20: Arthropoda (Introduction Chelicerata)
The brown recluse spider venom is hemolytic, whereas the black widow spider venom is ______ in nature. neurotoxic lymphatic salivary harmless
Neurotoxic
The eight simple eyes in spiders contain which of the following structures? Optic rods Lens Groups of ocelli Retina
Optic rods Lens Retina
The most dangerous and aggressive spiders in South and Central America belong to genus _____________.
Phoneutria
What part of the scorpion body ends in the stinging apparatus? Postabdomen Preabdomen Pedipalp Cephalothorax
Postabdomen
In addition to providing a place of retreat, a spider's silk threads play a role in which of the three following functions? Waste excretion Nest lining Egg sac construction Prey capture Balance
Prey capture Nest lining Egg sac construction
True or false: Chiggers are parasitic larval stages of mites.
True
True or false: The venom of most scorpion species is not fatal to humans.
True
True or false: There are 200 million insects for every human alive today
True
Dermacentor causes
Tularemia
Spiders usually precede mating with some type of _______________ ritual.
courtship
In some spiders, ___________________ glands are modified nephridia that open at the base of the first and third walking legs.
coxal
The scorpion cephalothorax bears which of the three following? Stinging apparatus Abdomen Legs Eyes Mandibles
legs eyes abdomen
Demodex causes
mange in animals
The shedding of the cuticle is a process called _______________ and is a characteristic common to arthropods.
molting or ecdysis
Some spiders possess coxal glands, which are modified ______. fangs pedipalps chelicerae nephridia
nephridia
Sun spiders belong to what order? Solpugida Acari Scorpiones Opiliones
solpugida
What acarines are serious pests on crops such as fruit trees and clover? Chiggers Ticks Spider mites Redbugs
spider mties
A spider's abdominal silk gland is connected to a web-spinning organ called a ______. pedipalp spinneret chelicera Malpighian tubule
spinneret
True or false: The epicuticle consists of an exocuticle, which is secreted before molting, and an endocuticle, which is secreted after molting.
False, its the procuticle
True or false: Solpugids are venomous arachnids found generally in tropical and subtropical regions.
False, they are nonvenomous
Oxygen is delivered to parts of a spider's body by means of ______. gills Malpighian tubules tracheae and book lungs ovigers and pedipalps
tracheae and book lungs
Select all of the following that are present in Phylum Arthropoda. Closed circulatory system Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial forms Jointed appendages Free-living and parasitic forms Pseudocoelom
Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial forms Jointed appendages Free-living and parasitic forms
Select all the subphyla characterized by mandibles. Trilobita Myriopoda Crustacea Hexapoda Chelicerata
Myriapoda Hexapoda Crustacea
Select all the subphyla characterized by mandibles. Crustacea Hexapoda Myriopoda Trilobita Chelicerata
Myriopoda Hexapoda Crustacea
The earliest arthropods, trilobites, arose before the cambrian period and became exctinct about _____________ years ago.
250 million
Mites and ticks belong to Order ___________________ within the Class Arachnida
Acari
Species belonging to which phylum far outnumber all other species combined? Arthropoda Platyhelminthes Mollusca Chordata
Arthropoda
Ticks, scorpions, millipedes, crabs, and locusts are all members of Phylum _______________.
Arthropoda
Funnelweb spiders of the genus Atrax are found in ______ and are considered to be a fatal species. Europe South America North America Australia
Australia
Harvestmen in Order Opiliones possess which two of the following characteristics? External segmentation of abdomen Pedicel Broad joining of abdomen and cephalothorox Six pairs of short, stubby legs
Broad joining of abdomen and cephalothorox External segmentation of abdomen
Select all of the following spiders that render harmful and sometimes fatal bites. Tarantula Brown recluse Black widow Jumping spider
Brown recluse Black widow
Order Solpugida contains the ______. mites harvestmen sea spiders camel spiders
Camel spiders
The venom of the scorpion belonging to Genus ______________ in Mexico can be fatal.
Centruroides
The exocuticle and endocuticle, which make up an arthropod's procuticle, are composed of a tough, nitrogenous polysaccharide called ____________.
Chitin
Select all of the following that can be components of the arthropod procuticle. Calcium salts Chitin Protein Gelatinous mesoglea Tagmata
Chitin Protein Calcium salts
The mandibulate hypothesis supports what statement? Crabs are more closely related to insects than to horseshoe crabs. Convergent evolution is responsible for similarities in the mandibles of myriapods and crustaceans. Chelicerates and crustaceans differ in mouthpart type but are more closely related than myriapods and crustaceans. Mandibles of hexapods and crustaceans are not homologous.
Crabs are more closely related to insects than to horseshoe crabs
Based on the following cladogram, subphlyum Myriapoda is more closely related to subphylum ______ than to subphylum ______. Chelicerata; Crustacea Chelicerata; Hexapoda Crustacea; Chelicerata
Crustacea; Chelicerata
The Order Opiliones contains what arthropods? Ticks Daddy longlegs Scorpions Horseshoe crabs
Daddy longlegs
The arthropod cuticle is composed of two layers: the outer, relatively thin layer called the ____________, and an inner, thicker layer called the _____________that contains chitin.
Epicuticle; Procuticle
Arthopods share which of the following five common features? Closed circulatory system Coelom Protostome development Segmented bodies Exoskeleton Mantle Jointed appendages
Exoskeleton Protostome development Coelom Segmented bodies Jointed appendages
Most arthropods are _____________, feeding mainly on plants
Herbivorous
Arthropods utilize which of the following feeding modes? Herbivory Autotrophy Carnivory Omnivory Deposit feeding
Herbivory Carnivory Omnivory
Select all true statements about the cuticle of a typical arthropod. It lacks flexibility between body segments and segments of appendages. It is firm and impermeable. It provides protection. It provides a point of attachment for muscles. It facilitates free movement.
It provides protection It facilitates free movement It provides a point of attachment for muscles
The horseshoe crab found in North America is classified under genus _______________.
Limulus
An arthropod's cuticle may also serve which of the following functions? Lines the hindgut Absorbs nitrogenous wastes Supports and lines the tracheae Lines the Malpighian tubules Lines the foregut
Lines the hindgut Lines the foregut Supports and lines the tracheae
Ixodes causes
Lyme disease
In spiders and other taxa, structures called ______________ _____________work in conjunction with rectal glands and function as an excretory organ to remove wastes.
Malpighian tubules
What two features are shared by the three subphyla of mandibulates in the cladogram? Compound eye Chitinous exoskeleton Loss of antennae Mandibles
Mandibles Chitinous exoskeleton
Scorpions belong to Order _____________.
Scorpionida
What organism belongs to Class Pycnogonida in Subphylum Chelicerata? Wolf spider Scorpion Eurypterid Sea spider
Sea spider
Select all of the adaptations that allowed for efficient locomotion in arthropods. Jointed appendages Cellular epidermis Specialized appendages Large coelom Segmentation
Segmentation Jointed appendages Specialized appendages
Select all of the following that are arthropods. Spiders Crustaceans Insects Centipedes Annelids
Spiders Crustaceans Insects Centipedes
Select all of the features of sea spiders belonging to Class Pycnogonida. Rounded cephalothorax Telson Legs called ovigers Suctorial proboscis Reduced abdomen
Suctorial proboscis reduced abdomen Legs called ovigers
In arthropods, body segments are often combined or fused into functional units called ____________.
Tagmata
Boophilus causes
Texas cattle fever
Sequence the steps of spider reproduction, beginning at the top with the courtship ritual.
The male spider spins a web Sperm is deposited on the web The male spider collects and stores the sperm in his pedipalp cavities The male's pedipalps are inserted into the female genital opening Sperm is stored in the female's seminal receptacles The female spider lays her eggs in a silk cocoon
Select all of the following that describe acarines. There are both terrestrial and aquatic forms. They consist of about 5,000 species. They exhibit external segmentation of abdomen. Their abdomen is completely fused to the cephalothorax. There are parasitic forms.
Their abdomen is completely fused to the cephalothorax They are both terrestrial and aquatic forms There are parasitic forms
Select all of the following that describe acarines. There are both terrestrial and aquatic forms. Their abdomen is completely fused to the cephalothorax. They consist of about 5,000 species. They exhibit external segmentation of abdomen. There are parasitic forms.
There are both terrestrial and aquatic forms Their abdomen is completely fused to the cephalothorax There are parasitic forms
Select all of the following that describe members of Order Acari. They are ectoparasitic. They are free-living. Their venom is fatal. They are vectors for disease.
They are ectoparasitic They are free-living They are vectors for disease
Select all of the following that are true about solpugids. They possess small chelicerae. They are prevalent in tropical regions. They exceed 25 cm in length. They are nonvenomous.
They are prevalent in tropical regions They are nonvenomous
Chiggers, belonging to genus Trombicula, are harmful in what ways? They transmit Lyme disease. They spread typhus. They feed on human tissues. They can cause dermatitis.
They can cause dermatitis They spread typhus They feed on human tissues
Select all of the following that describe sea spiders. They have chelicerae mouthparts. They have four pairs of walking legs. Most are larger than 0.5 meters. They lack a digestive tract.
They have four pairs of walking legs They have chelicerae mouthparts
Select all true statements about scorpion feeding. They feed primarily on small reptiles. They are nocturnal feeders. They seize prey with their pedipalps. They shred prey with their mandibles.
They seize prey with their pedipalps They are nocturnal feeders
Select all of the following that are included in Order Acari. Ticks Scorpions Sea spiders Mites
Ticks Mites
Select all of the adaptations in arthropods that account for their success and diversity. Sessile lifestyle Tracheal system Reduced digestive tract Cartilaginous endoskeleton Highly developed sensory organs Jointed appendages
Tracheal system Highly developed sensory organs Jointed appendages
Select all of the subphyla of Arthropoda. Chelicerata Hexapoda Trilobita Onychophora Myriapoda Crustacea Mollusca
Triblobita Chelicerata Crustacea Myriapoda Hexapoda
Subphylum Trilobita includes arthropods that are extinct called ______. trilobites crustaceans horseshoe crabs hexapods
Trilobites
Select all of the characteristics of arthropods. Radial symmetry Triploblastic body Excretion by Malpighian tubules Chitinous exoskeleton Large coelom in adult
Triploblastic body Chitinous exoskeleton Excretion by Malpighian tubules
Scorpions are more common in what regions of the world? Marine and freshwater Tropical and subtropical Taiga Temperate
Tropical and subtropical
A scorpion mother carries her young on her back until ______. their stinger is fully developed they reach a few millimeters in length after their first molt they reach maturation
after their first molt
Horseshoe crabs have flat, leaflike gills, called ____________ gills, under the covering of some abdominal appendages.
book
Spiders can breathe air using parallel air pockets called ________________ lungs and a system of air tubes called tracheae.
book
In crustaceans, the exoskeleton is reinforced with ______________ salts, which make it extra hard.
calcium
Acarines are characterized by their ______, an anterior projection that contains their mouthparts. rostrum proboscis capitulum hypostome
capitulum
Acarines have a(n) ________________, or anterior projection which houses their feeding apparatus.
capitulum
All species in Class Arachnida have a fused head and thorax called a ______________.
cephalothorax or prosoma
Unlike other arachnids, acarines have a fully fused ________________ and _____________.
cephalothroax; abdomen
Arthropods possess jointed appendages, segmented bodies and a chitinous _______________.
cuticle
Several types of acarines can cause an irritating skin condition called ______ in vertebrates. Lyme disease dermatitis typhus tularemia
dermatitis
The shedding and re-formation of the exoskeleton to facilitate growth is known as ______. asexual reproduction tagmatization parthenogenesis ecdysis
ecdysis
Spiders typically have ______ eyes, which are used to sense movement. six, compound eight, compound eight, simple six, simple
eight, simple
The outer, sclerotized layer of the arthropod cuticle is called the ______, while the inner layer containing chitin is called the ______. endocuticle; epicuticle procuticle; endocuticle epicuticle; procuticle exocuticle; endocuticle
epicuticle; procuticle
Class Merostomata includes the extinct giant water scorpions, which are called ______. eurypterids horseshoe crabs sea spiders trilobites
eurypterids
Arthropods are currently divided into ______ subphyla. six five three two
five
The extinct eurypterids are also called ______. sea spiders giant water scorpions horseshoe crabs velvet worms
giant water scorpions
Deposits of calcium salts in the exoskeletons of crustaceans result in ______ strength and ______ flexibility. increased; increased decreased; increased increased; decreased decreased; decreased
increased; decreased
Harvestmen differ from spiders in that the joining of their abdomen and cephalothorax is not constrained by a ______________.
pedicel
The tagmata in spiders are joined by a narrow ______. telson prosoma pedicel padipalp
pedicel
Mites and ticks belonging to Order Acari feed on what material? plant and animal only plant only animal
plant and animal
The suctorial ______________ of the sea spider enables it to siphon juices from cnidarians and other organisms.
proboscis
Which feature allows sea spiders to drink juices from other organisms? Tentacle Proboscis Pharynx Antennae
proboscis
In arthropods, a layer called the _____________ is composed of an exocuticle, which is secreted before molting, and a(n) _________________, which is secreted after molting.
procuticle; endocuticle
In arthropods, a layer called the __________________ is composed of an exocuticle, which is secreted before molting, and a(n) ___________________, which is secreted after molting.
procuticle; endocuticle
A spider's silk is composed of _______, which hardens to form a silk thread. lipid protein carbohydrate salt
protein
In the United States, the black widow spider is characterized by a ______ on the underside of the abdomen, while the brown recluse has a ______ on the cephalothorax. pattern of dots that resemble a smiley face; yellowish blotch violin-shaped dorsal stripe; red "hourglass" yellowish blotch; pattern of dots that resemble a smiley face red "hourglass"; violin-shaped dorsal stripe
red "hourglass"; Violin-shaped dorsal stripe
All species in Class Arachnida have two _______, which consist of a cephalothorax and an abdomen. pedicels crops tagmata pedipalps
tagmata
The head and thorax of arthropods are ______, which are functional groups of fused segments. septa tagmata tracheae mantles
tagmata
Xiphosurids are characterized by their tailpiece, or _________________ and tough dorsal shield, known as a(n) _____________.
telson; carapace
There are ______ extant genera of xiphosurids, whose distribution spans from North America to southern Asia and Japan. three two four five
three
True or false: Spiders use silk to construct egg sacs
true
Trombicula causes
typhus
The colonization of land by spiders and insects is attributable to the retention of ______, made possible by their excretory system. water and potassium potassium and chlorine oxygen and carbon dioxide collagen and chitin
water and potassium
During reproduction, scorpions bear ______. larval juveniles well-developed young shelled larvae eggs
well-developed young
