.
What invention in 1803 lead to the resurgence in cotton based slavery as it increased productivity by 50-100 times by speeding up the process of seeding cotton, making the industry profitable again.
The Cotton Gin (from the word engine)
The garden created by Peggy Carter and Prince Abkhazi is unique because it elevates features that come together uniquely in Victoria. What did they call the garden?
The Garden of Love
What two Greek cities were famous for their gardens?
The Greek cities of Alexandria and Antioch were famous for their gardens, all of which were modeled on Persian ideas.
What is the name of the most famous garden that existed in Assyria and Persia?
The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
All was well in the Gaul vineyards until the first barbarian invasion in the 3rd century AD by invaders who were called what?
The Horse People from the west.
Other then the pseudostem, what does the corm of a banana plant produce?
The corm also produces suckers that will grow sideways, and which then produce more corms and pseudostems.
What is a cotton boll?
The cotton fruit capsule's cotton fibre mass
What does the term "Astringency or bitterness" in wine tasting mean?
The wine is high in tannins derived from grape and winemaking.
Where does the word garden come from?
The word garden comes from garth, yerd, or yard, the root word meaning protection or enclosure.
What does the word Tulip come from?
The word tulip shares the same etymological root as turban.
Why does yeast produce ethanol when fermenting grape juice to wine?
The yeast produces ethanol as a way of reducing competition with other microbes. In other words, yeast can tolerate slightly higher levels of alcohol - which is a toxin - than can other microbes. This provides yeast fungi with a competitive edge over bacteria, allowing the fungi to have the sugar of the grape all to itself.
What is the native range of Tulips?
Their native range is from the Mediterranean across Turkey and the Hindu Kush to northeastern China.
What is the defining characteristics of soft pines?
Their needles are in clusters of five.
What is the defining characteristics of hard pines?
Their needles are in clusters of two to three.
What approach do commercial Californian vineyards take to control vineyard pests?
They plant poppies and mustards because these plants attract parasitoids of vineyard pests.
What do cone aphids do to trees?
They suck the cones dry.
In addition to being places of delight, gardens are associated with what?
privacy, refuge, or sanctuary (a favorite theme in children's stories)
8500L/kg of water is used in the irrigation of cotton plants. This huge water demand has lead to what sea being completely dried up?
the Aral Sea
What allowed trade between France and England to resume for the first time since the collapse of Roman civilization in Britain?
the French and English royal families were united in the Plantagenet royal family under the rule of Queen Eleanore of Aquitaine.
Carmen Miranda's, who started as a radio singer in Brazil and was one of the pioneers of samba, fame rests at least partially on what?
the Lady in the Tutti Frutti Hat
Islam spread like a fire across the 7th and 8th centuries. Islam also spread what?
the Persian garden.
Sappho, the Greek poetess, wrote 2500 years ago that the rose is what?
the Queen of the Flowers.
About how many species are included in the genus Gossypium (cotton) and of these how many are commonly used commercial species?
there are 20 - 30 species with native species found on each continent. Of these only 4 are used commercially.
Why is it so difficult to sort Roses into taxonomic groups?
the genus Rosa, you could almost say, has too much genetic complexity to be easily sorted.
Another reason that the French developed a consistently superior wine export product that, in fact, set the standard for the rest of the world until very recently, is that they developed a series of ideas around wine-growing and agriculture generally, called 'terroir'. What is this?
wine depends upon a combination of grape variety, climate geology, pedology (soil), geography, (not to mention the vintner)
The famous spike of carbon into the atmosphere 55.5 million years ago released 7,000 gigatonnes of carbon into the atmosphere. How much did the average temperate of the Earth rise by at this time?
7°C
What is a significant institution of the modern business world that saw its beginnings in 17th century Amsterdam?
Amsterdam had the first stock market, which was known as the Bourse.
What is an unusual advantage of using Gryon to parasite Leptoglossus eggs?
An advantage in using this particular parasite is that parasite eggs can be stored up to a month in a refrigerator, which allows for timed release.
Andy Warhol's album cover of a very famous record album, featuring J Cale and Lou Reed, called Velvet Underground and Nico. The cover features what?
An enormous banana
Renaissance gardeners did continue the Roman tradition of plant humour by devising their own jokes. A typical kind of joke was the joke fountain. what is a joke fountain?
An innocent visitor, say, a cardinal, walks up to a willow tree made of metal to admire the craftsmanship of the leaves and - surprise! The tree showers him with water. Laughter and merriment all around. Hey nonny, nonny! Weeping willow, geddit!
The 'Bizzaria of Florence' lemon is considered a chimera, what is the biological definition of a chimera?
An organism or tissue that contains at least two different sets of DNA, most often originating from the fusion of as many different zygotes (fertilized eggs).
What is fermentation?
Anaerobic microbiological process. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) converts a substrate/chemical into another product. The microbe has a net energy gain from the reaction
What compound makes red wine red?
Anthocyanins - phenolic compounds present in most/all plant tissues
The tonnage of bananas consumed in North America is greater than what two main types of fruits combined?
Apples and oranges
What is an economic advantage of using Arabidopsis as a model organism?
Arabidopsis is a member of the economically very important family of mustards (Brassicaceae).
In the 1930s, Russian scientists set out to find an organism that would be useful in unraveling plant genetics, something that would be equivalent to fruit fly research, which was bringing about huge leaps in animal genetics. What did they choose?
Arabidopsis thaliana
What is the scientific name of the model organism for the study of plants?
Arabidopsis thaliana
How did tulip sales act as stocks in the 17th century Dutch markets?
As tulips could only be grown during specific times of year a tulip bulb was replaced with a negotiable piece of paper with a notional delivery date upon it, like some very doubtful bill of exchange. The closer to delivery that the deal was made, the higher the risk of the buyer having to settle with a grower, but the more dazzling the possibility of realizing a profit from prices that rose by the day and the hour.
Why are there so many wines?
As wines spread, selection for particularly suited clones for the growing area occurred, resulting in thousands of different wines.
There are aspects of the morphology of a lodgepole pinecone that underscore the relationship with fire
At the top of the cone, furthest from any burning needles or branches, are the seeds. By comparison, the bottom of the cone has no seeds, just scales that are small and densely packed and that never open. This is a crudely constructed, but effective, heat shield.
Agrobacterium tumefasciens has been used extensively because it is a naturally competent vector for DNA transformation. How do bacterial geneticists transform plant cells with artificial genes?
Bacterial geneticists transform Agrobacterium so that it carries the desired artificially manufactured gene on the plasmid, which the bacterium injects into tissue-cultured cells. The plasmid DNA is incorporated into the plant's DNA, which means that selection for competent cells is easily achieved by killing off the bacteria. The plants that were regenerated from tissue culture are then crossed in normal breeding trials, with the result that the artificial genes could be transmitted generation to generation in normally constituted germplasm, which is to say, normal breeding stock.
Who said the statement: "A traveler should be a botanist, for in all views plants form the chief embellishment"?
Charles Darwin (Journal of Researchers)
What was the first kind of food to utilize GM in its production?
Cheese which utilize a GM enzyme in fermentation.
What are some of the nations that have embraced GM foods?
China, US and Canada, India, Israel, and Iran.
What makes Chinese roses superior the European roses in the eyes of breeders?
Chinese roses bloom far longer than European roses.
In addition to increasing the price of cotton, what happened when the Confederate States of America choked the cotton supply to make their Cotton Bonds more appealing?
Choking supply also resulted in a cotton shortage.
What is the scientific name for the 'Bizzaria of Florence'?
Citrus limonimedica + C. aurantium
Linnaeus thought the lemon tree was a subspecies of what species?
Citrus medica (the citron), but it was later realized that it was probably a hybrid.
What is the scientific name for the Lemon Tree?
Citrus x limon (L.) Osbeck
How is the 'Bizzaria of Florence' created?
Citrus x limonimedica (Florentine citron) and sour orange ( Citrus x aurantium) were grafted together - one was the scion (the shoot portion), the other the rootstock. However, at the site of the graft union something unique and special happened. The cells of the two species intermingled to form a chimaera, which is a cellular mixture of two organisms. This chimaeric zone produced a branch, which out grew the original scion. On this branch flowers and then fruit formed.
Because of the high cost of transport, wines shipped from France to Britain were only those of the best quality. What were the preferred wines?
Clarets
What is the most economically important group of gymnosperms?
Conifers
Where do conifers grow?
Conifers are ecologically dominant in areas where competition from flowering plants is reduced by either fire, cold or nutrient shortages. Pines are shade-intolerant, meaning their seedlings are poor competitors when the light is low, as it can be in the forest understory
What type of climates produce wines that have higher acidity?
Cool climates retain more acid
What did the invention of the flying shuttle allow for?
Cotton weavers no longer had to thread looms manually each time they added a line of thread. Broader cloth, i.e. wider cloth, could be woven.
Where does Cottonseed oil come from and what is done to it to ready it for cooking?
Cottonseed oil is pressed from the seed, processed, and deodorized.
Why did the series of festivals held by Sultan Ahmet III of the Ottoman empire celebrated in the three days surrounding the first full moon in April result in a tremendous amount of tulip varieties being bred?
Courtiers would breed tulips to present to the Sultan at the festivals in order to gain favour in the court.
In order to win a war you need arms, what was the first thing President Jefferson Davis did to raise money for the Confederate States of America?
He initially generated money for the war by issuing two war bonds. The first brought in $15 million, the second $100 million.
What can be eaten solely with bananas to produce an almost completely balanced diet?
Milk
Where do domestic roses come from?
Modern garden roses were artificially selected from a number of wild roses.
In the 1920s how many tourists would come to see the Butchart Gardens?
More than 50,000 tourists came each year
True or false, all roses have thorns?
False, all roses have prickles or bristles (more flexible versions of prickles). Technically speaking, roses do not possess thorns which are modified branches, or spines which are modified leaves.
True or false? All banana species are edible.
False, of the about 50 species of bananas, most are inedible.
What is a major historical advantage of fermenting grape juice to wine?
Fermentation turns a highly perishable short-lived product - the grape - into a far less perishable product - wine
What is wine?
Fermented juice
Which occurs first when making a red wine, fermentation or crushing?
Fermented occurs first with the wine skins and stems still present to impart that nice red colour before being crushed.
Generally the objection to GMOs is rarely regarding the food safety issue, but rather what?
Food purity
What was the city of Victoria originally established as and how did it transition through history until eventually becoming the modern city of Victoria?
Fort Victoria made the transition from trading outpost (Hudson's Bay Company) and British Navy port (Esquimalt and Royal Roads) to colonial capital and then to the City of Victoria, provincial capital.
What is the technical term of insect excrement?
Frass
Roundup-ready crops and Bt crops require less herbicide input than their non-GM equivalents. How much less?
From 1996 to 2010, GM crops are estimated to have reduced agrichemical inputs by 37 %. This is the 20th year in a row to post increased acreage of GM crops.
For the first part of the 20th century the number one eating banana in Europe and North America was a variety called Gros Michel. When disease wiped out Gros Michel, it was replaced by Cavendish. Today, Cavendish is under threat from what?
Fungal disease.
When Britain settled down to peace after a civil war the wealthy abandoned their fortified homes for large homes that preserved a number of defensive features, such as a surrounding high wall. What was a typical feature found in the corners of the walls?
Gazebos
As there is no benefit to the plant in its relationship with Agrobacterium tumefasciens what is A. tumefasciens considered to be doing?
Genetic colonization, a form of genetic parasitism.
Despite the belief that we live in a post-industrial age, the cotton textile factories have just moved offshore such that much of modern manufacturing is not seen by the consumers. What are these factories called?
Ghost (invisible) factories
Why did the Dutch churchmen choose to condemn gingerbreadmen in 1607 in order to address the excessive materialism they thought was rampant in 17th century Holland?
Ginger is an exotic spice and children should not get used to such luxuries.
Isaburo Kichida, a well-known Yokohama garden designer, built the first Japanese gardens in North America, right here in Victoria. Where was the first one located?
Gorge Park Japanese Tea Garden which he built with his son.
Peruvian coloured cotton is gaining popularity in the commercial market, what is its scientific name?
Gossypium barbadense
Upland cotton is the number one cotton in the world, what is its scientific name?
Gossypium hirsutum
What gardens, other than Saxe Point Gardens, did George Radford design?
Government House's Gardens
What are grapefruits hybrids of?
Grapefruits (C. x paradisi) are hybrids between pomelos and oranges.
How is Ice Wine produced?
Grapes are picked when frozen on the vine. The water stays in solid form and solutes are extracted. This is then fermented and there is residual sugar because yeast die due to the stress caused by alcohol levels being to high!
Where does the acidity in a wine come from?
Grapes need heat to ripen and during the process of ripening malic acid is respired to produce glucose. So if there climate isn't very hot the grapes will have a higher acidity.
Similarly to the word paradise, park (the English word) is an etymological descendant of the Assyrian word pardes. What language acted as the middle-man language to which it was translated from and in part caused it to be "mangled" into park?
Greek.
Bulbs were initially in limited supply, because they were grown by gentlemen. How did they begin being grown by a large number of growers?
Growers became proficient after tulip bulbs were stolen by 'thieves' (connoisseurs), production rose and bulbs were sold by the thousand, the pound and even by the ace (1/20 gm)
What is the name of the wasp parasitoid that attacks Leptoglossus occidentalis eggs?
Gryon pensylvanicum
What does Gryon pensylvanicum do to Leptoglossus occidentalis?
Gyron pensylvanicum parasitizes the eggs of Leptoglossus
Of the four hypothesis as to why cotton has long trichomes (hairs arising from the ovule surface) have been suggested which one is the most likely?
Hairs absorb rain water and assist germination.
At the height of cotton processing in Manchester what was the limiting factor on production and growth?
Raw cotton.
Differing copies of a gene are called what?
Alleles
How high were the terraces found in the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?
75 feet in height
What country has the most kinds and produces the greatest yield of bananas?
India, no other country even comes close.
When was the inheritance of characteristics discovered and by whom?
Mendel in the 1850s
To make the taxonomy of roses worse, much worse, the evolution of domestic roses is immensely complicated by human intervention. This inspired one botanist to despairingly title an article what?
"Beauty and the Bastards." By bastards we don't mean botanists; we mean hybrid roses.
The invention of the Cotton Gin in 1803 lead to the resurgence of slave labour as landowners could see that cotton was going to make a fortune for them. What lead to the end of slavery?
"Politics continued by other means" - The American Civil War
As production of tulips rose and bulbs were sold by the thousand the price began to rise, this lead to what variety of tulip to be with a small fortune (the value of a house)?
"Semper Augustus" bulbs
How can the human brain be tricked into thinking a wine is sweet even if it contains very little sugar?
"Sweet" aromas like fruit or vanilla, oak flavor, low acid or tannin will trick the brain into thinking the wine is sweet.
What saying developed by the merchants in Bordeaux which refereed to the value of selling Claret wines to England in the 13th century?
"Wine is gold dust"
The ancient Greek word for "to breakfast" was akratidzomai, which meant what?
"to drink undiluted wine".
A very odd variety of lemons was grown only in Florence, what was it called?
'Bizzaria of Florence'
The Egyptians had three types of pleasure gardens, what were they?
1) Giant temple gardens on the banks of the Nile from Karnac to Luxor 2) Villa gardens of the wealthy 3) Gardens of the middle classes
What does the term "sweet" in wine tasting mean?
The wine has the presence or the perception of sugar.
There are three main Japanese gardens in Victoria, where are they located?
1) Gorge Park 2) Royal Roads 3) Butchart Gardens
Mazes were well known in the ancient world, what are two possible origins of mazes in Europe?
1) Greek or Roman 2) Druids or Celt
What are three characteristics of a late harvest wine?
1) The harvest is late! 2) The fruit is higher in sugar 3) Winemakers intentionally leave residual sugar
How much cotton lint is needed to produce one pair of jeans?
1 kg of cotton lint
About what percent of the cotton market is made of of organic cotton producers (including fair trade)?
1%
How much money did President Jefferson Davis generated for the war by issuing two war bonds?
1) 15 million 2) 100 million
What two things did the Medici, successful 15th century Florentine bankers, do with their money?
1) Acted as patrons of the arts and commissioned many art works 2) Collected rare and unusual items, which they displayed in what were known as cabinets of curiosities.
Where are the two places that have been argued to have housed the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?
1) Babylon 2) Nineveh
What are two examples of very popular songs for kids who's predominant subject manner is about bananas?
1) Bananaphone by Raffi 2) Harry Belafonte's Banana Boat Song
What are roses used for? Name 3 of the possible 6.
1) Beauty 2) Smell 3) Fruits (rose-hips) 4) Rose oil 5) Medicinal properties 6) Rose petals
Once wine production was established in Gaul (France), trading networks of wine developed that extended to what two places?
1) Brittania (Britain) 2) Germania (Germany)
The first stock markets in Amsterdam had two types of stock brokers, what were they?
1) Brokers who handled large share transfers 2) Minor speculators who traded small amounts
Transformation of plants can be done by what three ways?
1) By electrically introducing genes into the cell (electroporation) 2) By blasting plants with a DNA ballistic gun (gold beads are coated with the DNA construct and this is shot at high speed into the plant tissue culture) 3) A bacterium that has always been doing this can be used
The Romans also imported many types of trees, what are two example of these?
1) Cherries 2) Cypresses.
During the Palaeocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum, or PETM, when things got hot and humid in the world, what three places did pines seek refuge?
1) Circumpolar high-latitude zone where competition was low, 2) Lower latitudes where conditions were drier and hotter. 3) In high altitude habitats
What are the three main ideas when producing a red wine?
1) Crush up the fruit with a machine 2) Skin contact during fermentation 3) Use of oak
There are five basic flavours found in wine, what are they?
1) Dry 2) Sweet 3) tart/sour 4) Astringency/bitterness 5) Alcohol
Wines can have residual sugar - almost always white - what are two ways that this is done?
1) Fermentation halted via chilling 2) Sugar added right before bottling - juice or concentrate
What are three environmental factors that allow conifers to out-compete angiosperms in certain regions?
1) Fire 2) Cold 3) Nutrient shortages, frequently nitrogen.
Some pines have relationships with other organisms. What are three examples of organisms that interact with pines?
1) Fungi 2) American Red Squirrels 3) Crossbills
When did Caesar conquered Gaul?
69 A.D.
Although no one knows what the adaptive value of cotton trichomes (hairs arising from the ovule surface) what are 4 speculations?
1) Hairs protect against insects 2) Hairs provide rewards (nesting material) for birds that distribute seed 3) Hairs aid in wind dispersal 4) Hairs absorb water and assist germination
Cotton was domesticated independently in what two placed?
1) India 2) Peru
The advantage of Arabidopsis lies in a number of features, what are 3 of them? (of 7)
1) It has a small genome (total amount of DNA) spread over only five chromosomes. with about 25000 genes in tatal. 2) The plant itself is small: it is possible to fit over 10,000 into a single room. T 3) The time from seed-to-seed is a brief 8-13 weeks. 4) Each plant is capable of producing 50 seed, which makes controlled crosses worthwhile. 5) It's genome has been sequenced in the 2000 6) Most of the genes are single copy, which eliminates a big headache of having competing similar genes (alleles). 7) The physiology and anatomy of this plant are well understood
Wines are processed in stainless steel tanks because of two main reasons, what are they?
1) It is much easier to maintain an aseptic (clean, germ-free) environment 2) stainless steel does not impart a flavour.
What two things predisposed the Netherlands in the 17th century to the second period of tulip craziness?
1) It was wealthier than its neighbours, because it was a trading nation with a large busy fleet that linked colonies in North America, as well as both the East and West Indies. 2) It was a religiously tolerant nation
Who were the two people that likely could have built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?
1) King Nebuchadnezzar for his wife 2) Prince Cyrus for his lover.
How GMOs came to dominate so much agricultural land on this planet in such a short time is due in part to 6 factors, what are they?
1) Molecular genetics 2) Capital flow in the 1980s and 90s 3) Surplus money restructured the seed industry 4) Surplus money restructured the agricultural chemicals industry 5) Ideological shifts in politics 6) Globilization
What three things distinguish a wine grape form a table grape?
1) More sugar and acid 2) Softer 3) Crunchy seeds
In the Renaissance there was a rediscovery of classical ideals of the Romans and Greeks, 1500 years before and gardening was was influenced by the writings of Romans such as Pliny. This led to amazingly complex misinterpretations. What are 4 examples of these?
1) Mounds 2) Straight lines of sight, leading to bellevues, vistas and panoramas 3) Statuary in gardens 4) Mazes.
What were three unusual features of the Earth during the Palaeocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum, or PETM?
1) Off the coast of Tanzania, the oceans were very hot, nearly 40°C which is a very warm bath (hot soup is 50 °C). 2) There were no polar icecaps. 3) Fossils of alligators and hippopotamuses were found in northern regions.
Cotton seed produces two products, what are they?
1) Oil 2) Cotton fibre
In a response to GM foods what three food movements have arose?
1) Organic food 2) Fair Trade 3) Buying local movement
What are the 6 things that Dr. von Aderkas has done to ensure that his Meyers lemon tree will grow in Victoria?
1) Planted in well-drained soil (lemon trees don't like wet roots) 2) Situated against a south-facing wall 3) Under the eaves for shelter 4) Framed netting around the tree to protect it from rabbits and raccoons 5) A temperature-regulated switch (thermocouple-linked) that turns Christmas lights on in low temperatures. 6) 9W Christmas light bulbs to generate heat to keep the tree alive.
There are four must-see gardens in Victoria that have historical value, what are they?
1) Point Ellice House Garden 2) Abkhazi Garden 3) Butchart Gardens 4) Saxe Point Garden
What are the two main ideas when producing a white or rose wine?
1) Press before fermentation - no skin contact = no color 2) Very limited air contact
Fifty years after Gottlieb Haberlandt created a protoplast (a single naked plant cell) what two people simultaneously and independently publish their discovery of totipotency of plant cells, i.e. how to regenerate plants from such single protoplasts in 1958?
1) Reinert in Germany 2) Steward in the United States
What are two ways that the seed of conifers, like lodgepole pine, moved?
1) Seed can and is moved by animals, such as birds and squirrels. 2) The seeds themselves are very small (300,000 seed per kilogram, which is 300 seed per gram!) and are easily dispersed by the wind. A seed can be blown a distance of 70 km.
The truth about Holland in the 17th century is that they were rich and felt guilty about just how rich they'd become, what are two spectacular examples of they tried to offset this guilt with religious repression?
1) Sinter Klaas (St. Nicholas) was a childrens' festival. Each year, on December 6th, there were parades in many cities. Children would be given gifts, and as they paraded through the streets they would hold clogs in which their dolls and gingerbread men were proudly displayed. In Delft, the city council banned gingerbreadmen in 1607 2) In Delft, the city council banned the Sinter Klaas parade in 1657. In Amsterdam, on December 4th, 1663, two days before the big day the city canceled the parade
Isaburo Kichida's, a well-known Yokohama garden designer, first Japanese garden attracted the interest of the owner of the new electric railway (tram) that connected the city with Esquimalt. He asked Kichida to build him a private garden (which is now lost). At his social gatherings the guests were amazed and asked who had done this. Among the guests were what two influential Victorian families?
1) The Dunsmuirs (Hatley Castle, now Royal Roads University) 2) The Butcharts
What are the four big inventions that sped up the slow process of cotton processing?
1) The flying shuttle 2) The Spinning Jenny (Jenny comes from engine) 3) The Water Frame 4) The Power loom
What are three (somewhat obscure) reasons why the banana is so popular?
1) The fruit not only has a silly shape 2) The fruit has anextraordinarily unattractive colour. 3) The word banana is simply ludicrous, leading to all sorts of jokes. The word popular often is associated with the word vulgar, and bananas are popular vulgar culture.
What were the two turning points in rose breeding?
1) The importation of Chinese roses, which bloomed far longer than European roses. These roses inspired a wave of breeding. 2) Empress Josephine, wife of Napoleon, who planted over 250 varieties of roses at her house at Malmaison, near Paris. These beds were likely to have been the first modern display rose gardens, i.e. rose gardens for the sake of rose gardens.
Pines provide two types of food. what are they two types?
1) The inner bark of lodgepole pine is eaten in spring by First Nations (Chilcotin; Tsilhqo'tin in British Columbia) as a kind of candy. The reindeer-herding people of northern Scandanavia - the Sami of Lapland - not only eat it as a candy, but turn the inner bark into a flour from which they make a pine bread. 2) Pine nuts, which have been eaten for thousands of years in various parts of the world, e.g. China.
Although the Romans copied the Greeks, and inherited some elements of their Persian legacy, the Romans also were responsible for many unique innovations. what are 4 examples of these innovations?
1) The lawn 2) The hunting park 3) The Topiary, trimmed hedges that either have geometric shapes or have been made to look like animals 4) Theme parks, i.e. they introduced elements into gardens that were thematic.
Pleasure gardens are as old as civilization itself and exist on two scales, what are they?
1) The small private garden 2) The large park
Why is tissue culture important (three reasons)?
1) The tissues are grown in an environment free of bacteria, viruses and fungi, that is to say, free of contaminants. 2) This is a much easier way to clone plants. 3) Tissue culture is a platform technology. Bacteria are used as vectors with plant tissue cultures serving as targets.
Pines are the economically most important gymnosperms. What are three ways they are used?
1) They are tapped for liquid pine resin, from which rosin and turpentine are made. 2) Trees also provide saw timber 3) Pines provide two types of food.
What are 4 of 7 major problems for GMOs?
1) They have benefited the farmers and the companies that produce them but not the consumers. 2) Many GM producers are multinational companies and avoid taxes on their products 3) They are unpopular in many political circles 4) There are environmental issues, particularly with regards to gene flow effects and the precautionary principle is ignored. 5) GMOs have resulted in trade wars between Europe and the USA 6) GMOs did not address the have/have not imbalance in the world. 7) Science has an image problem and is distrusted.
What are two elements that were in conflict in the Netherlands in the 17th century with regards to the newly formed stock markets?
1) They were a young capitalist nation - for stock markets 2) The main religion was protestant - against stock markets.
What are the lowest temperatures the Meyers lemon tree and fruit are able to withstand?
1) Tree can tolerate ‐6 °C 2) Fruit can tolerate ‐3 °C
What are two reasons why tulips became so valuable in 17th century Dutch stock markets such that they could be traded as shares?
1) Tulips were exotic. They came from the Ottoman Empire and had a real air of exoticism about them. An object keeps value if it is evidently of high quality. 2) Not only were tulips of high quality, but they could be cloned and so could gain value.
What two events lead to bondholders realizing that the Cotton Bonds issued by the Confederate States of America would be worthless if the cotton could not be delivered. This lead to a plummet in sales of Cotton Bonds such that the Confederates were unable to finance their war efforts.
1) Unemployed Weavers and Millworkers refusing to work until slavery on the cotton plantations were abolished 2) The fall of New Orleans, the largest city and biggest cotton prory in the South, to the North.
What are the top 5 countries where GMOs are grown?
1) United States of America (71 million hectares) 2) Brazil (42 million hectares) 3) Argentina (24 million hectares) 4) India (12 million hectares) 5) Canada (12 million hectares)
Gardens may be classed in two ways, what are they?
1) Vegetable gardens 3) Pleasure gardens.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was discovered 64 years ago by what three people?
1) Watson 2) Crick 3) Franklin
What were the four original species of the citrus genus?
1) mandarin (C. reticulata) 2) pomelo (C. maxima), 3) citron (C. medica) 4) biasing/samuyao (C. micrantha).
What are the three main categories of genetic traits that are modified in a GM plant?
1. herbicide tolerance 2. stacked traits (insect resistance + herbicide tolerance and possibly other traits such as drought resistance) 3. insect resistance.
Many believe that terroir isn't the reason for good wine production but rather that it is governed by four main things, what are they?
1. legal protection of property rights 2. climate of scientific rationalism 3. available investment capital 4. fast and reliable transport & communication
What is the alcohol percentage in a sweet wine?
10%
About how many species are in the genus Pinus?
110 species
About how much of all acreage of cotton planted is GM?
14%
How many tonnes of bananas are produced by India, the greatest producer of bananas, alone?
17 million tonnes per year.
Grapes are a Mediterranean plant and prefer places that have an an average range temperate between July-January of what?
17-26 degrees Celsius.
How many commercial rose cultivars are there today?
18,000. Historically, we think that anywhere between 30,000 and 100,000 cultivars have been bred.
In what year did both Reinert in Germany and Steward in the States simultaneously and independently publish their discovery of totipotency in plants?
1958
In what year was Leptoglossus occidentalis introduced to Italy?
1998
Greenhouses were a gardening innovation that became popular in what century?
19th
There are many good reasons to think that conifers might need our help in the face of climate chage. In just 200 years since the Industrial Revolution, humans have pumped tonnes of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. By 2100, we estimate that this will have reached how many gigitonnes of carbon?
2,000 Gigatonnes of carbon
When did wine spread to Italy?
200 B.C.
How long did it take before the carbon came out of the atmosphere after the spikes during the Palaeocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum, or PETM?
200,000 years
How many litres of water are used in the processing, dyeing, and cleaning of jeans for sale?
200L
The pollen of conifers are even smaller than seed. A tree can produce around how many pollen grains each reproductive cycle?
25 billion pollen grains.
About how much of all acreage of corn planted is GM?
30%
How many litres of water are used to keep jeans clean throughout throughout their usable lifetime?
3000L
How many terraces were found in the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?
4
How long ago was cotton domesticated in Peru?
4,500 years ago.
By what percent did Manchester's industrial output of cotton grow by from 1811-1821?
40%
By what percent did Manchester's industrial output of cotton grow by from 1821-1831?
47%
How long ago was cotton domesticated in India?
5,000 years ago
About how much of all acreage of soybean planted is GM?
50%
Sultan Selim II of the Ottoman Empire too a shine to tulips. In 1574 how many tulips did he order for his royal garden?
50,000 tulip bulbs.
It appears that evidence of human use of the bananas was first found in many excavated hearths in southeast Asia. Recently, there has been evidence that bananas were also present where?
5000 yBP in Uganda in Africa.
How many litres of water in irrigation does it take to grow a kg of cotton lint?
8500L
About how much of all acreage of canola planted is GM?
9%
What type of lemon tree does Dr. von Aderkas grow at his home?
A Meyers lemon tree from Fruit Trees and More, a tree nursery located on Wain Roan in North Saanich.
What is a cottage industry?
A business or manufacturing activity carried on in a person's home as was the case form the cotton industry prior to the 18th century.
What type of industry was cotton industry prior to the 18th century?
A cottage industry.
What is used to ripen green bananas when they arrive from transport?
A gas, ethylene, is introduced into the storage areas. It is a completely harmless volatile plant hormone that causes ripening in many different types of fruit. This causes the bananas to go quite electric yellow in colour.
In Turkish the word for Tulip is lale, which is a homonym of what?
A homonym of Allah, which connects the tulip to religion quite directly.
The wealthy of ancient Egypt often centered their houses and gardens around what?
A large central pool. Sometimes this pool was square and at other times it was T-shaped.
What is the rise in organic foods, Fair Trade foods, and the buying local movement in response to GM foods a example of?
A moral economy
What is a gymnosperm?
A plant that has seeds unprotected by an ovary or fruit. Gymnosperms include the conifers, cycads, and ginkgo.
What is Il Limoni?
A poem written by the Italina lyric poet Eugenio Montale
What is the Assisted Migration Adaptation Trial (AMAT)?
A project that took 13 conifer species and planted the in 40 sites in BC chosen by future climate models to better understand the ability of these species to survive future alterations in their environments
Cotton and corn are transformed for Bt, what is Bt?
A protein that is toxic to insects. The only reason that the plant can produce Bt is that the plant has been bioengineered. Bt lowers pesticide inputs. What is Bt? Bacillus thuringensis is a bacterium that produces a crystalline protein that kills insects. When they eat it, it puts holes in their gut and they die. The gene for this protein was isolated and introduced into plants.
A separating plant, where pine nuts are extracted, produce how many Euros per day worth of pine nuts?
A separating plant can make 15,000 Euros per day of production, which pays for a lot of workers.
In Amsterdam's early stock markets of the 17th century shares were traded that often had not yet been paid for, how did people finance these shares?
A share would be purchased on IOU; if the purchaser was lucky or skilled, by the time the IOU was due, the share would have made money. In essence, the share's gain was offsetting part of the purchase price. You could say the share was paying for itself. Money is making money.
What is a "holotype" specimen?
A single type specimen upon which the description and name of a new species is based.
What kind of wine should sour foods be paired with?
A sour food will compete with the acid in the wine and make the wine taste less tart, a sour food should be paired with a dry white wine.
Who created the ha-ha (a sunken fence, a ditch that cannot be seen except from close by)
Charles Bridgeman the Royal Gardener
What is Ecological Species Concept?
A species is a lineage (or a closely related set of lineages) that occupies an adaptive zone minimally different from that of any other lineage in its range and which evolves separately from all lineages outside its range' (Van Valen 1976)
What is the inherent paradox of a Topiary?
A statue that lives but never moves.
What is a ha-ha?
A sunken fence, a ditch that cannot be seen except from close by. The ditch has one sloping side and one vertical side into which is built a retaining wall; a ha-ha creates a barrier for sheep, cattle, and deer while allowing an unbroken view of the landscape.
Bitter foods are difficult to pair with a wine. Fortunately, there aren't many about. Usually they are served with lemon or with something to take the edge off the bitterness. However, finding a suitable wine is not impossible. What wine best compliments bitter foods?
A tart sweet wine will do the trick nicely.
What does monophyletic mean?
A taxon ( agroup of organisms) which consists of an ancestral species and all its descendants.
What is plant grafting?
A technique in which tissue from one plant, the scion, is attached onto another, the rootstock. The rootstock produces new vascular tissue with which to feed the scion, and the graft heals.
GMOs are often presented as a fait accompli, what does this mean?
A thing that has already happened or been decided before those affected hear about it, leaving them with no option but to accept.
What does polyphyletic mean?
A toxon (a group of organisms) derived from more than one common evolutionary ancestor or ancestral group and therefore not suitable for placing in the same taxon.
In the 1980s it became apparent that using proprietorial, company-owned herbicides could be used in the context of plants that were not bred, but transformed by a single gene, to be resistant to these same herbicides. What industry did this give rise to?
A united seed and agrichemical industry
About how much of the worlds pesticide use is for the protection of Cotton?
About 1/4 of all the world's pesticides are used to keep this one crop pest-free.
What is the scientific name for the bacterium that produces crown gall tumours in pants and is capable of inject its own DNA into the hosts genome?
Agrobacterium tumefasciens,
What were the first traits produced by genetic modification in plants?
Agrochemical resistant lines of plants.
The alcohol content of a wine needs to be balanced. How can the wine be effected if the alcohol level is to high?
Alcohol can provide a burning sensation if it's too high or unbalanced by other flavors
What experience does the alcohol content of a wine provide the drinker other then intoxication?
Alcohol has a flavour, but it is not so much the flavour we're interested in as the effects alcohol have on the feel of the wine. Alcohol produces a warm reaction in the mouth. The right amount of alcohol imparts a fullness or body to the wine, while slightly warming the mouth .
To the Egyptian gardening elements the Greeks added influences that they encountered during their military campaigns in Persia. Greeks conquered Persia under who?
Alexander the Great
How many of the Old World grape varieties are derived from Vitis vinifera?
All Old World grape varieties are derived from V. vinifera
There are three main Japanese gardens in Victoria, who designed and built them?
All of them were designed and built in 1907-1909, by Isaburo Kichida, a well-known Yokohama garden designer.
Wines can be fermented to dryness, what does this mean?
All the sugar from the grape is converted to alcohol
What is the genetic level at which selection occurs?
Alleles can be selected over time and new ones can arise.
What characteristic of bananas make them economically very valuable and best suited to growth in the tropics?
Banana plants produce bananas continuously, which is why they are planted throughout the tropics. It's quite unlike other fruit plants, in that it gives of itself continuously, not seasonally.
What is the number one consumed fruit in North America?
Bananas
According to the myth, why do bananas spoil your fishing?
Bananas on a boat bring bad luck. Even eating a banana on shore while river fishing is considered unlucky.
What is the iconic way that have bananas have become Incorporated popular myth?
Bananas spoil your fishing. This is a local West Coast thing that fishermen believe. Bananas on a boat bring bad luck. Even eating a banana on shore while river fishing is considered unlucky.
When one botanist trying to place roses into a taxonomy despairingly title an article "Beauty and the Bastards", what did he mean by bastards?
Bastards refer the the hybrid roses cultivated by humans.
Lodgepole pine has serotinous cones. These cones stay closed, i.e. do not release seed, until opened by heat from a forest fire. What advantage does this give the tree?
Because the cones remain attached on the branches, the tree is carrying an aerial seed bank. After a fire, the seeds rain down onto the soil that has been recharged with minerals from the ash of the fire. This aerial seed bank means that reseeding or reforestation can take place from within the burnt stand rather then from the edges as is the case for trees without serotinous cones.
In 2008 the Township of Esquimalt decided to rebuild the Gorge Park Japanese Tea Garden - initially built by Isaburo Kichida, who was a well-known Yokohama garden designer. What was returned to the garden at this time?
Before leaving Victoria to internment camps during WW2, the Takatas, who owned the Japanese Garden, sent their best plants to local plant lovers in the city, these were returned when the garden was rebuilt.
What kind of wine should bitter foods be paired with?
Bitterness builds on bitterness (will make the wine taste more bitter). Its best to pair a bitter food with a sweet wine.
What is the best pH level for soil used in gardening?
Boosting a soil's pH up to around pH 6 releases many minerals that are bound in soils that are of lower pH. In short, a near neutral pH soil is ideal for gardeners.
Odd as it may appear, it is the development of a market for French wines in England that drove the improvement of what kind of wines?
Bordeaux wines
What happens if two Gryon pensylvanicum parasitize the same Leptoglossus egg?
Both eggs from the two Gryon are non viable.
The diaries of Roman travelers to Troy wrote that they had what for their touristy Trojan breakfast?
Bread dipped into wine.
Ironically, if you want to grow Camas lily, the very plant that gave Victoria (Camosun) its native name, you have to buy bulbs from where?
Bulbs that were imported from Holland, as only Dutch bulb growers seem to raise them commercially.
What is the No. 1 garden in Canada and No. 2 garden in North America?
Butchart Gardens
Under anaerobic conditions, fermentation produces ethanol as defined by the Guy-Lussac Equation. What is the Guy-Lussac Equation?
C6H12O6 → 2 CH3CH2OH + 2 CO2 1 glucose → 2 ethanol + 2 carbon dioxide
The Medici collected rare and unusual items, which they displayed, what were these displays called?
Cabinets of Curiosities
What is the questions that the Assisted Migration Adaptation Trial (AMAT) is seeking to answer?
Can conifers adapt fast enough to global climate change? Do they need our help?
What nation produces the best ice wines?
Canada
Who was the star who owes her success in part to her role in the Lady in the Tutti Frutti Hat, a scene from the Hollywood movie 'The Gang's All Here' (1943)?
Carmen Miranda
What plant was used to show totipotency in plants?
Carrot plant - grew back entirely from single cells in an aseptic environment.
What is the common name for the number one variety of bananas?
Cavendish
In the ancient parks of Assyria, exotic trees were planted. What was an example of one of the trees?
Cedars of Lebanon
What are the cell walls of the long trichomes (fibre) from the cotton plant made of?
Cellulose.
How does Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) structure life?
DNA is a chemical code based on four different compounds. The code forms genes that are passed on from generation to generation. Each gene ultimately codes for proteins, which are essential for functioning cells, which themselves are the basis of life in all its myriad and wonderful forms.
What is a key feature of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that is crucial for its use in the construction of GMOs?
DNA is universally found in living organisms.
Selection of alleles is evident when doing what?
DNA sequencing
In addition to muslin cloth, produced in the Middle East from cotton in the 9th and 10th century, what other desirable cotton cloth was used?
Damascene cloth, i.e. a fine cotton cloth from Damascus.
What are two ways that a vegetativley propagated tulip will be different in characteristics from the parent plant?
Departures from "true-to-type" propagation are due either to 1) somaclonal variation (i.e. one in a million will be a mutation) 2) disease.
What characteristics of individuals within a population allow natural selection to act?
Differences in inherited characteristics of individuals within a population. This allows, under selective conditions, for change as offspring survive and prosper or fail.
What is the major green technology that may arise from GM foods?
Different, greener, field management methods.
In ancient Greece wine was typically consumed with what done to it?
Diluted 3:1 water:wine
When wine became a more prominent greek commodity lifestyles changed. This lead to the formation of what cults?
Dionysiac cults
What major accounting technique was invented at the time of the Medici, successful 15th century Florentine bankers?
Double-entry accounting techniques
What country is the leading exporter of Bananas?
Ecuador is the leading exporting country, sending more than 5 million tons to various parts of the world. India produces the most by far but almost all of it consumed domestically.
What ancient civilization is the source of so many of western culture's most basic themes and motifs among which is gardening?
Egypt
The Greeks were great assimilators of other cultures and Greek gardening were strongly influenced by what?
Egyptian gardening. To the Egyptian element they added influences that they encountered during their military campaigns in Persia. Greeks conquered Persia under Alexander the Great
What type of plants were on display in the gardens of ancient Egypt?
Egyptians had vineyards, lotuses, palms, corn flowers, dates and figs. They loved plants and grew flowers for festivals, funerals and weddings, an example of which is the iris.
In the 12th century The English Queen held a large part of southwestern France, what was the Queen's name?
Eleanore of Aquitaine
Who invented the Cotton Gin in 1803
Eli Witney
Who built the Tivoli Gardens, The first example of a theme park, i.e. introduced elements in a garden that were thematic?
Emperor Hadrian
What allowed England to spend large amounts of money on wine from France in a time when it was very expensive to purchase foreign wine?
England's colonial expansion generated untold wealth, which was spent on luxury goods, such as Bordeaux wines from France.
What continent has restricted the use of GMOs?
Europe
In BC, pine cones can tolerate a lot of predation, but do not abort. What is the minimum amount of seeds needed in a cone in order for it to complete development?
Even if only 5 or 6 seeds are left in a cone, the cone will develop until the end.
Amsterdam had the first stock market, which was known as the Bourse. When was the market open daily and shares traded?
Every day it opened from noon until 2 o'clock for shares to be traded
What is evolution?
Evolution is the change of heritable characteristics over time, only operating at the species level.
In the 1990s geologists drilled cores of ocean floor in many places. An amazing result was pulled out of the analysis of these cores. Scientists had discovered a moment when the carbon cycle went wild. When did this occur?
Exactly 55.5 million years ago.
How does irrigation cause soil salinization?
Excess irrigation increases leakage to the groundwater system, causing the watertable (the level below which the ground is saturated with water) to rise, which may mobilise salt that has accumulated in the soil layers. When the saline watertable rises to within two metres of the surface, evaporation concentrates salt at the surface.
A decade after Rechinger, Gottlieb Haberlandt took culturing smaller and smaller bits of plants to determine plant polarity one step further, what did he do?
He invented a way to create single naked plant cells (protoplasts) by mechanically shearing off cell walls, leaving the living cell without its exterior. He discovered that this would regenerate a whole plant, and not just the corresponding missing part.
After issuing war bonds, President Jefferson Davis required more money for the Confederate States of America's war effort in the American Civil War. What did he do?
He turned to the money markets of Europe. However, the Confederacy had a low credit rating, meaning that they were considered a risk for lenders.
Why was Sultan Ahmet III of the Ottoman empire eventually overthrown?
He was an avaricious, cruel and corrupt tyrant, who executed local European families in particularly bloodthirsty manner, and, more significantly, was hated by the underclass in Constantinople for his lavish expenditure. Reaction to his reign sparked the first social class and cultural revolution in the history of the Ottoman Empire. Spurred on by the clerics, known as the Mufti, the troops revolted and the people rose up.
As the Roman Empire expanded, the Romans took what type of gardens along with them
Herb gardens
What type of resistance was first genetically introduced into plants?
Herbicide tolerance
What is the primary energy source used by Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast) in the process of wine fermentation?
Hexoses (glucose and fructose) in grape berries are primary energy and biomass source for S. cerevisiae
Why do plants have high levels of anthrocyanins in some parts of the plant?
High levels in certain plant parts for visual appeal to attract animal for various reasons including seed or pollen dispersal.
After the discovery of Agrobacterium tumefasciens what did humans soon begin using them for?
Humans, in point of fact, used a bacterium to parasitize plants and introduce artificial genes.
What happens after a stone pine pine cone is attacked by Leptoglossus?
If attacked the entire cone aborts. By comparison, western Canadian pines do not abort, which implies that the Italian trees are "evolutionarily naïve" because they throw in the towel rather early
What is the selfish gene theory?
If the goal of life is to keep your genes in circulation
Historically we associate wine with the Mediterranean region however, the grape is not are native to that region. Where was it traditionally imported from?
Imported from central Asia, i.e. Georgia and Armenia.
When did the Point Ellice House Garden become a provincial historic site?
In 1974 it became a provincial historic site, and not long after, a national historic site.
What is the Turkish name for the Tulip?
In Turkish the word is lale, which is a homonym of Allah, which connects the tulip to religion quite directly.
In BC orchards, introduced Gryon adult females will lay 10 eggs/day and parasitize up to 93 % of all L. occidentalis eggs, even if Leptoglossus egg densities are low. This means that Gryon is very active in seeking out its prey. Despite this Gryon based biocontrol have been unsuccessful. Why?
In nature, Gyron adults need to eat: they feed on nectar from flowers. In our orchards there are no flowers. A suggestion is to change the current practice of only growing grass between orchard trees in favour of planting flowers that would feed the parasites.
Despite being the most popular fruit in North America, Bananas cannot grow in North America (not even Florida). Where are they cultivated?
In the tropics.
A long time before the Middle Ages, a religion arose that swept through the Mediterranean world, conquering huge tracts of northern Africa, Spain and western Asia, what was it?
Islam spread like a fire across the 7th and 8th centuries. Islam also spread the Persian garden.
What does the pine pitch moth do to trees?
It burrows through the trunk.
How does acid in wine effect our perception of sweetness and tannin?
It causes the wine to taste less sweet and more tannin/astringent. The wine tastes "drier".
What did the invention of the Spinning Jenny (jenny comes from the word engine) allow for?
It could spin 4 threads at a time.
What does the x in the scientific name of the Lemon Tree, Citrus x limon (L.) Osbeck, mean?
It denotes that its a hybrid of two species.
Can Canola oil be considered a GMO?
It depends on a persons view point. When the canola is pressed to make oil it has little, if any, protein, let alone the GM proteins from the plant. That is to say, by food safety standards, protein concentrations fall below detectable levels.
What is Gryon pensylvanicum common name?
It doesn't have a common name, as is the case for many insects.
How did Leptoglossus occidentalis travel from North America to Europe?
It ended up in wood being transported to Italy. It arrived in 1998 and has been spreading through Europe like wildfire.
What does the genus name do denote?
It identifies that the species attached to it form a natural group based on shared characteristics with other organisms. These generally are not considered to reproduce with each other.
What is unique about the Abkhazi Garden in terms of how it is designed?
It include many local elements like the geology of glacially scoured rocks, the prominent Garry oaks, and the view of the Olympic Mountains from the garden.
How does Agrobacterium tumefasciens create crown gull tumours in plants?
It injects some of its own DNA, known as transfer DNA (T-DNA), into the plant. The introduced DNA incorporates itself into the plant DNA. The T-DNA has a number of genes some of which alter the hormone metabolism of the cell, so that the infected cells become sinks for nutrients of the plant. The plants swell and divide to form a tumour, in which the bacterium flourishes.
What is the 'Bizzaria of Florence'?
It is a chimera between a lemon and a citron. 'Bizzaria of Florence' gets the weird Latin name of Citrus limonimedica + C. aurantium (unusual because of the plus sign) because it's a mixture of cells of Citrus x limonimedica (Florentine citron) and sour orange (Citrus x aurantium).
Are bananas fruits or vegetables?
It is both. Bananas are like all fruits - soft enough to eat raw, and sweet enough to be eaten for dessert. However, cooking bananas, or plantains (the 'vegetable' banana) are vegetables because they are unpleasant to eat raw. Their flavour only develops with application of heat that breaks down the starch, which turns into sweet glucose. Cooking also improves the texture.
55.5 million years ago the carbon cycle went wild, the famous spike of carbon released how much carbon?
It is estimated at 7,000 gigatonnes of carbon - occurred not over a long "geological" period of time, but over a short period. This ejection of carbon into the atmosphere happened in two back-to-back surges; the first took 2,000 years, the next about 15,000 years. This surge led to a rise in the earth's average temperature of 7°C.
Evolutionarily speaking, is it possible to have a polyphyletic grouping?
It is impossible and unnatural because species that are grouped together in a taxon cannot be descended from more than one common ancestor.
Where is Leptoglossus occidentalis endemic to?
It is native to North America, particularly the west coast.
What is cotton fibre produced from?
It is produced from epidermal cells on the surface of the ovule. Once the ovule is fertilized these hairs on the seed surface grow out into long calls or trichomes (plant hairs)
Holland in the 17th century where rich and felt guilty about just how rich they'd become and so attempted offset this guilt with religious repression, what were the Dutch churchman mainly bothered by?
It is the excessive materialism that the Dutch churchmen had trouble with.
In what stage of the stone pine pine cone development do Leptoglossus attack?
It is the immature cones in year two that are first attacked by Leptoglossus.
Who did Linnaeus declared to be the holotype of humans?
It is, of course, a male Swede buried in Uppsala Cathedral - Linnaeus himself.
What did the Power Loom, an invention in 1787, do?
It linked looms to steam engines and completed mechanization of cotton weaving.
In the 1940s a Dutch scientist created the first Arabidopsis linkage map (recombination map). What did this provide?
It located genes identified from controlled crosses and placed them in a relation to other genes, so that they could be identified to a particular region of a chromosome.
Pines are moved not just by natural processes, but also by human processes. Pinus brutia var eldariaca is found around the Mediterranean today, but its origins are from a single mountain in Azerbijian. How did it get to the Mediterranean?
It traveled from the Mount Eliar-Ugi with the troops of the Greek king Alexander the Great. More recently, ANZAC troops (Australian New Zealand Army Corps) commemorated their 1915 defeat at the hands of the Turks during the Battle of Gallipoli by planting seeds of Pinus brutia - the Turkish pine - at war cemeteries.
Pines are moved not just by natural processes, but also by human processes. Why was Monterey pine (Pinus radiata), a native of California considered to be a nice but noncommercial tree whos distribution of just 6,000 ha highlighted its need to be conserved rather than be exploited, moved to Spain, New Zealand, Australia and Chile. ?
It was discovered that Pinus radiata grew exuberantly while keeping a totally straight form. This happened not in the US, but in New Zealand. Today there are nearly 4 million hectares of exotic Pinus radiata forestry in the world. It forms the basis of a the most important successful commercial forest species in many places.
The Italian word for the lemon is limone, in Spain its called limon. In France it was called citron, what is confusing about this name?
It's confusing because the English word citron refers to another citrus fruit entirely - Citrus medica.
After planting the corm of a banana plant a pseudostem is produced. What is a pseudostem?
It's not a stem, because it is mainly an assemblage of leaf bases tightly wrapped to form a stem-like structure. The pseudostems produce leaves and flowers
The Gorge Park Japanese Tea Garden, built by Isaburo Kichida's who was a well-known Yokohama garden designer, fell to ruin during the Second World War. Why?
Japanese Canadians were interned and sent on a forced internal exile to the Interior of British Columbia. Their property was confiscated, including boats and businesses, homes and belongings. The Gorge Park garden was vandalized.
Who designed Butchart Gardens?
Jenny Butchart
What is the name of the dancer that made famous a dance that relates to bananas?
Josephine Baker's Banana Dance
In 2013, an archaeologist put up a convincing argument that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were neither built by Cyrus or Nebuchadnezzar, nor constructed in Babylon, but that they were built hundreds of kilometers from Babylon in Nineveh by who?
King Sennarachib of a different kingdom entirely.
What is the Kingdom, Order, Family, Genus, and Species of the Dog Rose?
Kingdom - Plantae Order - Rosales Family - Rosaceae Genus - Rosa Species - Rose canina L
What era did Sultan Ahmet III (1703-1730) of the Ottoman Empire usher in?
Lale Devri = the 'Tulip Era'. The sultan himself came to be called the Tulip King.
What region was the centers of cotton production in England in the early 1800s?
Lancashite and it's cities - Manchester and Blackburn - were the centre of the world's cotton production.
Lio (aka Wanda Maria Ribeiro Furtado Tavares de Vasconcelos) created this song that has stood the test of time and is still a big hit at every elementary school dance in France and Belgium.
Le banana split
Cosimo de Medici, the first great member of the Medici dynasty, grew lemons in pots that each winter had to be moved indoors into purpose-built structures called what?
Lemon houses called limoniae
What three places were lemons first planted by humans?
Lemons were first planted by humans in Assam (Indian Province), northern Burma, and China.
How did the first great member of the Medici dynasty, Cosimo de Medici grow lemons?
Lemons were grown in pots that each winter had to be moved indoors into purpose-built lemon houses called limoniae
The first great member of the Medici dynasty, Cosimo de Medici, had a fascination with what?
Lemons.
What does the scientific name Leptoglossus occidentalis mean?
Leptoglossus means lepto- thin glossus- tongued, referring to the stylet it inserts into the seed. It pushes in saliva rich in seed-degrading enzymes that turn the seed into soup. Then it sucks it up like a milkshake.
What has been devastating the Stone pine, a tree that produces pine nuts, in Italy?
Leptoglossus occidentalis.
In history, there are often periods of outbreaks of Puritanism (censorious moral beliefs) - England of the 17th century is an example. These are usually followed by periods of what?
Libertinism and sensual gratification (vices)
Cotton was not always a popular cloth, what did the Romans and Greeks prefer?
Linen, this is because linen has a cool feel to it which is preferred in warm climates.
How was cotton processed prior to the 18th century?
Lint was hand picked and spun by hand into a thread, which was then hand-woven on a loom.
What is the most popular cultivar or rose in the world with 30 million plants currently growing?
Madam A. Meilland aka Peace rose, Gioia, and Gloria Dei (depending on which country it is being sold in).
Mario Montez's (1964) almost obscene consumption of a banana in Andy Warhol's art film was bought by the Museum of Modern Art for a lot of money and launched the star of this short film, Mario Montez, into drag queen immortality. What was the film called?
Mario Banana (No. 1)
What is an example of a pine pest that complete their entire larval development inside a seed?
Megastigmus
There are about 50 species of Bananas, what is the genus name?
Musa
The origin of modern Banana cultivars is very complex: mutation, hybridization and selection have occurred. Most cultivars today are derived from hybrids between two species, what are the scientific names of these two species?
Musa acuminata and M. balbisiana. The no. 1 variety, which is also the only one you can buy in Canada, is called Cavendish.
What was the dominant religion of the Ottoman Empire?
Muslim
Why can't all plants be genetically modified?
No all crops can be tissue cultured (a platform technology for genetic modification).
Are GMOs actually a fait accompli (i.e. A thing that has already happened or been decided before those affected hear about it, leaving them with no option but to accept.)?
No it is still a revolution in progress
The Romans knew how to make wine, and understood a great deal about the subtle influence of microclimate, soil and grape varieties and plant diseases. This is exemplified by Pliny the Elder, a Roman who authored an encyclopedic 37 volume Natural History, who dedicated a complete volume to it. What was the volume number and name?
Number 14, to the subject of "Vineyards and varieties of wines."
Because of the large demand for high quality wine by the English through out the Middle Ages, French vintners continued to improve wine-making, particularly in vine-growing methods and in selections, despite what series of major events?
Numerous French-English wars
An example of a recently published phylogenetic (evolutionary relationship) study of 100 rose species was provided in class. Ten of the historically described 11 taxonomic sub-groups or sections of the genus Rosa were included in this study. What did this study find about the genus Rosa?
Of the 11 historical sections in genus Rosa, 6 are incorrect.
Tulips overwinter as bulbs. These bulbs reproduce vegetatively - they produce small bulbs called what?
Offsets. Offsets take a year or two to flower. By comparison, plants derived from seed take 7-8 years before they are big enough to flower.
What did ancient Greeks trade for wheat and lead to their large amounts of wealth?
Olive oil, wine, and metal weapons and armour.
How frequently will vegetativley propagated tulip depart from the "true-to-type" offspring due to somaclonal variation
One in a million will be a mutation
Who was George Radford?
One of Canada's best garden designers.
During the Palaeocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum, or PETM, mammalian evolution really took off, what arose during this period?
One of the organisms that made its first-ever appearance in the warm forests of the early Eocene was Archicebus the first primate.
What pairs with a sweet wine?
Only a sweet food/cake/dessert/fruit of approximately the same degree of sweetness as the wine.
What are oranges hybrids of?
Oranges (C. x chinensis) are hybrids between mandarins and pomelos
What characteristic of organic food is a important competent that positively effects consumers choice to buy organic?
Organic foods taste better.
Many tulip species originated from the Ottoman Empire, a Muslim empire, what type of ruler sat atop the empire?
Ottoman Sultans
The genus Tulipa has over how many species?
Over 100 species
Can environmental effects of gene transfer in GM be predicted?
Overall environmental effects are impossible to predict.
There is nearly nothing in the fresh fruits and vegetables part of any store that is GM, what is an exception to this?
Papayas from Hawaii are currently the only GM product easily found. They are transformed for resistance to a virus that wiped out non-GM papayas on the islands in the 1990s. Papayas from anywhere else in the world, e.g. Thailand, are non-GMO, although this is changing.
The Assyrian word for park was pardes, from which we get what English word?
Paradise
Who built parks in ancient Assyria?
Parks were built by wealthy and victorious Assyrian generals who planted trees, especially the favorite import from the west, the Cedar of Lebanon. The origins of parks were as victory gardens.
What does the term "sour or tart" in wine tasting mean?
The wine is acidic and has organic acids derived from the grape.
The male and female flowers of Cavandish banana varieties (super market bananas) are sterile but they can produce fruit without fertilization. This is technically known as what?
Parthenocarpy - the development of a fruit without prior fertilization.
The use of precautionary principle is invoked by environmentalists, but this is largely ignored by governments, why?
Partly because law using precautionary principle is politically too constraining.
Abkhazi Garden in Oak Bay was designed by who?
Peggy Abkhazi (nee Carter)
Who is the Abkhazi Garden name after?
Peggy Smiths' husbands name: the Russian refugee Prince Abkhazi, who met her in Paris and later married.
What is the main characteristic that humans have selected for when cultivating roses?
Petal-doubling. A five-petal rose is a nice enough plant, but one with hundreds of petals is far more attractive.
Archaeological digs in the Kuk Swamp of Papua-New Guinea have found banana phytoliths that date to 10,000 yBP. What are Phytoliths?
Phytoliths are biogenic silica deposits; their shape is characteristic of the type of crop, i.e. maize phytoliths differ from banana phytoliths.
What is the name of the genus to which Pines belong?
Pinus
What is the scientific name of the stone pine?
Pinus pinea
If you want to select exotic plants that are suited for Victoria's climate you should look to plants that originate from where?
Places with a similar Mediterranean climate (Spain, Italy, Turkey, Greece). Also try plants from southern Chile, southwest South Africa, southwestern Australia and the Iberian Peninsula. Other possibilities are places with similar rainfall pattern, such as countries of western and central Asia (Iran, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan).
Who said "The true inventor is necessity, which is the mother of our invention"?
Plato, The Republic
What ancient belief is the idea of a holotype specimen based on?
Platonism, the Platonist view, or idealist view, is that there is a typical specimen or individual that shows the typical characteristics of that species. It represents the species ideal, which you can appreciate is a little bit like vitalism. In short, an ideal representative of a species encompasses the essential "spieciesness", i.e. all the typical characteristics of that species. The ideal representative is identified by an authority, that is a human expert. This is called a "holotype" representative, because it is on the basis of this particular plant that a species description depends.
In the Renaissance there was a rediscovery of classical ideals of the Romans and Greeks and gardening was was influenced by the writings of Romans from 500 years before. Who was the major Roman writer that had great influence?
Pliny (23-79 AD) in his volumes of "Natural History" which had volumes on gardening.
How far can a conifers pollen grains travel?
Pollen can travel hundreds if not thousands of kilometers
What is the number one fibre on the planet?
Polyester, both wool and cotton are no longer #1
What are tannins?
Polyphenolic compounds
Around temples in ancient Egypt there were sacred lakes or sacred pools. Why were these necessary for the priest class?
Priests had to be clean, or pure, to perform their rites. This was of utmost importance, as rites conducted by the impure were thought to bring on the wrath of the gods.
How is Vitis vinifera, the grapevine used to make wine propagated?
Propagated via cuttings, not seeds. Clones are important, you can see entire vineyards of genetically identical vines.
What flavour does tannins (polyphenolics) provide to wine?
Provides perception of bitterness or astringency (can provide a perception of "dryness)
In Italy, the entire pine nut industry is based on wild trees, which grow predominantly in parks and reserves that are regulated by very strict policies. What is an example of one of these policies?
Spraying is forbidden
What part of the flower turned into the petal?
Stamens - the pollen-producing part of the flower are able to undergo metamorphosis into petals. The result is a phenomenon called petal-doubling, which can produce hundreds of petals in some varieties of roses.
In Amsterdam during the 17th century, both the law and the church condemned what?
Stock trading as a form of fraud. In their views, this was the road of temptation leading to deceit. It even had a name - windhandel - that literally meant trading into the wind.
Plant tissue culture was first invented by who?
Rechinger, a German plant physiologist of the 1890s, who was interested in the distribution of plant signals that controlled rooting.
What are the two basic wine types?
Red and white
What did the starving and unemployed weavers and millworkers of the cotton industry in Manchester do during the American Civil War that led to the Cotton Bonds issued by the Confederate States of America becoming worthless?
Refused to go back to work until slavery was abolished from the cotton being produced in America. This was done by sending a letter to President Abraham Lincoln.
What was the function of the giant temple gardens of ancient Eqypt on the banks of the Nile from Karnac to Luxor?
Religious function allowing priests to purify themselves.
What does speciation depend on?
Reproduction
Finnerty Gardens at UVic have a magnificent collection of what?
Rhododendrons
What is the name of a Rose expert?
Rhodologist
Who invented the Water Frame?
Richard Arkwright
What factor results in high alcohol levels in a wine?
Riper fruit means higher sugar, higher sugar usually means higher alcohol.
What is the historical reason that wine was stored in oak barrels?
Romans needed transportable vessel for wine sent to troops in Gaul and Germania. Material that they had to do this was clay (too heavy), palm wood (too hard), oak (light and will bend with heat). This characteristic of oak made it perfect for barrel construction was the best transport vessel available.
What is the scientific name for the Dog Rose?
Rosa Canina L
Why type of plants would be found in a Roman garden? (6)
Roses, rosemary hedges, grapevines, violets, figs and mulberries.
What is the yeast used in the fermentation process of wine?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast)
What flavour of food can you balance the bitterness and astringency of wines with?
Salt softens bitterness and astringency in wines.
What is the hardest flavour of food to pair with a wine?
Savory (umami)
In the 12th century, the French and English royal families were united in the Plantagenet royal family. Plante à genêt is the word for what?
Scotch Broom
In 1790 slavery for cotton production was actually a declining institution in America, why was this?
Seed cotton was not profitable because of the hours of work it took to separate the lint from the seeds.
What attribute did gardens provide people that was highly prized in ancient Egypt?
Shade was highly prized in Egypt.
When the Japanese invaded China in World War II, Peggy Carter was unable to get out in time. For the next two-and-a-half years of the war she was a prisoner in an internment camp. during this time what did she do that would later lend itself to the development of the Abkhazi Garden in Oak Bay?
She kept a diary, which was later published. Peggy Carter ran the camp garden, an activity that kept her morale up during her horrific captivity.
What was the major contribution of Empress Josephine, wife of Napoleon, to the breeding of roses?
She planted over 250 varieties of roses at her house at Malmaison, near Paris. These beds were likely to have been the first modern display rose gardens, i.e. rose gardens for the sake of rose gardens.
How does reproduction work?
Simple - Male and female gametes are created that have equal numbers of chromosomes, which have all the genes. Half of every male chromosome set comes together with half of every female chromosome set during fertilization and the results are offspring that have double set of genes.
All modern cultivated roses are hybrids. How many wild roses have contributed to most of modern cultivated roses?
Six species
What is the iconic way that have bananas have become Incorporated popular humour?
Slipping on banana peel jokes.
Since pollen is, botanically speaking, the generation that delivers the male gametes. What characteristics of pollen provide a mechanism for excellent gene flow among and between populations of lodgepole pine?
Small pollen grains and a good wind
Gardens are all about soil. What made the soil at Butchart Gardens so good for gardening?
Soils near neutral pH are the most productive in theory and in practice, and this condition was guaranteed in the former limestone quarry, as lime is above neutral pH.
Some pines have evolved a relationship with fire. What is this relationship?
Some conifers, like the lodgepole pine, have serotinous cones that are only opened by heat.
What are two types of plants in the Point Ellice House Garden that have been there since its establishment in the mid-1800s?
Some of the original lilacs and hawthorns are still growing.
Beyond a doubt, Moorish variations on Persian gardens were the finest contemporary gardens of Europe. The smell of these gardens is legendary. What were they designed to do?
Some of these gardens were designed to smell good at night under the moon and produce a very sensual experience.
Transformation is the introduction of a manufactured gene into a study organism. The organism can be unrelated, since the DNA code is universal. However, there are limits to what can be transformed, what is the main one?
Some organisms lack the cellular machinery to produce the expected product.
Centering the ancient houses of wealth Egyptians was a large central pool, what was the typical shapes for these pools?
Sometimes the pool was square and at other times it was T-shaped. The shape of the pool had religious connotations.
What aspects of a wine can be used to balance a sour food?
Sour foods, such as foods pickled in vinegar present a challenge. In this case, a dry white works very well.
What is the Biological Species Concept?
Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.
What did the Italian government do as a start in addressing the Leptoglossus problem?
The Italian government sent a young Italian scientist to collect and to raise Gyron females and eggs. They were taken back to Italy, raised in colonies and then introduced onto colonies of raised L. occidentalis nymphs and adults. Parasitism was very successful.
What is the most popular rose in the world used in weddings and is the result of very careful breeding for petal-doubling?
The Juliet rose. Juliet is a stunning rose bred by David Austin. Juliet took 15 years of intensive breeding. David Austin sold this cultivar for millions of dollars to growers.
Where did Banana originate from?
The Kuk Swamp of Papua-New Guinea where evidence dates back to 10,000 yBP.
What does the L behind the Dog Roses scientific name, Rosa Canina L, denote?
The L denotes Linnaeus, who classified the Dog Rose. This denotation indicates whoever classified the organism.
What does the name Il Limoni mean (a poem written by the Italina lyric poet Eugenio Montale)
The Lemon Trees
Who were the Medici?
The Medici were successful 15th century Florentine bankers. They bankrolled the Pope which made them a fortune.
Where was cotton first introduced?
The Middle East. Muslim cities had fine cotton weavers that during the 9th and 10th centuries created what we call muslin cloth.
What made the Netherlands politically unique within Europe in the early 17th century?
The Netherlands was Europe's only republic.
The most perfect little jewel of a 19th century garden is Point Ellice. This Vic West home (near the Bay Street Bridge) was owned by what family for three generations?
The O'Reilly family from the middle of the 1800s to the 1970s
In the 19th century the British were carrying out sophisticated horticultural experiments on a property in Chiswick owned by who?
The Royal Horticultural Society. The function of this garden was to promote new garden plants. Britain had numerous gardening journals.
In addition to causing a plant to form crown gull tumors, what does Agrobacterium tumefasciens force the host plant to produce?
The T- DNA also forces the plant to produce opines, compounds used to feed by the bacteria.
What was the first theme park that was built in ancient Rome?
The Tivoli Gardens, created by the Emperor Hadrian, had a collection of replicas of famous temples and buildings of the world. There were also small and large swimming pools, with sunbathing areas the sands of which were artificially heated in winter!
What invention in the cotton industry can be considered a major component to the introduction of the industrial revolution?
The Water Frame, this allowed for the first water-driven factories to develop leading generally to the factory style manufacturing of the industrial revolution.
What are the two main acid found in wine grapes?
The acids are mainly tartaric acid, which is also found in tamarinds, and malic acid, commonly found in apples.
How does Gryon pensylvanicum parasitizes the eggs of Leptoglossus?
The adult female, after great deliberation and much feeling about the cylindrical L. occidentalis egg, shoves its ovipositor into one end of the host egg and pushes in its own egg. The fly enters a trance-like state during which it does not respond if disturbed. When it is finished it then marks the egg in a peculiar manner so that other Gryon females will not lay eggs into this already parasitized egg. Inside the Leptoglossus egg, the Gyron egg hatches and the larva consumes its host.
How are the predators chosen in a classical biocontrol solution?
The answer is, "from the scientific literature"
How do Agrobacterium tumefasciens infect plants?
The bacterium exists in the soil and is borne into the air on splash aerosols, which are the microscopically small drops that are created when a raindrop hits a surface. The bacterium, if it's lucky, lands on a wounded surface of a plant and infects it.
Most banana varieties bruise easily and, therefore, are difficult to transport. This explains why so few varieties make it to North America. How are Cacandish bananas transported?
The bananas are picked green exported and are ripened artificially upon arrival.
What causes the weird fruit structure of the Fingered Lemons?
The cause is an insect, a mite
Where is the adaptive zone for any citrus species?
The citrus adaptive zone is probably human environment or interactions with primates that consume them. This has lead to the explosion of their genetic diverstiy.
Why did Manchester explode as a cotton-processing center?
The climate s perfect for spinning cotton - the humidity is high. Cotton fibres are hard to twist into thread if the air is dry.
What is the species concept generally?
The concept of "species" facilitates the naming, describing, and classifying of plants into a uniform manner. Often it is a history of record-keeping of true-breeding species (A kind of breeding in which the parents with a particular phenotype produce offspring only with the same phenotype).
As banana male flowers are sterile and the female flowers are also sterile, what is planted to produce a banana plant?
The corm - a rounded underground storage organ.
What was the Point Ellice House Garden based on when it was recreated by curators after it became a provincial historical site?
The curators of the property found a complete collection of 19th century gardening catalogues, as well as the gardening journals of the O'Reillys. These had numerous entries concerning the garden. When the province took over the house they revived some of the gardens using these catalogues as their guide.
What change occurred that allowed the ancient Greeks to use their land for luxury goods rather than traditional agricultural items?
The development of Metal-working and colonization; both resulted in the establishment of maritime trading networks. With economic advancement and population increase, goods such as weapons and armour were traded for wheat, which was imported from Ancient Egypt and Ancient Russia. This took the pressure off the Greek agricultural land to produce a low value product (wheat), freeing it for high value plant production, namely olive groves and vineyards.
The famous spike of carbon into the atmosphere 55.5 million years ago released 7,000 gigatonnes of carbon into the atmosphere is known as what?
The event is, somewhat unprepossessingly called the Palaeocene - Eocene Thermal Maximum, or PETM.
Cotton has always gon hand-in-hand with exploitation of labour. This include the great stain on British history, what is it?
The exploitation of generations of children in the Moloch of the mills in Norther England.
Brazil was against GM foods, what made the Brazilian government approve GM crops?
The farmers in southern Brazil imported GM soybean seeds from Argentina and protested their government's highhandedness and lack of concern for farmers. The government was caught sleeping and eventually approved GM crops
What were gazebo's originally used for?
The first "gazebo" was built as a sort of lookout on the walls, where ladies and gentlemen could gaze at the passing scene. Eventually, as security in the countryside increased, the walls would come down and the gazebo became a garden house looking out into the open countryside, no longer cut off by walls.
What is the major humanitarian problem with GM foods?
The first GM crops were launched without much humanitarian consideration. In other words, they were highly commercial crops that benefited farmers and industry, and not necessarily consumers. These problems are ideological and political in nature.
Sultan Ahmet III of the Ottoman empire presided over a series of festivals that climaxed every year with the blossoming of the tulip, celebrated in the three days surrounding what event?
The first full moon in April
What is a major reason from gardens being very important in Victoria from the beginning of the establishment of fort Victoria?
The first settlers - mainly 19th century British immigrants who came from Victorian English society. This was the most advanced society in the world when it came to plants.
What significant event happened in Butchart Garden's history in 2000?
The gardens visiter number surpassed more than 1 million visitors per year.
Eventually, as safety in the countryside of England increased, the walls surrounding the large homes would come down. Because of this the gazebos, that were originally lookout towers on the walls, became what?
The gazebo became a garden house looking out into the open countryside, no longer cut off by walls.
Recent studies of Rose taxonomy has focused on the gene sequence of what gene?
The gene sequences of GAPDH (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase), an enzyme common to all these roses.
At the BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations they maintain a large breeding and seed orchard, what two genotype characteristics are they selecting for?
The genotypes of trees have been selected for superior growth form and wood quality.
What is the root cause to whether a wine will be a red wine of a white wine?
The grape colour has nothing to do with it! The colour entirely depends on whether the skins were extracted. Skins contain anthocyanin, a red pigment. White wine is made from red grapes - they are just processed differently from red grapes used to make red wine
Which occurs first when making a white wine, fermentation or crushing/pressing?
The grapes are pressed and the grape juice is separated from the skins and other bits and fermented on its own.
The English began a revolt against such formal garden design of the culturally tacky Baroque. The first sign was the use of what?
The ha-ha, created in the 1500s by Charles Bridgeman the Royal Gardener. haha - sunken fence, a ditch that cannot be seen except from close by.
What was the general structure of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?
The hanging gardens were about 1.5 hectares in size and built like an amphitheatre with terrace upon terrace. There were four terraces, 75 feet in height.
Implementation of GM foods into everyday life depends solely on what?
The health safety record and public perception.
Stone pine is a gorgeous, umbrella-shaped pine that produces hard seed (hence stone). The meat inside the nut is the pine nut. What is the pine nut industry worth?
The industry was worth 300 million Euros about 20 years ago. Today it is only 5-10 % of the value because of the massive predation by Leptoglossus occidentalis.
The Water Frame, invented by Richard Arkwright, was the first water-driven device that could spin 128 threads at once, What did the invention represent with regard to industrial structure?
The invention represented the birth of the factory system of production and ultimantly the industrial revolution.
There was a biotech boom in the 1990s as company after company grew and expanded. When did this boom bust?
The investment bubble burst in 2000 and billions of dollars melted away
After wine came to Italy in 200 B.C. the Greeks began calling Italy "Oenotria", what did this mean?
The land of the grape.
The GM technology is not likely to redress the imbalance between have and have-not countries in the world. Why is this?
The larger problem of massive migrations from poor to rich countries by people in search of better lives is not likely to be addressed by these advances in agriculture.
The use of Arabidopsis, in Dr. von Aderkas' opinion, has increased our knowledge of how plants actually function significantly. Over what period of time have we learned more about plant function then over any previous period of history?
The last 17 years.
If you go out to Saxe Point in Esquimalt, you must look at the flower-beds that were designed and built by who?
The late George Radford, one of Canada's best garden designers.
What is unique about the lemon tree as a hybrid?
The lemon can cross with other species of Citrus, but when self‐pollinated breeds true, meaning the offspring look like the biological parents, which are lemons.
What is the major problem with using genetically modified cotton?
The main problem is that artificial genes have been found in wild cotton, which means that the so-called advantages of GM crops, namely localizing the battle against insect in the field has suddenly moved into the natural environment, where battling insects is more akin to destroying ecosystems.
In Europe, Who picked up the torch from the Romans with regards to gardens?
The monasteries
Roman expansion into Gaul and Germania necessitated the creation of a vessel better suited for long distance overland cart transport. The new vessel had to be less fragile than a clay amphora. What did they use?
The oak barrel
Wine wasn't an obvious addition to the Greek economy. What led to its introduction was not the need to produce intoxicants, but rather what?
The opportunity to use fields for production of luxury goods.
What ancient civilization invented the park?
The park was invented by the Assyrians
What is the precautionary principle?
The principle that the introduction of a new product or process whose ultimate effects are disputed or unknown should be resisted.
Why is gardening a big deal in Victoria?
The reasons are historical. Through the ages, gardening has always been a sign of prosperity, and in the 19th century Britain and many of her colonies were prosperous including fort Victoria.
Mendel studied individual traits of garden pea plants in the 1850s, but it is wise to remember that when pollen is crossed with the ovule (where the egg is located) Mendel's 'Single Gene Inheritance' is accompanied by what?
The recombination of the entire DNA genome, meaning ALL the traits. In short, thousands of genes are transferred in a normal cross.
What big step did gardening take during the Renaissance?
The rediscovery of classical ideals of the Romans and Greeks, 1500 years before. Consequently, gardening was influenced by the writings of Romans
Holland in the 17th century where rich and felt guilty about just how rich they'd become and so attempted offset this guilt with religious repression, first banning gingerbreadmen in 1607 for the Sinter Klass parade and then in 1657 banning the parade in Belft and in Amsterdam in 1663. What did this result in?
The result was the only recorded riot of children in the history of the world. The city relented.
When the Confederate States of America choked their cotton supply to manipulate cotton prices what happened in Lancashire and it's cities - Manchester and Blackburn?
The resultant cotton shortage caused nearly half the workforce to be out of work and starving. This was known as the "cotton famine".
Where is the holotype of the Dog Rose, Rosa Canina L, kept?
The rose holotype pressed by Linnaeus is kept in the collection (HERBARIUM) in Uppsala University
What part of a conifers, like lodgepole pine, has high vagility (the ability of an organism to move about freely)?
The seed and the pollen.
The BC Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations maintains a large breeding and seed orchard at Kalamalka, near Vernon in the BC Interior. What are they breeding for?
The seeds from trees such as lodgepole pine are harvested and used in reforestation. The genotypes of trees have been selected for superior growth form and wood quality.
What was the site of the Butchart Gardens originally?
The site of Butchart Gardens was originally a limestone quarry owned by the Butcharts. The lime went into the production of Portland cement. The chimney of the lime kiln still stands on the property. When the quarry was exhausted, Mr. Butchart's wife, Jenny, made a clever decision to bring in topsoil to turn the quarry into a garden.
What is the "species problem" ?
The species is BOTH the unit of evolution and the unit of taxonomy. There is, therefore, a necessary tension within the definition of any species , because evolutionary forces are dynamic and taxonomic order seeks to impose a stable structure over organisms.
What is the only level that evolution works at?
The species level.
When did the stock trade of tulip bulbs crash in the Netherlands?
The stock bubble lasted from 1634-37, when it quickly collapsed.
What are the environmental conditions required to ferment grape juice to wine?
The sugars are converted to alcohol in conditions that are generally anaerobic, meaning that fermentation by yeast is occurring in an oxygen-poor liquid
What artistic movement was driven by Giorgio de Chirico's painting entitled "Uncertainty of a Poet" (1913) which depicted a statue of Aphrodite (Goddess of Love) set against a perspective-defying square with a train in the background and a bunch of bananas in the foreground.
The surrealist movement a decade after it was produced.
In ancient Britain there were turf mazes, what is the function of a turf maze?
The visitor to a turf maze can see the whole maze, so the idea is not how to get out or in, but rather, to admire the symmetry (most of these mazes were symmetrical) and to meditate upon the religious significance.
What does the term "dry" in wine tasting mean?
The wine has a lack of sugar. Misconception - doesn't mean a wine that dries your mouth out.
Persia, an empire that arose long after the Assyrians, had a pronounced garden style. This style is very enduringly conservative in form. What was the form?
There are four ponds, each one fed by water from a central source. Each pond, in turn, is the source of four rivulets.
How are protoplasts made?
There are made by mechanically shearing off cell walls, leaving the living cell without its exterior.
About how much of all agricultural area on the planet is made up by GMOs compared to 1996 when the planting started?
There are now 181 million hectares that are planted with GM plants. This is about a quarter of all agricultural area on the planet. In 1996, when planting started, it was only 5 million acres.
What give wine a bitterness or astringency?
There are polyphenolics, such as large polymers called tannins, which give the wine a bitterness or astringency.
How many years of artificial selection has Vitis vinifera had?
There have been 6000 years of genetic modification, which is to say, artificial selection.
Why are oak barrels used in modern production of red wine?
There is a chemical compatibility between the oak and the wine. Oak contains tannins, play well with wine tannins - smoother, less gritty, flavor and toasted oak contains volatile compounds that enhance the fragrance of the wine.
We know gardens of the middle class existed in ancient Egypt, but we don't know much about them. Were there any gardens of the poor?
There is no evidence that the poor had pleasure gardens. We assume that they didn't.
Can gene flow effects be predicted?
There is no way to predict them.
If roses come from wild roses, how many species of wild roses are there and which ones where used to breed the roses that you see in gardens?
There is still great confusion. Today, there are thought to be 190 species in the genus Rosa. These species can be divided into 11 sections, of which 6 species are thought to have gave rise to most modern hybrids.
Giorgio de Chirico's painting entitled "Uncertainty of a Poet" (1913) showed a statue of Aphrodite (Goddess of Love) set against a perspective-defying square with a train in the background. What fruit was also present in the painting?
There was a bunch of bananas in the foreground. This painting would play a part in influencing surrealists a decade or two later.
In the Renaissance there was a rediscovery of classical ideals of the Romans and Greeks, 1500 years before and gardening was was influenced by the writings of Romans such as Pliny. What happened when the people of the Renaissance interpreted the ancient texts?
There were some amazingly complex misinterpretations. Renaissance landscape designers introduced things NOT found in Roman villas at all, but which they guessed at from the classical writings.
If you want to select exotic plants that are suited for Victoria's climate you should look to plants that originate from places with a similar Mediterranean climate (Spain, Italy, Turkey, Greece). What makes plants from these locations so well suited to Victoria's climate?
These areas all have in common that rainfall in the summer is minimal.
Savoury, that is umami, foods include mushrooms, miso, and deeply proteinaceous products. What type of wine best compliments this flavour?
These go well with red wines.
Why are the pine nuts from the Stone Pine, Pinus pinea, so sought after?
These pine nuts are particularly sought after because they have a superior size and a superior taste compared to all other pine nuts in the world.
Centering the ancient houses of wealth Egyptians was a large central pool, what was the pool used for?
These pools were often stocked with fish and ducks and had many water plants, such as white and blue lotuses and papyrus
What is the origin of turf mazes?
These turf mazes were Druid or Celt in origin.
How are bacterial geneticists able to make bacteria behave as factories to overproduce certain compounds, such as insulin, amino acids, and a rich host of chemicals that are useful to the pharmaceutical, food and other industries?
They are able to create artificial genes and introduce the into bacteria and alter them to overproduce certain compounds.
Why are Papaya from Hawaii currently the only GM fruit product easily found in supermarkets?
They are transformed for resistance to a virus that wiped out non-GM papayas on the islands in the 1990s.
What do Spider mites do to trees?
They attack the foliage and reduce photosynthesis.
Tulips may be sexually propagated from seeds, but since they easily crosspollinate and are only relatively recently domesticated, they are highly heterogeneous. what does this mean?
They do not breed true, i.e. if you take seed from a variety, you will not get back the same varietal characteristics, such as petal colour.
What is the symbiotic relationship between lodgepole pines and fungi?
They form a mycorrhizal relationship with the tree that results in a symbiosis. Mycorrhizae are symbiotic relationships that form between fungi and plants. The fungi colonize the root system of a host plant, providing increased water and nutrient absorption capabilities while the plant provides the fungus with carbohydrates formed from photosynthesis.
What is the length of time needed for the development of the pine cones from the stone pine?
They have a three-year development
What made Greece better at growing grapevines and olive trees for luxury products than low value, but vitally important, products like wheat?
They have very poor soil quality which didn't grow wheat well.
In order to build a park in ancient Assyria, what did a general have to do?
They needed to be victorious in battle, the park was built to celebrate.
How long ago did conifers originate?
They originated 150 million years before the present.
Much like tobacco or hot chocolate, wine is what kind of product?
Wine is a sensual product.
Why were traditional herbicide and pesticide manufacturing companies, such as Monsanto, Bayer, Rhône-Poulenc, Dupont and others using their excess money to buy up seed supply companies (and vice versa) in the 1980s?
They wanted to create integrated agriculture, in which the seed and chemicals would be matched to provide optimum crop performance for the farmer. In other words, the farmer would buy a "package" from the supplier, which if properly integrated would provide higher yield.
Who brought the first tulips into Holland in the 17th century?
They were brought to Holland to be planted in botanical gardens owned by Clausius.
In the 1990s British consumers boycotted Sainsbury's, why did they do this?
They were carrying GM tomato paste that the British consumers were against. This boycott lead to a greater standard of accountability for supermarkets.
Why did tulips fall out of favour after Sultan Ahmet III of the Ottoman empire was overthrown?
They were considered an unnecessary luxury.
What are the characteristics of Monastic gardens in medieval Europe?
They were sheltered behind walls and are highly structured and formal. Geometrically well ordered (classically), the garden is a visual delight as well.
What were the limoniae (the lemon houses) in Florence used for in WW1 and WW2?
They were used as hospitals for wounded Italian soldiers. Because of this the lemons couldn't be brought in during winter and they froze to death.
What type of flowers is the Abkhazi Garden known for?
This garden has an excellent collection of tall old rhododendrons
Canada and Germany make excellent sweet wines, how is this done?
This is done by fermenting very sweet grapes in stainless steel tanks, the temperature of which can be controlled. The fermentation takes place at a low temperature, which results in the yeast only achieving a 10% alcohol content for the wine before dying, which leaves a lot of sugar unfermented.
Conifers are evergreens, what does this mean?
This means they don't drop their leaves. However, Chir pines do after a year and others, such as bristlecone pines living in tough environments, i.e. sub-alpine zones, hang on to their leaves for up to 45 years.
With its alleys and hedges, the medieval gardens reflected the security of a walled town. This suggests what?
This suggests the war-like past of northern Europe, a point of view reinforced by terms found in garden architecture that are shared with military architecture, such as trenches, palisades, cordons and covered ways.
What drives GM technology?
This technology is driven by academic interests in pure science and applied science, as well as by strong commercial interests. The technology is also driven by genomics-based research discoveries that are turned into commercial inventions.
What was the "Cotton Famine"?
This was a famine in the Lancashire region of England and it's cities - Manchester and Blackburn - that was caused by the reduction in cotton production in the Southern United States during the American Civil War.
Evolution is considered a numbers game, what does this mean?
Those who survive and reproduce, versus those that fail to reproduce and therefore contribute to new numbers.
In Amsterdam's early stock markets of the 17th century both upward or downward share movement was potentially profitable, just as it is today, but profits were only to be made if trades were what?
Timely. Holding on to something too long could be disastrous in a falling market. A sudden rise or fall often presaged a sudden burst and tumble in value.
How are pine nuts collected from the Stone Pine, Pinus pinea?
To collect the nuts, trees are mechanically shaken. The cones fall and are collected. Because they are serotinous, that means closed cones that require a high heat to open (such as a fire in nature), they must be put in a kiln and heated until they release their seed. The seed coats must then be removed in mechanical separators. Each single pine nut is then sorted in a laser sorter that ensures uniformity in quality.
With knowledge of DNA structure, bacterial geneticists were able to not only move single bacterial genes but also do what?
To construct single artificial genes and to introduce them one gene at a time into bacteria
What is the misconception about the term "dry" in wine tasting?
Wine that dries your mouth out.
Rechinger, a German plant physiologist of the 1890s, who was interested in the distribution of plant signals that controlled rooting. To understand this what did he attempt to do?
To get at this question, he began culturing smaller and smaller bits of plants. He wanted to know how a piece of tissue removed from the plant seemed to "know" which end was up and which end down. The down end always produced roots. Even if the piece was reversed so that the former upside was facing down and the downside up, roots appeared on the uppermost surface. He attempted to answer at what point the polarity disappeared.
How is white wine made?
To make a white wine, harvested grape clusters are taken through a destemmer to eliminate bitter stems bitter before the grapes are run through a crusher. The grapes are then pressed and the grape juice is separated from the skins and other bits and fermented on its own.
What was done in preparation for the potential release of Gyron to address the L. occidentalis problem?
To prevent any unexpected effect of the parasite on native Italian leaf-footed bugs species, of which there are six, further tests are being performed in the quarantined colonies inside the entomological institutes.
Humans also move pines for theoretical reasons. In British Columbia, there is currently a massive project underway that involves moving conifers for what reason?
To test the climatic tolerances of conifers. By modeling changes in climate across the Province of British Columbia, we can predict changes in local climates. In fact, we can plant trees in their "future optimal sites" and see how they do.
What does a wine taste like if there isn't enough alcohol in it?
Too little alcohol in a wine results in a wine that is thin, watery or even just juice-like
What does a wine taste like if there is too much alcohol in it?
Too much alcohol provides the burn that accompanies a mouthful of vodka.
What is totipotency ?
Totipotency is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism.
What factor generally contributes to conifers retaining their needles for longer periods?
Tough environments. Bristlecone pine grows in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California where nutrients are in short supply, the climate is cold and the winters are harsh. It not only hangs on to its leaves for decades, but it grows slowly.
What is the origin of Vitis vinifera, the grapevine used to make wine?
Transcaucasia - Georgia and Armenia
What is the appropriator scientific name for the plant hairs that grow on the surface of cotton ovules, knows as cotton fibre or lint?
Trichomes
A particularly important historical disease from an aesthetic standpoint, where a tulip that is produced vegetativley departs from the "true-to-type" parent plant, is what?
Tulip-breaking virus, which was carried to tulips by peach aphids. Such tulips showed fabulous colour patterns. The first painting of such a tulip in the 1600s was also the first illustration in history of the world of a viral disease.
What is the genus name that Tulips belong to?
Tulipa
In Holland in the 17th century if you were lower class you could make a killing, too by selling tulips. And it is here - in an unregulated luxury market that the Dutch entered what period?
Tulipmania
Tulips held a unique position in 17th century Holland when they began being used as what?
Tulips could be traded as if they were shares in their stock markets.
After Sultan Ahmet III of the Ottoman empire was overthrown what became of the numerous tulip varieties that made up his 'Tulip era'?
Tulips fell out of favour. That is an understatement. Of the fifteen hundred registered varieties of tulips that had been bred by everyone from the Sultan and his ministers to other privileged members of court, none remained. The slate was wiped clean. Tulips were considered an unnecessary luxury.
What kind of wine should savory (umami) foods be paired with?
Umami will increase the perception of bitterness and acidity in wine. A red wine can be paired with savory food if the food has salt and fat.
How is red wine made?
Unlike white wine, red wine is not necessarily taken through a destemmer, as the bitterness that stems impart may be even be desirable in some wines. The grapes are crushed. This mess is fermented before being crushed. Fermentation takes place in this mess, with the wine skins being extracted all the while to impart that nice red colour.
In medieval Spain, how long did the Muslim influence last?
Until 1490
What is the number one species of cotton used in commercial practices today?
Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum
Near-slave labour occurs in what country, one of the largest producer of cotton in the world?
Uzbekistan
What does vagility refer to?
Vagility is the ability of an organism to move about freely.
Vegetable gardens are influenced by what?
Vegetable gardens are influenced by agriculture and are therefore generally uninteresting compared to pleasure gardens. At best, vegetable gardens show order, even military order, but they don't have much aesthetic value.
Andy Warhol's album cover featuring an enormous banana was designed for what very famous record album?
Velvet Underground and Nico
What is the scientific name for the grapevine used to produce wine?
Vitis vinifera
What characteristic of Victoria's climate makes it paradise for gardens if they are well watered?
We have a variant of a Mediterranean climate meaning there is seasonal rain where the winters are moist and mild, and although the summers are also mild, they are extremely dry.
What culture was the first to produce wine?
We know that wine was first produced by the ancient Egyptians, sometime before the Greeks
What is meant when there are "synonyms" determining taxonomy and the number of species?
We mean species that get looked at by experts and reassigned to new species.
In a stock market it is important that a price of a stock represents what?
We're all buying and selling, so the price must reflect our collective wisdom on value.
Why is 'terroir', a french idea surrounding wine-growing and agriculture generally, is considered a bad idea by many?
What makes wine-growing prosperous is not terroir, but the factors that determine prosperity in capitalist societies: 1. legal protection of property rights 2. climate of scientific rationalism 3. available investment capital 4. fast and reliable transport & communication
What caused cotton to become popular in Europe in place of linsey-woolsey?
When long-haired New World varieties were introduced that were more easily spun due to longer trichomes (hairs arising from the ovule surface).
In Amsterdam during the 17th century, both the law and the church condemned stock trading as a form of fraud. In their views, this was the road of temptation leading to deceit. It even had a name, what was it?
Windhandel - that literally meant trading into the wind.
What group of people were the saviour of wine in France during the Dark ages?
Wine growing, the luxury that it was, became isolated to the areas surrounding the wealthier towns that had a bishop. It was the Church that became the saviour of wine during these dark ages.
Vineyards were first planted in France by Romans. How long did it take for vineyards to move across France?
Wine was established in the south of the Roman province of Gaul by the end of the 1st century, but took another century or two to get to Paris, Treves in the north, and Bordeaux in the west.
What was the original way to ferment wine in the Caucausus where wine originated from?
Wine was fermented in large clay vessels buried to their necks; their interiors were lined with beeswax.
What was the original way to transport wine in Ancient Greece and Rome?
Wine was transported in clay vessels - amphorae - just like olive oil. To preserve the wine, resin was often added, imparting a resinous flavour. You can still taste this in Greek retsina wines.
What kind of wine should salty foods be paired with?
Wines with bitterness or astringency, salt can soften these. E.g. A sparkling wine with potato chips.
How did lemons spread across the world?
With the spread of Islam, lemons were moved around the Mediterranean Basin. Later, Crusaders moved lemons. Columbus brought lemons to the Americas on his Second voyage.
Cotton is the world's number one plant fibre crop. Its competition for the longest time what the world's number one animal fibre, what is it?
Wool
What song at one point held the record for sheet music sales in the US?
Yes, we have no bananas
Is it ethical to alter food?
Yes, we've been doing it since we began to farm the land and to live in villages.
Where was Isaburo Kichida, the garden designer who designed the many Japanese gardens in Victoria, originally from?
Yokohama
The solution to the problem of Leptoglossus predation of stone pine seed could be what?
a classical biocontrol one, namely, to introduce natural parasites of Leptoglossus occidentalis from North America.
Who introduced binomial nomenclature, the hierarchy of life by Latin binomial (two-part) names?
a famously anal-retentive 18th century Swede, Carl von Linné, or as he is often referred to, Linnaeus. Linnaeus was a latinization of his Swedish name.
A major publicly acceptable use of bacterial biotechnology is in medicine. What was the first medical GM biotech product?
human insulin produced by bacteria in 1981.
Who had discovered the natural predator of Leptoglossus occidentalis?
it was from the work of an SFU Masters student called Sarah Bates, who was a student of Dr. John Borden, one of Canada's finest chemical ecologists. In their lab they had discovered that a natural parasite - a wasp called Gryon pensylvanicum
pre-Columbus in Europe cotton was not worn, instead people most commonly wore a cloth called what?
linsey-woolsey, made from 1/2 linen and 1/2 wool.
What is a single naked plant cell called?
protoplasts
The lemon trees is a stout tree that will grow to 6m. It has spines. It produces the lemon, the taste of which ranges from bitter to sweet. Citrus x limon (L.) Osbeck originated where?
somewhere in Asia. Lemons were first planted by humans in Assam, northern Burma, and China.
What is the basic chemical equation that describes the fermentation of wine?
sugar (glucose + fructose) → ethanol