A&P 102 EXAM 2
What stimulates goblet cells and intestinal glands to secrete their products?
Chyme provides both mechanical and chemical stimulation.
Indicate the two statements that describe lymphocyte production.
-occurs in red bone marrow -occurs throughout life
What is the function of a lacteal?
Absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food.
By definition, what is a hypersensitivity reaction?
An exaggerated immune response to a nonharmful antigen
Indicate three mechanisms by which antibodies react to antigens.
Antibodies activate complement. Antibodies directly attack the antigen. Antibodies stimulate inflammation.
True or false: All of the lymphocytes needed by the body are produced in the liver and spleen during fetal development (prior to birth).
False
In order to be fully activated, most ______ cells require interaction with ______ cells.
B; helper T
Indicate three characteristics of fat-soluble vitamins.
Bile salts in the intestine promote their absorption. They are not affected by cooking or food processing. They can be stored in various tissues, and excess intake can lead to overdose.
Each antibody molecule consists of ______ chains of amino acids linked to each other by ______ bonds.
four; disulfide
What are the three phases of gastric secretion?
gastric phase cephalic phase intestinal phase
In the lining of the stomach are small openings called BLANK that lead into tubular structures called BLANK
gastric pits; gastric glands
In the lining of the stomach are small openings called ______ that lead into tubular structures called ______.
gastric pits; gastric glands
Which are the three major monosaccharides absorbed from the human digestive tract?
glucose galactose fructose
Hydrolysis of a triglyceride releases ______.
glycerol and fatty acids
Hepatic cells responding to the hormone insulin lower the blood glucose level by polymerizing glucose to form
glycogen
The mucus-secreting cells in the epithelium of the intestine are called
goblet cells
Lymphatic pathways begin at the lymphatic capillaries which empty into lymphatic vessels. From there, fluid flows through lymphatic ______ into lymphatic ______, eventually emptying into veins in the thorax.
trunks; collecting ducts
Once activated, T cells that stimulate B cells to produce antibodies against the foreign antigen are called BLANK T cells.
helper
Proteins on the cell membrane of a macrophage that help T cells recognize a processed antigen displayed there as foreign are called major ______ complex proteins.
histocompatibility
The type of adaptive immunity called BLANK immunity is mediated by antibodies secreted by B cells.
humoral
The adaptive immune response includes which two of the following?
humoral immune response cellular immune response
An exaggerated response to a non-harmful antigen, such as when an individual has an allergic reaction to pollen, is called a(n) ______.
hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes target ______ and ______, and destroy them
tumor cells and viral infected cells
During the second and subsequent exposures to an antigen, memory cells respond by forming clones and rapidly producing ______.
immunoglobulin (Ig) G
What classes of immunoglobulins are most abundant in the body?
immunoglobulins G, A, and M
Where is the parotid gland located?
in the cheek, just anterior to the ear
What is the function of bile salts?
increases surface area of fatty substances, allowing better access for lipase enzymes
Which are functions of the oral cavity?
ingestion chemical digestion mastication
Each Y-shaped antibody molecule has four chains of amino acids which include
two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains
Before food enters the esophagus, it passes through the lowermost portion of the pharynx, called the ______
laryngopharynx
The fluid contained in lymphatic vessels, which originates as tissue fluid, is called
lymph
Lymph transports foreign particles, such as bacteria and viruses, to lymphatic system structures called
lymph nodes
List two locations where both B cells and T cells can be found
lymph nodes and spleen
The type of immune system cell carrying receptors that recognize nonself antigens is a(n)
lymphocyte
Which cell type has surface receptors that enable them to recognize nonself antigens?
lymphocytes
List cell types found in lymphatic tissue.
lymphocytes and macrophages
Plasma cells and ______ B cells are differentiated products of activated B cell clones.
memory
They bind to the toxic parts of antigens so the antigens cannot do damage.
memory cells
What are functions of motor movements in the alimentary canal?
mix the contents with fluids move the contents along the tract.
What are the two basic types of movement in the alimentary canal?
mixing and propelling
Glucose, galactose, and fructose are all types of sugars BLANK a class of carbohydrates.
monosaccharide
he alimentary canal consists of four layers that are, beginning with the innermost tissues, the BLANK submucosa, muscularis externa, and BLANK
mucosa serosa
What do goblet cells secrete?
mucus
The three parts of the pharynx are the
nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx
The three parts of the pharynx are the
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
A primary immune response due to the exposure to a live pathogen would result in BLANK acquired BLANK immunity
naturally active
Exposure to a live pathogen that stimulates a primary immune response leads to which type of immunity?
naturally acquired active immunity
The process that occurs when antibodies bind to, and thus cover, the toxic portions of an antigen is called
neutralization
Any ingested chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body is called a(n)
nutrient
The first stage of swallowing involves the tongue moving the bolus into the ______. This process is a(n) ______ action.
oropharynx; voluntary
The roof of the mouth, that has a hard and soft component, is called the
palate
Which accessory organ is located posterior to the parietal peritoneum and closely associated with the small intestine?
pancreas
Which nervous systems innervate the alimentary tract of the digestive system?
parasympathetic division of autonomic nervous system sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system
Cytotoxic T cells kill tumor cells and virally infected cells by releasing proteins called
perforins
What is the function of antigen-presenting cells?
phagocytize/digest antigens and display the fragments on their cell surface
The cavity located posterior to the mouth, extending from the nasal cavity to the esophagus, is the ______.
pharynx
A differentiated B cell that functions to produce and secrete antibodies is a(n) BLANK cell.
plasma
Which of the following cell types produces and secretes antibodies?
plasma cells
Which are functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?
polymerizes glucose to glycogen breaks down glycogen to glucose converts noncarbohydrates to glucose
Which are functions of the liver in the metabolism of carbohydrates?
polymerizes glucose to glycogen converts noncarbohydrates to glucose breaks down glycogen to glucose
A large molecule made up of many simple sugar molecules is a(n)
polysaccharide
Where is the pancreas located?
posterior to the parietal peritoneum posterior to the stomach
T cells are activated when they interact with antigens that are attached to the surface of antigen- BLANK cells.
presenting
Which two factors promote the movement of lymph through lymphatic vessels?
pressure changes during breathing, skeletal muscle contraction
Indicate two accurate descriptions of antibodies.
produced by plasma cells proteins that bind to antigens
As a B cell is activated, it ______, forming ______.
proliferates; a clone
Which of the following are nutrients for the human body?
proteins water vitamins carbohydrates
An antigen is a molecule that can
provoke an immune response
A B cell becomes activated when an antigen binds to the antigen BLANK on its surface.
receptor
Where do B cell precursors fully differentiate into B lymphocytes?
red bone marrow
Name the tissue within the spleen that surrounds venous sinuses and contains numerous red blood cells (along with some lymphocytes and macrophages).
red pulp
When donor tissues do not match the recipient, this results in a reaction called tissue ______.
rejection
The third line of defense against pathogens is BLANK
resistance to specific pathogens or to the toxins or metabolic products they release
List three functions of lymph.
return to the bloodstream most of the small proteins filtered by the blood capillaries transport dietary fats to the bloodstream transport foreign particles to lymph nodes
Triglycerides containing fatty acids with no double bonds within their carbon chains are examples of
saturated fats
The hormone that stimulates the pancreas to secrete an abundant amount of fluid rich in bicarbonate ions when acidic chyme enters the duodenum is .
secretin
The movement of the small intestine that mixes its contents is called Blank while the movement that propels its contents toward the large intestine is called Blank
segmentation peristalsis
A salivary gland has two types of cells: ______ cells that produce a watery fluid containing salivary amylase to digest starch and glycogen, and ______ cells that produce a thicker secretion that binds food particles together and lubricates the bolus for swallowing.
serous; mucous
The organ that is most effective in absorbing digestive products, water, and electrolytes is the
small intestine
At the tissues, which two of the following substances are filtered out of the plasma due to blood pressure within blood capillaries?
small molecules and water
What is a role of helper T cells?
stimulate B cells to make antibodies
List three characteristics of cytokines.
stimulate proliferation and differentiation of leukocytes, secreted by T cells and macrophages, regulate intensity and duration of immune responses
The alimentary canal is innervated by the BLANK and BLANK divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
sympathetic parasympathetic
The alimentary canal of the digestive system is controlled by which nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
The alimentary canal of the digestive system is controlled by which nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
Explain the relationship between B cells and T cells.
Helper T cells are often required to fully activate B cells.
Which class of immunoglobulin is found in secretions of exocrine glands?
IgA
The class of immunoglobulin that is involved in allergic reactions is the class designated
IgE
Which class of immunoglobulin activates complement proteins and is effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxin molecules?
IgG
Compare IgG, IgA, and IgM with the other two classes (IgD and IgE). Which statement is true?
IgG, IgA, and IgM are more abundant in the body than IgD or IgE.
Encapsulated organs found in groups or chains along the paths of the larger lymphatic vessels throughout the body, except in the central nervous system, are the
Lymph nodes
The antigens on the surface of macrophages that help T cells recognize a displayed antigen as foreign are called BLANK antigens.
MHC or HLA
Upon subsequent exposure to an antigen, T cells that immediately divide to yield a large number of additional T cells, resulting in a secondary immune response, are called helper BLANK cells.
Memory
The motor functions of the alimentary canal are BLANK movements that combine food with digestive fluids and BLANK movements that move materials along the digestive tract.
Mixing propelling
Place the layers of the wall of the digestive tract in order, starting with the innermost (deepest) layer at the top.
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa
What are mass movements?
Peristaltic waves of the large intestine that happen only two or three times each day. Movements that generally follow a meal as a result of the gastrocolic reflex initiated in the small intestine. Slow and strong movements that force intestinal contents toward the rectum. Movements that can be caused by irritation of the intestinal mucosa.
The injection of a killed, or attenuated, pathogen in order to induce immunity is termed
vaccine
Mechanical barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body are the BLANK and the BLANK membranes that line the passageways of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems.
Skin mucous
Name the type of leukocyte that is produced in the red bone marrow and that matures in the thymus.
T cells
List three cell types found in lymphatic tissue.
T cells, B cells, and macrophages
Identify three age-related changes in the immune system.
The numbers of T cells diminish only slightly, although the response time declines. With age, proportions of antibodies in different classes change (IgA and IgG increase, IgM and IgE decrease). Decline begins early in life, due in part to shrinka
Identify the correct structural differences between the small intestine and the colon.
The small intestine has two complete layers of muscle and the large intestine has one complete layer and one incomplete layer of muscle. The small intestine has villi and the large intestine does not.
Indicate two characteristics of antigens.
They are molecules that can trigger an immune response. They can be proteins, carbohydrates, or glycolipids.
How do antibodies neutralize antigens?
They bind to the toxic parts of antigens so the antigens cannot do damage.
What is the function of a lacteal?
to absorb triglycerides and other lipids from digested food
What is the function of the variable region of an antibody molecule?
to bind antigens
Indicate three characteristics of the class of immunoglobulins called IgG.
activates complement proteins effective against bacteria, viruses, and toxins can cross the placenta
Which immune response leads to opsonization, chemotaxis, agglutination, or lysis of the pathogen?
activation of complement
Activation of complement induces pathogen destruction by several mechanisms. Identify four of these.
agglutination neutralization opsonization cytolysis
What is the term for an antigen that triggers an allergic response?
allergen
Where are lymph nodes generally located?
along larger lymphatic vessels
Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary BLANK which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called BLANK, which lubricates the food during swallowing
amylase mucus
Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary BLANK which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called BLANK which lubricates the food during swallowing.
amylase mucus
Serous cells in salivary glands secrete a fluid containing an enzyme called salivary Blank which aids in digestion of starch and glycogen. Mucous cells secrete a thick liquid called Blank which lubricates the food during swallowing
amylase mucus
If the barrier defenses and other nonspecific defenses are penetrated by a pathogen, the third line of defense, ______, will try to eliminate it.
an adaptive, or specific, defense
Proteins that are present in plasma and body fluids that bind to antigens are called
antibodies
What is another name for the humoral immune response?
antibody-mediated immune response
T cell activation requires that targeted antigens have been processed (phagocytized and digested) and then attached to the surface of a cell type called ______ cells.
antigen presenting
Name the cell type that phagocytizes an antigen and displays the antigen fragments on its surface?
antigen presenting cell (APC)
The physiological drive to seek food, regulated by the hypothalamus, is called
appetite
Glycerol and fatty acids are produced through the hydrolysis of BLANK. These products may enter catabolic pathways and provide energy.
triglyceride
Which term is used to describe the rate of energy expenditure when a person is awake and at rest; after an overnight fast; and in a comfortable, controlled environment?
basal metabolic rate
The rate of energy expenditure when a person is awake and at rest; after an overnight fast; and in a comfortable, controlled environment is called the
basal metabolic rate.
The variable regions of the light and heavy chains of an antibody align to form an antigen-BLANK site
binding
Which event leads to activation of a B cell?
binding of the B cell's receptor to its targeted antigen
Which of the following would be targeted by cytotoxic T cells?
cancerous or virally infected cells
Enzymes in saliva begin the chemical digestion of ______ in the mouth.
carbohydrates
The primary source of fuel for cellular processes comes from the macronutrient group called the
carbohydrates
Indicate two of the several mechanisms by which antibodies directly render antigens harmless.
causing agglutination neutralization by covering toxic parts of antigen
The form of adaptive immunity in which direct interaction occurs between activated T lymphocytes and targeted cells is called
cellular
Two aspects of the adaptive immune response involve the actions of T cells, called the BLANK immune response, and the release of products from B cells, called the BLANK immune response.
cellular humoral
The structures forming the lateral walls of the mouth, consisting of outer layers of skin, pads of subcutaneous fat, muscles associated with expression and chewing, and inner linings of moist, stratified squamous epithelium, are the
cheeks
A(n) is a particle formed in the intestinal cells consisting of fat (mostly triglycerides) encased in protein. This particle allows absorption and transport of digestive fats in the body.
chylomicron
Once food is mixed with gastric juice, it is called
chyme
Lymphatic trunks converge to form the largest of the segments of the lymphatic pathway, called ______.
collecting ducts
A step in the activation of cytotoxic T cells involves interaction with BLANK, molecules that are released by helper T cells.
cytokines
Polypeptides that are secreted by T cells and macrophages to enhance cell-mediated immune responses to foreign antigens are called
cytokines
A type of T lymphocyte that binds to foreign antigens on the surface of an antigen-bearing cell and releases perforins to destroy it is a(n) BLANK T cell
cytotoxic
A type of T lymphocyte that binds to foreign antigens on the surface of an antigen-bearing cell and releases perforins to destroy it is a(n) BLANK T cell.
cytotoxic
The mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods into forms that the cells can use is called ______.
digestion
The accumulation of excess tissue fluid is called ______.
edema
Identify the primary products of the chemical digestion of triglycerides.
fatty acids and glycerol
The segment of the the lymphatic pathway called the lymphatic vessels are most anatomically similar to which type of blood vessel?
veins
Small projections of the mucosa of the small intestine that increase the surface area of the intestinal lining are the intestinal
villi
The first stage of swallowing is a(n) BLANK action involving the tongue moving the bolus into the BLANK
voluntary oropharynx
Name the type of tissue that is distributed as tiny islands throughout the spleen, containing abundant lymphocytes.
white pulp