A&P chapter 1 HW (connect)

Charged particles, like Na+ and Cl-, flow down _______ gradients when ion channels are open.

electrical

Which of the following ovarian hormones is involved in a positive feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

estrogen

Species of living organism will all demonstrate ______ over time as a result of gene mutations and rate of success with the environment.

evolution

Dynamic equilibrium can be described as having a certain set point for a given variable where internal conditions remain constant at this point.

false

Every member of the same species has the exact same anatomical structure.

false

The definition of ____ can be interpreted as meeting a set of criteria including: organizations cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution

life

Which of the following hormones is released by the anterior pituitary as a part of that positive feedback loop between it and the ovary?

luteinizing hormone

In order to carry out many of the other characteristics of life, organisms must exhibit _______. This is the ability to bring in nutrients, produce energy, build necessary components, and eliminate waste products.

metabolism

Two or more atoms make up a(n) ________ and are exemplified by groups of macromolecules known as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

molecule

The concept that some individuals within a species have a hereditary advantage over their competitors that enables them to produce more offspring is called ______.

natural selection

The digestive organs are an example of a(n) ______ ________ in that they are multiple, different organs working together to carry out a similar function.

organ system

Together, molecules form much larger complexes like mitochondria, lysosomes, and centrioles. These are collectively referred to as __________.

organelles

A complete, single _______ represents the largest division of hierarchical organization.

organism

Place in order from most complex to least complex of the human body's structural hierarchy.

organism organ system organ tissue cell organelle macromolecule molecule atom

All living things exhibit _______ or complexity far greater than their inanimate surrounds. The inability to maintain this characteristic of life leads to disease and death.

organization

Multiple, different tissue types working together are called ______.

organs

Which of the following hormones is released by the corpus lute after ovulation and causes a negative feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

progesterone

The ability to make additional copies of themselves describes the necessary life characteristic of __________.

reproduction

All living things must also be able to interact with their respective environments and are thus said to display _________.

responsiveness

Entero

small intestines

Natr

sodium

CT:

- a computer analyses signals from the sector and produces an image of a "slice" of the body about as thin as a coin - also a CAT scan

Failure to identify complete situs inverses could have negative consequences when _______. Check all that apply.

- diagnosing appendicits - auscultating heart valves - recording and ECG

Which of the following statements describes the holism theory?

- human beings are more than the sum of their parts - it would be difficult to predict the workings of a car merely by looking at its transmission - a patient's perceptions, emotional responses to life, and confidence in the nurse, therapist, or physician profoundly affect the outcome of treatment - psychological factors often play a greater role in a patient's recovery than the physical treatments administered

Which of the following statements accurately describes homeostasis?

the body has the ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and maintain relatively stable internal conditions

Which of the following important breakthroughs in biomedical history stemmed from the work of Hooke and Leeuwenhoek?

the cell theory

Hepat

liver

The movement of blood from the heart throughout the arteries is due to a ________ gradient.

pressure

Gastro

stomach

The smallest particle with unique chemical properties, called ______, are composed of neutrons and protons in a centralized nucleus with electrons in surrounding concentric clouds.

atoms

The smallest unit of life is the _____, which is comprised of multiple organelles and macromolecules.

cell

Made up of the simplest structures meeting the criteria of life, _______ ________ is a requirement of all living things.

cellular composition

Dissolved in solution, chemicals move from areas of high to low __________.

concentration

Characterized by both differentiation and growth, ________ is the characteristic of life that explains increased size and functional complexity.

development

Cardi

heart

Which of the following statements best describes a scientific theory?

- it is the result of inductive reasoning, based on repeated and confirmed observations - it is a generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave - it is information that can be independently verified by a trained individual - it is a summary of conclusions drawn from a large body of observed facts

Normal (organ system) physiology:

- learning how the kidneys maintain long term blood pressure - studying the skin's role in promoting calcium absorption - study of how the nervous system conducts impulses - studying how the liver cells detoxify the blood

Which of the following is/are examples of evolution? Check all that apply.

- natural forces that promote reproductive success - bacterial resistance to antibiotics - the emergence of new species of organism

X-Ray:

- roentgenogram - overlapping organs can interfere with interpretation - most common medical imaging technique

Which of the following is/are true regarding variations of human physiology? Check all that apply.

- the physiological function of organ systems can be different due to age - men and women vary in their physiology - failure to recognize variations in physiology can lead to medical mistakes

Positive feedback:

- this feedback is an increasing, amplifying, or magnifying process - this feedback produces a rapid "climactic event" - stretching the cervix indirectly causes the uterus to contract with more force, causing greater stretch of the cervix - good grades in school produces compliments and family pressure to continue this success, resulting in greater levels of academic success - platelets in the blood adhere to a recent cut in the skin and release chemicals, which cause additional platelets to adhere to the wound

Negative feedback:

- this feedback negates or reverses a trend - decreasing levels of blood calcium cause parathyroid hormone to be released, resulting in the increase of blood calcium levels - decreasing blood pressure indirectly causes widespread vasoconstriction, resulting in a rise in blood pressure

Choose the statement where an incorrect spelling results in a different anatomical structure.

- trapezius spelled as trapezium - occipitals spelled as occipital - ileum spelled as ilium - malleus spelled as malleolus

Comparative physiology:

- type of physiology used to develop new drugs - studied because it is not practical to use human subjects - type of physiology used to develop new medical procedures - studying the process of how different species reproduce

Pathophysiology:

- understanding Parkinson disease - learning how excess acid production leads to ulcer formation - studying how increased plaque formation leads to high blood pressure - studying the effects of overeating and the development of diabetes

Sonography:

- uses high-frequency sound waves - large advantages are portability, inexpensive equipment, and safety

MRI:

- uses magnetism - a much safer alternative to radioactivity techniques - allows high quality images through extremely dense structures like bones

Positive feedback to regain homeostasis (in pregnancy).

1. The head of the fetus pushes against the cervix. 2. Nerve impulses from the cervix are transmitted to the brain. 3. The brain stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin. 4. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction and pushes the fetus toward the cervix.

A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, or temperature between one point and another is called a _______.

gradient

A physiological _______ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another.

gradient

Which of the following is not an accomplishment of Andreas Vesalius?

he was hailed the father of experimental physiology

In interacting with their respectively often dynamically and radically changing environments, living things must be able to maintain a relative _________, or set of stable internal conditions.

homeostasis

Heat flows from warm areas to cool areas down a _______ gradient.

thermal

Collections of cells performing a similar function are called ______. They are divided into four major categories: connective, nervous, epithelial, and muscular.

tissues

A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses and change, and activates mechanisms to reverse that change.

true

A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle where a physiology change leads to even greater change in the same direction.

true

Estrogen has a positive-feedback effect on GnRH and LH.

true

Progesterone has a negative-feedback effect on GnRH and LH.

true