A&P Chapter 7 Connect

Which statements characterize central canals of osteons?

-They contain nerves. -They contain blood vessels. -They are a cylindrical channel.

Osteoprogenitor cells

-are stem cells -produce a cell that becomes an osteoblast

Choose the bones produced through intramembranous ossification

-flat bones of the skull -mandible -maxilla

Which organs are protected by bones?

-heart -lungs -reproductive organs -brain

Serotonin is a

-hormone -neurotransmitter

Calcium is required for :

-initiation of muscle contraction -stimulation of the heart -blood clotting

Which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone?

-it contains no osteons -It contains parallel lamellae

Which statements characterize the functions of cartilage?

-it covers the ends of long bones -It provides a model for the formation of bones

Rickets is caused by a vitamin ____ deficiency.

D

Ultraviolet light converts cholesterol into Vitamin

D

Bone has a poor supply of blood vessels.

FALSE

Mature cartilage is well vascularized.

FALSE

Typically bones of athletes become noticeably thinner as a result of repetitive and stressful exercise.

FALSE

The continual deposition of new bone tissue and the removal of old bone tissue is called

bone remodeling

In a bone fracture repair, a fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced with a

boney callus

Which hormone promotes calcium deposition in bone and inhibits osteoclast activity?

calcitonin

Most of the body's reserves of ____ and ____ are stored and released by bone.

calcium and phosphate

Bone is a type of _____ tissue.

connective

The elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone is called its

diaphysis

How does cartilage receive its nutrients?

diffusion through the matrix

Bone remodeling begins during

embryologic development

Which statements describe the inorganic components of the matrix of bone?

-it gives the bone its hardness -It contains hydroxyapatite crystals

Which statements characterize lamellar bone?

-it is also called secondary bone -It becomes the compact bone of flat bones -It becomes the spongy bone of flat bones

Which statements are true of hyaline cartilage?

-it is avascular -It contains chondroblasts

Which statements describe the matrix of bone?

-it is harder than the matrix of cartilage -It is composed of organic and inorganic substances

Which statements characterize bone remodeling?

-it occurs at the periosteal and endosteal surfaces of a bone -It can be stimulated by stress on a bone -It helps maintain calcium and phosphate levels in body fluids

Which statements correctly describe the effects of aging on the skeletal system?

-its ability to produce the organic portion of bone matrix decreases -the tensile strength of bone decreases

Which statements characterize the innervation of bone?

-nerves innervate bone as well as the periosteum, endosperm, and marrow cavity -nerves of bone accompany the blood vessels

Which statements characterize the effects of exercise on bones?

-regular weight-bearing exercise can increase total bone mass -exercise increases the production of the hormone calcitonin -exercise promotes bone remodeling

Which are examples of flat bones?

-the breast bone (sternum) -bones of the roof of the skull -shoulder blade bones

Long bones include :

-the thigh bone -the bones of the fingers -the bones of the palm -the bones of the toes

Which statements characterize perforating canals of bone?

-they contain blood vessels and nerves -they connect multiple central canals -they run perpendicular to central canals

Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?

-they contain collagen fibers -they are rings of bone tissue -their numbers vary among osteons

Which statements characterize canaliculi?

-they contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions -they extend from lacunae to lacunae -nutrients pass through them

Place the following steps in order to summarize interstitial growth of cartilage.

1. Chondrocyte in lacuna undergoes mitosis 2. two cells occupy one lacuna 3. two cells in one lacuna begin to produce new matrix

Place the following steps of endochondral ossification in the correct order.

1. Hyaline cartilage model develops 2. periosteal bone collar forms 3. primary ossification center appears 4. secondary ossification centers appear 5. epiphyseal plates become epiphyseal lines

Match the fracture type to its description : 1. Greenstick 2. Linear 3. Oblique 4. Transverse

1. Partial fracture; convex side of bone breaks and the other side is bent 2. Fracture parallel to the long axis of bone 3. Diagonal fracture at an angle between linear and transverse 4. Fracture at right angles to the long axis of the bone

1. Avulsion 2. Comminuted 3. Complete 4. Compression

1. complete severing of body part 2. bone is splintered into several small pieces between the main parts 3. bone is broken into two or more pieces 4. bone is squashed as in a vertebra during a fall

Order the stages of fracture repair.

1. fracture hematoma 2. fibrocartilaginous callus 3. bony callus 4. bone is remodeled

Place the following steps in order to summarize appositional growth of cartilage.

1. stem cells in the perichondrium undergo mitosis 2. comminuted cells become chondroblasts 3. new matrix is produced at the periphery of the cartilage

Place the zones of epiphyseal plate in their correct order. Start with the zone closest to the epiphysis.

1. zone of resting cartilage 2. zone of proliferating cartilage 3. zone of hypertrophic cartilage 4. zone of calcified cartilage 5. zone of ossification

A simple bone fracture typically takes how long to heal?

2 to 3 months

In the repair of a simple fracture, the fibrocartilaginous callus stage lasts at least

3 weeks

_______ is produced in the thyroid gland and has the greatest effect on children's blood calcium levels.

Calcitonin

______ are large phagocytic cells found in bone.

Osteoclasts

Osteitis deformans is also called

Paget disease

A fracture at the distal end of the fibula and malleolus of the tibia is specifically called a

Potts fracture

Bone growth begins during embryologic development.

TRUE

By age 25, most epiphyseal plates have ossified and lengthwise bone growth has stopped.

TRUE

The epiphyseal plate is composed of cartilage.

TRUE

Abnormal conversion of hyaline cartilage to bone is called

achondroplasia

Glucocorticoids are released from the

adrenal cortex

A bone's growth in diameter is called _______ growth.

appositional

growth along the periphery of cartilage is called _______ growth

appositional

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering an epiphysis of a long bone is called

articular cartilage

Tiny channels that connect lacunae in an osteon are called

canaliculi

Spongy bone is also called

cancellous bone

Rings of bone directly internal to the periosteum of a bone are called external ______ lamellae.

circumferential

An osteon is the basic functional and structural microscopic unit of

compact bone

The external surface of short bones consists of ____ bone while the interior consists of _____ bone.

compact; spongy

In a ______ fracture, one or both ends of a broken bone pierce the overlying skin.

compound

Rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal of an osteon are called

concentric lamellae

Osteoporosis is a disease of

decreased bone mass

The bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced through

endochondral ossification

An incomplete layer of cells that lines the medullary cavity of a bone is called

endosteum

Which structure replaces the epiphyseal plate?

epiphyseal line

Lengthwise bone growth is complete when

epiphyseal lines form

Achondroplastic dwarfism is caused by the failure of cell division in the

epiphyseal plate

The secondary ossification centers form in the _____ of long bones.

epiphyses

The expanded end of a long bone is called the

epiphysis

Which hormones promote the epiphyseal plate growth and closure?

estrogen and testosterone

Which bones are produced by intramembranous ossification?

flat bones of the skull

A blood clot within a bone fracture is called a

fracture hematoma

Breaks in bones are called

fractures

bones provide structural support for the body by serving as a ______ for the entire body

framework

During bone development, the liver releases somatomedin in response to _____ hormone.

growth

Which hormone stimulates the liver to produce somatomedin, which ultimately results in bone elongation?

growth hormone

The process of blood cell production is called

hemopoiesis

Donor bone marrow is commonly harvested from the

iliac crest (hip bone)

In intramembranous ossification, ossification centers first appear

in regions of mesenchyme

High levels of cortisol _____ bone loss.

increase

When osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, bone mass

increases

A long bone's growth in length is called

interstitial growth

Growth from within cartilage is called

interstitial growth

Leftover parts of osteons that have been partially resorbed are called

interstitial lamellae

Bone growth within a membrane is called

intramembranous ossification

Based on shape, bones that have elaborate complex shapes are classified as

irregular bones

Which is a function of cartilage?

it attaches the ribs to the sternum

Chondrocytes occupy small spaces called

lacunae

In intramembranous ossification, what replaces woven bone?

lamellar bone

____ connects bone to bone

ligaments

One bone is supplied by

many blood vessels

The cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the

medullary cavity

The region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and the epiphysis is the

metaphysis

Another name for the calcification of bone is

mineralization

An osteoblast is an example of which type of component of bone?

organic component

Which components of bone matrix provides its tensile strength?

organic components

The process of bone formation is called

ossification

Bone resorption is a function of

osteoclasts

Mature bone cells sitting in lacunae are called

osteocytes

When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called

osteocytes

Decreased bone mass can cause a disease called

osteoporosis

Calcitonin is produced by the _____ cells in the thyroid gland.

parafollicular

A fracture in a vertebra due to the presence of osteoporosis is an example of a

pathologic factor

A tough fibrous layer covering the outer surface of a long bone is called

periosteum

The mineral ____, stored within bone, is a component of ATP and phospholipids.

phosphate

The region in the diaphysis of a long bone where bone replaces cartilage through endochondral ossification is called the ______ ossification center; it is the first major center of bone formation.

primary

Osteoblasts function to

produce osteoid

Which is a function of bone?

protection of organs

Anemia is a disease of low oxygen delivery to tissues. This is sometimes the result of a low number of

red blood cells

Which tissue is responsible for the production of blood cells?

red bone marrow

The organic components of bone provide

resistance to stretching

In endochondral ossification, _____ ossification centers form in the epiphyses of long bones.

secondary

Groups of bones serve as attachment sites for

skeletal muscles

Cancellous or trabecular bone is also called

spongy bone

A major role of thyroid hormone in bone remodeling is to

stimulate bone growth by influencing the basal metabolic rate of bone cells

The role of estrogen and testosterone on maintenance and bone growth is to

stimulate osteoblasts and promote epiphyseal plate growth and closure

What type of fracture is a thin break caused by recent increased physical activity in which the bone experiences repetitive loads?

stress fracture

Which is an example of an irregular bone?

vertebrae

In intramembranous ossification, newly formed bone that is immature and not well organized is called

woven bone