1862

Ulysses S. Grant, lost his first Civil War Battle, the Battle of _______.

Belmont. Leading 3,000 troops in boats out of Cairo, Illinois Grant defeated Confederate forces while crossing to Belmont, Missouri. Grant allowed his men to revel in their success by looting an abandoned Confederate Camp. The Confederate General, Polk, massed 10,000 troops below Belmont cutting off Grant from his river transportation. While having to fight his way back to the river, Grant lost 607 of his 3114 men while the Confederates lost 642 of their 4,000.

In April ____, Davis asked for military conscription to bolster the number of troops available to fight.

1862. For non-slaveholding whites, this meant that they would be forced to fight for the "rich man's slaves" whether they wanted to or not. Even more galling was that men of wealth could avoid the draft by hiring a substitute or paying the government an exemption fee. And there was the infamous twenty-slave law, which virtually excused planters from the draft outright. From that point on, for an ever-increasing number of Southerners the conflict was a rich man's war.

Approximately __ percent of all wounds produced during the Civil War were rifle wounds.

80. The principal weapon of the American Civil War was a single-shot muzzle loading rifle carried by infantry soldiers. It fired a one inch long elongated bullet made of soft lead called a "minie" ball.

The use of minie balls during the Civil War was significant as it allowed soldiers to load faster and fire more __________ than possible with earlier ammunition.

Accurately. Minie ball ammunition was smaller in diameter than the barrels of the muzzle loading rifles that fired it. Previous ammunition had to be forced down the barrel. Also minie balls were rifled; they had two or three grooves that engaged the rifling in the barrel when the rifle was fired, making the shots more accurate.

Lt. Col John Robert Baylor proclaimed _______ as Confederate Territory in July 1862.

Arizona. Baylor took advantage of the Union's lack of officers in the west and swept through the southern New Mexico Territory all the way to the Rio Grande in California. He took El Paso and the Mesilla Valley in New Mexico and finally named himself territorial governor of what is now Arizona and New Mexico south of the 34th parallel.

Historians call Antietam the single _________ day of the war.

Bloodiest. Tactically the battle was a draw but the Union suffered 12,000 casualties and the Confederates close to 14,000. While McClellan missed his opportunity to destroy the Army of North Virginia it was clear to Lee that he could not afford the kind of losses he suffered at Antietam and the Maryland campaign had failed.

The Battle of Antietam came on September 17, 1862 and occurred between the Potomac and Antietam Creek along a sunken farm road dubbed the "___________."

Bloody Lane. McClellan's troops far outnumbered the Confederates and the sheer weight of this superiority finally drove the rebels back. McClellan refused to believe he had the advantage and did not pursue the withdrawing Confederates who escaped across the Potomac and back into Virginia.

Fighting in Missouri became a bloody battle between Jayhawkers (pro-Union raiders) and pro-Confederate guerillas called ___________.

Bushwackers. Notorious Confederate bushwackers include William Clarke Quantrille, William C. "Bloody Bill" Anderson, Frank and Jesse James, and the Bob and Cole Younger. The latter few graduating to infamous criminal careers after the war.

Stonewall Jackson understood the use of _______ to maintain constant contact with the enemy, monitoring their position and movements, and to confuse and misdirect them.

Cavalry. He used this tactic magically in the Shenandoah Valley Campaign. Jackson believed that to mystify, mislead, and surprise the enemy was to gain victories. Jackson's impressive victories, marked by total surprise, audacity, ferocity and daring served to bewilder Lincoln. Jackson demoralized the Union armies opposing him, and he caused considerable confusion in Washington and he emerged as the Confederacy's premier military genius and hero. Jackson's Shenandoah Valley campaign is considered one of the most brilliant operations in military history. The campaign ended on June 17, 1862 after Lee determined further pursuit of the Federal forces was not advisable at the time.

As A Major General, Lee lost the battle at _____ Mountain.

Cheat. On September 11, 1861, Robert E. Lee attacked a Union position on Cheat mountain but was convinced by some POW's that the summit held 4,000 Federal troops. In actuality there were only 300 soldiers at the summit, but Lee had been had and in his hesitation he lost the element of surprise and gave the Union time to get reinforcements. After a two day battle, Lee and his troops retreated; Richmond papers call Lee "Granny Lee' and "Evacuating Lee."

The battle of Antietam, because it had no clear winner, convinced the British and French -- who were contemplating official recognition of the ___________, to reserve action.

Confederacy. Because General Lee withdrew to Virginia, McClellan was considered the victor. Although the British and French were close to considering recognizing the Confederates as a sovereign nation, this massive defeat changed their minds. It also gave Lincoln the opportunity to announce his Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation (September 22), which would free all slaves in areas rebelling against the United States, effective January 1, 1863.

The South hoped that Europe's reliance on cotton would bring them support for the ___________.

Confederacy. Unfortunately, the years leading up to the war had created a surplus of cotton that was warehoused in England. The international support that the South had counted on did not materialize. It wasn't until the war had progressed much further that European communities began to feel the effects of less cotton.

McClellan and the Union army reached __________, just seven miles from the Confederate capital of Richmond, on May 21, 1862 but rather than complete his advance, McClellan dug in and began pleading with Washington for reinforcements.

Cumberland. Even though he outnumbered Johnston's army by some 40,000 men, McClellan grossly over estimated the size of the Confederate force and felt he needed more men. Despite McClellan's indecision, he still held the upper hand but the Union's maps depicted the Chickahominy River as a small creek when in actuality it was large channel swollen by rain. Any army advancing on Richmond from the east would have to keep part of its force on the north side in order to hold the line of communications to the James, while the main body moved south of the river to advance toward the Confederate capital. During the period of May 20 to 25, McClellan moved two of his corps south of the river to maneuver against Richmond, while three corps remained north of the still-passable Chickahominy. But heavy rains beginning on the twenty-seventh caused the river to swell, and by the thirty-first it was no longer passable.

In November 1861, The Union put Major General Henry Halleck in charge of the __________ forces.

Cumberland. Halleck dispatched Grant and his 15,000 men against Fort Henry on the Tennessee. It fell quickly and Grant marched immediately to attack Fort Donelson. Johnston had had time to reinforce Fort Donelson and it survived Grant's onslaught for three days before Grant received his own reinforcements and pounded the Fort with artillery.

On January 20, 1862 Captain _________________ lead the Union's expedition to New Orleans.

David G. Farragut. Farragut was ordered to take the city and turn control over to Major General Benjamin F. Butler and then proceed up the Mississippi to capture important ports, disrupting commerce during the process. Farragut's fleet consisted of seventeen steam ships, twenty-one mortar boats, and 13,000 troops. New Orleans had formidable seaward defenses with Forts Jackson and St. Philip ninety miles south of the city; unfortunately for the Confederates, they offered only token resistance. Farragut arrived at New Orleans on April 25, demanding its surrender; Butler arrived on May 1 to officially assume control.

Located on the west bank of the Cumberland River two miles north of Dover, Tennessee, Fort ________ was on a steep bluff overlooking a straight stretch of several miles of river.

Donelson. Fort Donelson's garrison numbered only about 6,000 men, including two brigades of infantry from Fort Henry. Union troop reinforcements continued to arrive. Before dawn on the 15th, The Confederates attacked and caught Union troops completely by surprise. In a hard-fought close action the Confederates drove the Union troops back, Grant arrived on the scene and ordered the lost ground retaken. Additional Federal infantry regiments reached the Fort Donelson area by river transport that evening, bringing Union strength to 27,000 men. Eventually some 15,000 Confederates surrendered at Fort Donelson. The fall of Fort Donelson led directly to the Union capture of Nashville, the first Confederate state capital taken. The loss of Fort Donelson's garrison also affected, perhaps decisively, the subsequent battle of Shiloh.

Halleck commanded the west area of Cumberland and General Buell was put in charge of the area ____ of the river.

East. Together Halleck and Buell commanded more men than Johnston but they were not very aggressive and they did not like each other. This meant they consistently failed to coordinate their plans and movements.

incoln judged the outcome of Antietam enough of a victory to issue a Preliminary ____________ Proclamation on September 23, 1862.

Emancipation. This was a timid document that did not free slaves but warned slave owners living in slave states that their property would be declared free as of January 1, 1863. On July 22, 1862, President Lincoln read a preliminary draft of the Emancipation Proclamation to his cabinet. The war was not going well for the Union at that time, so Secretary of the State Seward recommended waiting until the Union won a major battle before issuing the proclamation. Accepting Seward's suggestion, Lincoln waited until the victory at Antietam to issue the Proclamation.

Robert E Lee was offered command of the _______ Army being raised to put down the rebellion but he declined the offer.

Federal. Lee, a Virginian, had a fine reputation and was admired by many. When Confederates fired on Fort Sumter on the 12th, the Federal garrison capitulated on the 14th, and Lincoln issued a call on the 15th for 75,000 volunteers to suppress the rebellion he was asked to head the Federal Army. He declined with the explanation that he opposed secession but could not take the field against the Southern states.

After the January 1, 1863 deadline, Lincoln issued the _____ Emancipation Proclamation.

Final. That document liberated slaves in areas still in rebellion. In this way he was not explicitly liberating slaves in the border states that were pro-Union.

General Robert E. Lee's greatest victories came when he employed surprise flank attacks. He suffered his greatest defeats when he attempted full _______ assaults.

Frontal. At the Battle of Gettysburg, Lee ordered Pickett's Charge, a full frontal assault which resulted in defeat and heavy casualties for the confederates. Lee's other famous failed frontal assault occurred during the Peninsula campaign at Malvern Hill.

On June 27, 1862 the Battle of ____________ was fought and Jackson and his troops arrived late.

Gain\'s Mill. Jackson was late in reinforcing the Confederate position again. The Federal line held but once the Confederates had fully coordinated their attack the Union beat a bloody retreat. Lee smashed the Union right wing, forcing retreats to White Oak and Malvern Hill.

_____ established a camp of 42,000 men at Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee just northeast of the Confederate position at Corinth, Mississippi. This was the site of the Battle of Shiloh.

Grant. Grant thought he had time to set up his headquarters and he neglected to adequately defend his camp with trenches, patrols, and pickets. On April 6, 1862 Johnston and Beauregard attacked. By the end of the day the Confederates has captured the key position of Shiloh Chapel and pushed the Federal lines nearly into the river.

General _____ became the brilliant commander of the Union forces.

Grant. Ulysses S. Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant, he accepted the clerical error changing his name to Ulysses Simpson Grant when he entered West Point in 1839. His new name, U. S. Grant, lent itself to his Old Army nickname, Uncle Sam Grant, or simply Sam Grant, and to his Civil War nickname, Unconditional Surrender Grant. Such names symbolize Grant: as a soldier, his loyal patriotism and relentless pursuit of victory. Raised in Georgetown, Ohio, he grew up in modest circumstances that hardly portended his future greatness. His first war experiences were in the Mexican War which showed him that battlefields were horrid yet survivable. That war demonstrated how using the tactical and strategic initiative could dominate an enemy, even deep in enemy territory. And, equally important, it made him appreciate the critical importance of logistics. It was Grant's abilities both innate and acquired, which enabled him to succeed in a war where so many officers with far more illustrious records at West Point and in the Old Army would fall short.

On March 9, 1862 the CSS Virginia met the USS Monitor for the Duel of _______ Roads.

Hampton. On that morning the Virginia fired upon the Monitor while it was trying to assist the disabled Minnesota. The two vessels were slow and cumbersome but the Monitor was actually able to move better than the Virginia. The vessels endured the pounding much better than the crew who felt each shot of the cannonballs in their knees, feet and ears; eardrums were broken by the noise.

Shortly after _______________ the Confederacy captured one of the Union's partially destroyed ships the USS Merrimac.

Harper\'s Ferry. The Merrimac was salvaged and converted into the CSS Virginia, the Confederacy's first ironclad.

Fort _____ was a Confederate garrison on the Tennessee River, the capture of which was the first significant Union victory of the Civil War.

Henry. Tilghman and sixteen aboard a Confederate hospital boat, surrendered at Fort Henry. The victors captured Fort Henry's guns as well as supplies and equipment abandoned by the garrison, which had retreated to Fort Donelson on foot without wagons. Immediately after the capture of Fort Henry, Grant called together his officers to discuss the possibility of taking Fort Donelson. All declared themselves in favor of moving against Fort Donelson as soon as possible.

The Civil War is a unique conflict because the assets that were seized or considered contraband often included ____________.

Human beings. Warriors throughout history have considered all goods and property seized during a conflict to be contraband, if such items can aid and abet the enemy's ability to continue to make war. As Southern plantations were liberated by advancing Union forces, many slaves sought self-emancipation by rushing toward the advancing Union lines. The question of what to do with these individuals, ostensibly the chattel property of Confederate sympathizers, and also the status of these liberated persons were perplexing issues that often faced Union commanders in the field.

Lee drew up Special Order No. 191 which detailed his plans for ________ the North and distributed copies to his chief generals.

Invading. One of the copies was discarded and found by Union private WB Mitchell who passed it to superiors who sent it to McClellan. McClellan knew exactly what Lee was planning to do and he still hesitated to act believing that Lee had the twice the number of men that he actually had. McClellan moved his troops through South Mountain and gave Lee crucial time to regroup his army west of Antietam Creek.

In Yorktown, Virginian ______________________ was in command of the Army of the Peninsula.

John Bankhead Magruder. The Confederate government placed Virginia's York Peninsula in the Department of the Peninsula on May 26, 1861. John Bankhead Magruder was put in command of the department, and from his headquarters at Yorktown he commanded a scattered group of garrisons and camps that was labeled the Army of the Peninsula and consisted of about 11,000 men. These were the forces that were fated to face the first phase of McClellan's Peninsula Campaign in the spring of 1862.

After the Peninsula Campaign General _________ was put in command of the new Army of Virginia.

John Pope. McClellan was the one victim of the Seven Days' War that was not on any causality list. His over cautiousness and miscalculated enemy numbers were enough for Lincoln to dismiss him from command. Pope took over the newly consolidated forces that included the Army of Potomac.

On May 31, 1862 ________'s Confederates attacked the two Union corps south of the Chickahominy River in the Battle of Fair Oaks.

Johnston. Johnston nearly annihilated the Union forces early in the battle, but the lines held and Johnston was forced to retreat. In the end it was an inconclusive battle but the second bloodiest after Shiloh. The Confederates lost over 6,000 men, the Federals lost 5,000 and Johnston was severely wounded in the fighting. But the greatest casualty was McClellan's fragile confidence, which broke—despite the fact that his strategy was sound while circumstances proved unlucky. He would remain immobile for more than three weeks.

With the fall of the two river Forts (Henry and Donelson) ________ was forced to evacuate Nashville.

Johnston. The confederate's supplies were left behind and the South could not afford to lose any of its supplies. Johnston and Beauregard met up at Corinth, Mississippi a key rail connection and hoped to field about 50,000 men against the Union's onslaught. The Union did not act quickly enough to pursue the retreating rebels and it gave Johnston and Beauregard ample time to regroup at Corinth.

When the Union captured ___________ in April 1862, the Confederacy lost its largest town and busiest port.

New Orleans. New Orleans was the Confederacy's most important port city. It was an important ingress for desperately needed war supplies and restricted commerce along the southern Mississippi Valley.

The Battle of ____________ Pass in New Mexico is called the "Gettysburg of the West."

La Glorietta. This is the battle that turned the tide against the Confederates in the Southwest. Union troops under Col. Slough opened battle with Sibley's Texans and after the Union lost 31 men and the Confederates lost 121 men; Sibley retreated back to Texas.

The strategic winner of the Peninsula Campaign was [Lee or McClellan]. ___

Lee. Tactically McClellan had lost fewer men but strategically his larger army had failed to take Richmond. McClellan seemed thoroughly intimidated by his rival Lee and kept withdrawing even after obvious opportunities to counterattack.

As reluctant as planters were to hand over produce and _________, they were even more unwilling to part with their slaves.

Livestock. The government confiscated slaves for work on entrenchments and other fortifications, but paid slaveholders for their services. And if a slave died under impressment, the owner was paid $2,500. Widows and orphans of deceased soldiers enjoyed nowhere near that compensation for their loss. Still, planters complained vigorously. If they had some political influence, they could often avoid having their slaves taken at all. Planters' unwillingness to materially support the war only reinforced the attitude of its being a rich man's war. Though there were questions about impressment's constitutionality, the main issue was that planter's profits were being fought for at the expense of the lives and liberties of the general population. Ultimately the desertion and disaffection among Southerners contributed decisively to Confederate defeat.

Early in 1862 President Lincoln issued Special Order No. 1, directing General George McClellan to lead the bulk of the Army of the Potomac by February 22 in a flanking movement southwest of ________, Virginia.

Manassas. Despite public pressure to be on the offensive, McClellan insisted on adequate training and equipment for his men. This and the fact that he was extremely cautious, refusing to risk his men even when his reports claimed that he had the upper hand, made his men love him. However, the general feeling at the time was that McClellan was procrastinating, so Lincoln's order was an attempt to spurn the General into action. McClellan decided to move the Union army down the Potomac and up the Rappahannock River to a point opposite Richmond. His base would be the tiny town of Urbana, which would be supplied from the Chesapeake Bay. Lincoln agreed to his plans and actions were set into motion.

In February 1862, Congress authorized Davis to declare ___________ and suspend habeas corpus.

Martial law. Soon after, it allowed generals in the field on their own authority to impose martial law. Richmond was one of the first cities that Davis placed under martial law. Its military governor, General John H. Winder, was soon rounding up civilians he considered dangerous.

Dubbed the "Young Napoleon" by his early admirers, _________ seemed the hope of the Union in the desperate days after the debacle at First Bull Run.

McClellan. McClellan arrived at the nation's capital on July 26, 1861 to find the city in turmoil and the army disheartened. He immediately set about replenishing the ranks and restoring morale. In so doing, he created the renowned Army of the Potomac and established a fine rapport with his soldiers. In November of 1861, McClellan replaced "Old Fuss and Feathers" Scott as the General in Chief of the Union. Few figures provoked as much controversy during the Civil War as did George Brinton McClellan.

The success of the Shenandoah Valley Campaign kept Union forces from joining _________ and attacking Richmond.

McClellan. The Confederate capital was spared; a major accomplishment given that Jackson used 17 thousand men to occupy the Union's 50 thousand soldiers.

The Union commissioned the building of the _______ to defeat the Confederate's CSS Virginia.

Monitor. John Ericsson, a Swedish born New Yorker was contracted and the vessel he designed was an ugly, flat, raft-like invention that was built of steel not just simply reinforced with it. When news that the Merrimac/CSS Virginia was nearing completion, Ericsson doubled his efforts and launched the Monitor on March 6, 1862.

The duel at Hampton Roads on March 9, 1862 changed _____ warfare forever.

Naval. While the duel was a draw, the Monitor did manage to save the Minnesota and prevented the Confederates from breaking the Richmond blockade. Most significantly, naval combat for the rest of the civil war was changed. Many more ironclads would be built during the civil war and the Union would build many more than the Confederates.

On September 5, 1862 Lee led his Army of ______________ across the Potomac into Maryland and invaded the North with 60,000 men.

North Virginia. Lee was astoundingly bold as he led a ragtag army of exhausted men with little ammunition and some without shoes to invade the North. Lee saw that the only way he could win the war was to win over the border states because the Union had far more resources than he ever hoped to have. He proceeded into Maryland and invited the state's citizens to secession.

McClellan's plan to surround Richmond by proceeding north via the peninsula separating the York and James Rivers was called the _________ campaign.

Peninsula. The campaign was marred by many delays; one very costly delay was the discovery that the boats that had been commissioned for the campaign were 6 inches too wide to fit through the locks. Lincoln removed McClellan as general-in-chief, ostensibly so that he could concentrate all his energies on the coming Peninsula campaign. Instead he was put in command of the Army of the Potomac.

___ launched the attack on August 29, 1862 that began the Second Bull Run.

Pope. The Union enjoyed an initial advantage and when Jackson withdrew his Confederate forces a bit, Pope interpreted the move as a retreat. What he didn't know is that a second half of Lee's Confederate army had arrived and would join the battle the next day. This tactical defeat cost the Union another humiliating defeat at Bull Run.

The sentiment among the general Southern __________ was that this was a rich man's war.

Population. Reaction to conscription in general and the twenty-slave law in particular was swift and direct. When several draft evaders in Randolph County, Alabama, were arrested, an angry mob attacked the jail and set the prisoners free. Near Buena Vista, Georgia, a band of draft dodgers armed themselves and swore that they would die before being forced into Confederate service. Even Vice President Alexander Stephens called conscription, martial law, and habeas corpus restrictions that were dangerous violations of the Confederate Constitution. One way or another, men of wealth had little trouble avoiding military duty, state or Confederate.

The first of the Seven Days' Battles was a draw but McClellan ordered General ______ and his troops north of the Chickahominy, to withdraw his troops 4 miles to Gaines Mill.

Porter. McClellan behaved as though he had been defeated and ceded ground as though in imminent danger of encirclement. This defeatist behavior was typical of the Seven Days' Battle where despite tactical success and a highly favorable casualty ratio, the Union did not capitalize on the ill-coordinated Southern attack.

Lee attacked McClellan's Army of the _______ at Malvern Hill on July 1, 1862.

Potomac. After the Gain's Mill loss, McClellan withdrew his entire army to Malvern Hill and at the end of the seven days' battle he was farther from Richmond than he had been at the start. McClellan was positioned on high ground and could not be flanked which put Lee at a disadvantage. Lee could not coordinate a solid attack and was repulsed. Despite this McClellan chose to withdraw to Harrison Landing rather than go on the offensive against Lee.

After the devastating losses at the Second Bull Run Lincoln reinstated McClellan as the commander of the Army of the _______.

Potomac. McClellan had a unique ability to boost the troops' morale. He was given the opportunity to lead the newer and larger Army of Potomac that included all of Pope's troops.

Lincoln gave George McClellan the command of the forces of the _______.

Potomac. McClellan was a West Point graduate who was promoted three times in the Mexican War. He led an attack on a Confederate camp at Phillippi and won a more important victory at Rich Mountain. After the dismal Bull Run showing, McLellan's victory was significant and Lincoln promoted to him head of the army at Potomac, which surrounded Washington.

The famous _________'s Battle began at Mechanicsville on June 26, 1862.

Seven Day. The Seven Days' began south of the river on June 25 with the first phase of McClellan's great push on Richmond. Lee had pulled Stonewall Jackson's forces out of the Shenandoah Valley to strengthen his own forces and by June 25 they were just fifteen miles from Richmond, and within striking distance of McClellan. McClellan, alarmed to hear that Jackson's forces were arriving to join Lee's forces, backed away from his original plan to take Richmond even though he might have been successful.

Like conscription, the Confederacy's confiscation of _______ property, or impressment turned many Southerners against the government.

Private. Not only did many Southerners have an aversion to the government's taking what it wanted at will, but they knew that impressment agents frequently sold goods on the open market and pocketed the proceeds. With planters devoting much of their acreage to cotton, impressment fell heaviest on the general population. They were mostly subsistence farmers who tended to grow more produce, which was what the army needed. It seemed that only when their farms were stripped bare did impressment agents turn to the plantations. Even then, planters were reluctant to part with their surplus. Some used political connections to avoid impressment. Others simply hid their supplies.

When Virginia seceded Robert E Lee ________ from the United States Army.

Resigned. Word of Virginia's secession appeared in the newspapers on April 19, and the next day Lee composed a one-sentence letter of resignation from the United States Army. He also wrote a much longer letter to Winfield Scott on the 20th, acknowledging his debt for "the kindness & consideration" the general habitually had shown him. In that letter he wrote the famous quote "Save in the defense of my native State, I never desire again to draw my sword." Undoubted affection for a Union that had sprung from the efforts of George Washington and other revolutionary figures gave way to the stronger ties of family and place. As a member of the slaveholding aristocracy of Virginia and the South, Lee's sense of honor dictated that he stand with those of his blood, class, and section.

Severely wounded, Johnston was replaced by Jefferson Davis's military adviser, _____________ on June 1, 1862.

Robert E. Lee. Lee took command of the renamed Army of North Virginia on June 1, and he immediately began planning an offensive. Lee believed that because of McClellan's superior numbers, any long siege of Richmond would likely lead to a Union victory. Thus, he believed that his forces must strike McClellan's army before the big Union guns were brought to bear on Richmond.

General Grant became close friends with General _______ as a result of the battle of Shiloh.

Sherman. Sherman and Grant fought together at the Battle of Shiloh to drive off the Confederate force. As a result, they formed a close bond and from that point on, worked together for Union victory. Most notably, together they seized Vicksburg from the Confederates, sealing the fate of the Confederacy in the Civil War.

After the battle of ______, many Northerners called for Grant's dismissal.

Shiloh. The Union victory had come at such a staggering cost that Lincoln was pressed to remove Grant from command. The Union engaged 62,682 men and lost 1,754 with 8,408 wounded and another 2,885 missing. The Confederates lost 723 of their 40,335 men with 8,012 wounded and 959 missing. Despite these horrific numbers, Lincoln realized that the Union could afford to lose more men than the Confederacy and so he refused to dismiss Grant claiming, "I can't spare this man; he fights."

A frigate reinforced with a _____ hull, rather than wood, is called an ironclad.

Steel. Tredegar Ironworks in Richmond was able to turn out iron plates that Confederate Engineers used to clad the hull of the Merrimac and it was subsequently christened the CSS Virginia. Wooden hulls were vulnerable to naval artillery and to ramming but an ironclad vessel could withstand these attacks and still deliver a solid pounding.

_________________'s plan to divide and conquer the larger Union forces was called the Shenandoah Valley campaign.

Stonewall Jackson. The Shenandoah Valley, long known as the breadbasket of the Confederacy, was of immense importance to both the Union and Confederate armies. The valley provided foodstuffs and small manufactures for the Confederacy and an easily defended route to the north. Essentially the plan was to keep Union forces fighting in the Valley and so that they could not join up with McClellan in Virginia Peninsula. By challenging the Union's larger forces in the Valley, the Confederacy gained a psychological advantage; convincing the Union that the size of their army was much larger than it actually was.

In September 1861, Davis appointed _______________ to command the Western forces.

Sydney Johnston. He secured the Mississippi by fortifying the Cumberland river with Fort Donelson and the Tennessee river with Fort Henry.

When the Union defeat seemed certain at Shiloh, William Tecumseh Sherman emerged to rally and regroup his Army of _________ forces and turned the tide.

Tennessee. Sherman, whose forces had received the first full brunt of the Confederate attack was able to regroup his men and inspired confidence in them. Sherman's performance at Shiloh and the rest of the war earned him respect as one of the nation's fiercest and most skillful warriors.

One profound irony of Lee's victory in the Peninsula campaign, was that it caused the North to abandon its strategy of limited war and adopt a policy of _____ war.

Total. Had McClellan's Peninsula campaign succeeded it could have brought a swift end to the war, resulting in much less damage to the South and the institution of slavery would probably have survived. Lee's victory guaranteed a protracted struggle which would only end with the total destruction of the old South and everything it stood for.

In September 1861 Kentucky ended its neutrality and declared itself for the _____.

Union. Confederate General Polk invaded the state and Grant, now a Brigadier, answered by taking Paducah; controlling the mouths of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers.

When the New York Tribune's editor, Horrace Greeley demanded that Lincoln emancipate the slaves, Lincoln responded by saying that his priority was the _____.

Union. He made it clear in his letter to Mr. Greeley that his main priority was the Union. "...If there be those who would not save the Union, unless they could at the same time save slavery, I do not agree with them. If there be those who would not save the Union unless they could at the same time destroy slavery, I do not agree with them. My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery...." In other words, Lincoln did not agree with slavery, but he was not a strict abolitionist. He was willing to tolerate slavery if that's what it took to maintain the Union.

The battle of Shiloh was the largest, bloodiest battle in American history up to then and the _____ barely won.

Union. Shiloh awoke both nations to the reality of war and to each side's commitment to its cause. Both Grant and Sherman bristled at charges of being taken by surprise. On the second day of the battle Grant led the combined army's counterattack. The exhausted Confederates eventually withdrew to Corinth, leaving Grant holding the field.

The CSS ________ set out on March 8 to meet the wooden hulled Union fleet blockading Hampton Roads.

Virginia. The USS Cumberland shot cannonballs at the Merrimac/Virginia but they " bounced off her sides like India-rubber." The Confederates rammed the Cumberland and sank it. They did the same to the USS Congress and grounded the USS Minnesota. It was reported that the Merrimac/Virginia was headed up the Potomac to set her sights on Washington and Lincoln's cabinet convened for an emergency meeting.

Lincoln justified his Emancipation Proclamation "as a fit and necessary ___ measure."

War. Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation claiming it as a Military act, a justification which was even more credible from the fact that he was merely freeing the slaves in the areas which were currently at war with the Union. The desired impact was either fewer men in the Confederate Armies since they would be needed at home to produce weapons and supplies or they would have less of these necessities if they decided to continue fighting. He also believed that it would typically not be constitutional for him to free these slaves, but that war justified things that would normally be unconstitutional.

On April 5, 1862 the Union force laid siege to ________.

Yorktown. McClellan was surprised to discover Confederate fortifications extending completely across the peninsula, from the York to the James. His maps also failed to show that the Warwick River, in places very wide, barred most of his path up the peninsula. Although the Union outnumbered the Confederates four to one, for a full month McClellan's army sat outside Yorktown instead of attacking it. When McClellan was finally ready to attack on May 4, J. B. Magruder's small Army of the Peninsula successfully withdrew under cover of darkness toward Williamsburg. McClellan declared this a stunning victory when in fact the fight had not even begun.