A&P Ch. 26- Pearson
What hormone reduces blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting nearly all events that promote vasoconstriction and sodium ion and water retention? A. thyroxine B. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) C. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) D. aldosterone
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
If the thyroid and parathyroid glands are surgically removed, which of the following would go out of balance without replacement therapy? A. anion levels B. calcium ion levels C. sodium ion levels D. potassium ion levels
calcium ion levels
Mary finds that she regularly retains water at a certain point in the menstrual cycle. Which of the following is chemically similar to aldosterone, and like aldosterone, enhances NaCl reabsorption in the renal tubules? A. progesterone B. luteinizing hormone C. estrogen D. follicle-stimulating hormone
estrogen
The body's water volume is closely tied to the level of which of the following ions? A. potassium ions B. hydrogen ions C. calcium ions D. sodium ions
sodium ions
A disorder entailing deficient aldosterone production by the adrenal cortex.
Addison's disease
Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid.
Aldosterone
Fluid loss, either the loss of water or the loss of water and solutes together.
Dehydration
An atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space.
Edema
Which of the following statements is true regarding fluid shifts? A. There are always more positive electrolytes than negative in a solution; it is therefore impossible to follow fluid shifts. B. Nonelectrolytes are the controlling factor in directing fluid shifts. C. Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts. D. Electrolytes are not as important as proteins in regulating fluid shifts in the body.
Electrolytes have greater osmotic power than nonelectrolytes and therefore have the greatest ability to cause fluid shifts.
Which of the following describes the distribution of sodium and potassium between cells and body fluids? A. K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids B. little of either in the cells, but large amounts of each in the body fluids C. equal amounts of each ion in the cells and body fluids D. Na+ mainly in the cells, K+ in the body fluids
K+ mainly in the cells, Na+ in the body fluids
A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances.
Hyponatremia
Possibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus.
Metabolic acidosis
Possibly caused by vomiting, use of diuretics, or use of antacids.
Metabolic alkalosis
Possibly occurring with emphysema, extreme obesity, or narcotic overdose.
Respiratory acidosis
Possibly caused by asthma, pneumonia, or a severe panic attack.
Respiratory alkalosis
The term hypotonic hydration refers to ________. A. the feeling one might have after profuse sweating with exertion B. the unpleasant feeling people have after drinking too much liquor C. a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water D. a condition that is caused by high levels of sodium in the extracellular fluid compartment
a condition that may result from renal insufficiency or drinking extraordinary amounts of water
Respiratory acidosis can occur when ________. A. the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions B. a person consumes excessive amounts of antacids C. a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction D. a runner has completed a very long marathon
a person's breathing is shallow due to obstruction
One of the major physiological factors that triggers thirst is ________. A. a rise in plasma osmolality B. becoming overly agitated C. a dry mouth from high temperatures D. drinking caffeinated beverages
a rise in plasma osmolality
Which of the choices below exerts primary control over sodium levels in the body? A. glucocorticoids B. aldosterone C. water levels D. ADH
aldosterone
Which of the following hormones is important in the regulation of sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid? A. aldosterone B. antidiuretic hormone C. renin D. erythropoietin
aldosterone
Which of the following does NOT depend on the presence of electrolytes? A. maintenance of osmotic relations between cells and extracellular fluid B. neuromuscular excitability C. amount of body fat D. membrane polarity
amount of body fat
Total body water is NOT a function of which of the following? A. amount of body fat B. age C. body mass D. amount of water ingested
amount of water ingested
Molecules that can act reversibly as acids or bases depending upon the pH of their environment are called ________. A. volatile B. metabolic C. compensatory D. amphoteric
amphoteric
Which of the choices below is NOT an essential role of salts in the body? A. membrane permeability B. secretory activity C. neuromuscular activity D. anabolism of lipids
anabolism of lipids
Which of the following hormones functions to increase water reabsorption by inserting aquaporins into the principal cell apical membranes? A. aldosterone B. atrial natriuretic peptide C. antidiuretic hormone D. progesterone
antidiuretic hormone
The term alkaline reserve is used to describe the ________ buffer system. A. phosphate B. protein C. bicarbonate D. hemoglobin
bicarbonate
Which of the following is NOT a method for regulating the hydrogen ion concentration in blood? A. respiratory changes B. renal mechanisms C. chemical buffers D. diet
diet
Which of the following is NOT a disorder of water balance? A. excess water in interstitial spaces due to a low level of plasma proteins B. edema or tissue swelling, which is usually due to an increased capillary hydrostatic pressure C. hypotonic hydration, in which sodium content is normal but water content is high D. excessive hydration due to excess atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion
excessive hydration due to excess atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion
Annie has just eaten a large order of heavily salted french fries, some pickled eggs, and some cheese. How will consuming this much salt affect her physiology? A. She will experience hypotension. B. It will cause a prolonged increase in the osmolality of the blood. C. There will be a temporary increase in blood volume. D. There will be a shift in the pH of her body fluids to the higher side of the pH scale.
here will be a temporary increase in blood volume.
For bulk flow across capillary walls, ________. A. fluid runs into lymphatic capillaries that empty into the interstitial space B. hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial space returns fluid to the capillary C. hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space D. osmotic pressure of plasma proteins pulls fluid from the capillary into the interstitial space
hydrostatic pressure of blood forces nearly protein-free plasma out of the blood into the interstitial space
The most important force causing net outward water flow across capillary walls is ________. A. hydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid B. hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood C. osmotic pressure of plasma proteins D. intracellular hydrostatic pressure
hydrostatic pressure of capillary blood
After completing a marathon on a particularly warm day, Dave consumes four liters of water. Soon after, he begins to feel nauseous and starts vomiting. What is likely happening to Dave? A. obligatory water loss B. dehydration C. hyponatremia; very low extracellular sodium ion concentration D. hypoproteinemia; unusually low levels of plasma proteins
hyponatremia; very low extracellular sodium ion concentration
Which of the following is NOT a trigger for juxtaglomerular granular cells to release renin? A. decreased stretch of the granular cells of the afferent arterioles B. increased extracellular fluid water levels C. sympathetic stimulation D. decreased filtrate NaCl concentration
increased extracellular fluid water levels
An illness causes Doug to experience severe diarrhea and an accompanying loss of bicarbonate-rich secretions. How can this metabolic acidosis be compensated? A. increased respiratory rate and depth B. hypoventilation C. enhanced sodium ion loss in urine D. increased renin secretion
increased respiratory rate and depth
The regulation of potassium balance ________. A. is not linked to sodium balance B. involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium C. is accomplished mainly by hepatic mechanisms D. includes renal secretion, but never absorption
involves aldosterone-induced secretion of potassium
The regulation of sodium ________. A. is due to specific sodium receptors in the hypothalamus B. involves hypothalamic osmoreceptor detection of ion concentration C. involves aldosterone, a hormone that increases sodium excretion in the kidneys D. is linked to blood pressure
is linked to blood pressure
The movement of fluids between cellular compartments ________. A. requires active transport B. always involves filtration C. requires ATP for the transport to take place D. is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
is regulated by osmotic and hydrostatic forces
In a car accident, Jane suffered a chest injury that resulted in impaired breathing and respiratory acidosis. How will her body compensate for this imbalance? A. kidneys eliminate carbon dioxide B. kidneys eliminate bicarbonate ions C. kidneys retain bicarbonate ions D. kidneys retain hydrogen ions
kidneys retain bicarbonate ions
Blood analysis indicates a low pH, and the patient is breathing rapidly. Given your knowledge of acid-base balance, which of the following is most likely? A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic alkalosis D. metabolic acidosis
metabolic acidosis
A patient is breathing slowly and blood pH analysis indicates an abnormally high value. What is the likely diagnosis? A. metabolic acidosis B. respiratory acidosis C. respiratory alkalosis D. metabolic alkalosis
metabolic alkalosis
When antidiuretic hormone (ADH) levels are low ________. A. nearly all of the filtered water is reabsorbed B. aquaporins are inserted into the principal cell apical membranes C. most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed D. a small volume of concentrated urine is excreted
most of the water reaching the collecting ducts is not reabsorbed
Insufficient parathyroid hormone production in the body could result in ________. A. kidney stones B. muscle twitching C. muscle weakness D. cardiac arrhythmia
muscle twitching
Which of the following is not a chemical buffer system? A. nucleic acid B. bicarbonate C. protein D. phosphate
nucleic acid
The fluid link between the external and internal environment is ________. A. intracellular fluid B. plasma C. interstitial fluid D. cerebrospinal fluid
plasma
Whereas sodium is found mainly in the extracellular fluid, most ________ is found in the intracellular fluid. A. potassium B. iron C. bicarbonate D. chloride
potassium
The single most important factor influencing potassium ion secretion is ________. A. potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid B. the potassium ion content in the renal tubule cells C. intracellular sodium levels D. the pH of the intracellular fluid
potassium ion concentration in extracellular fluid
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a hormone that is made in the atria of the heart. The influence of this hormone is to ________. A. enhance atrial contractions B. reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention C. activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism D. prevent pH changes caused by organic acids
reduce blood pressure and blood volume by inhibiting sodium and water retention
A falling blood pH and a rising partial pressure of carbon dioxide due to pneumonia or emphysema indicates ________. A. respiratory acidosis B. respiratory alkalosis C. metabolic acidosis D. metabolic alkalosis
respiratory acidosis
Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent? A. respiratory alkalosis B. metabolic alkalosis C. respiratory acidosis D.metabolic acidosis
respiratory alkalosis
The maintenance of the proper pH of the body fluids may be the result of ________. A. the operation of the various buffer systems in the stomach B. the active secretion of OH- into the filtrate by the kidney tubule cells C. control of the acids produced in the stomach D. the control of respiratory ventilation
the control of respiratory ventilation
Falling arterial blood pressure promotes ________. A. enhanced water loss in urine B. enhanced sodium ion loss in urine C. vasodilation D. vasoconstriction
vasoconstriction