anatomy 5

When the arrector pili muscles contract,

"goose bumps" are formed.

Choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial). 1. stratum lucidum 2. stratum basale 3. stratum corneum 4. stratum granulosum 5. stratum spinosum

2, 5, 4, 1, 3

What is the function of melanin?

It protects DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.

Which is the most logical reason for an elderly person's higher potential to be prone to skin infections, compared to a younger person?

Stem cell activity in the epidermis declines in the elderly.

When a person becomes "pale," what is the physiologic basis?

The blood supply to the skin decreases.

A "rug burn," which scrapes the skin, is an example of a(n)

abrasion

The condition that results from clogged sebaceous glands is

acne.

The glands that begin discharging a sticky, cloudy, and potentially odorous secretion at puberty are called ________ glands.

apocrine

n other mammals, the ________ glands function as scent glands, providing an important form of communication.

apocrine

The subcutaneous layer consists of

areolar and adipose tissues.

Shafts of hair are comprised of

dead keratinized epidermal cells.

The dermis is composed largely of

dense irregular connective

Projections of loose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between the adjacent ridges of the epidermis, are called ________.

dermal papillae

The highly vascular layer of the skin, which provides thermoregulation via changing blood flow, is the

dermis

Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the

dermis.

When the body is overheated, the skin responds by

dilating blood vessels

The walls of each hair follicle contain all the cell layers found in which of the following?

epidermis

Thin skin is defined by the thickness of the

epidermis

Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the cutaneous membrane?

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

Through which mechanism does perspiration function in cooling the body?

evaporation

During skin repair, most of the scab consists of an insoluble network of ________, a protein that forms from blood proteins during the clotting response.

fibrin

Which type of burn appears inflamed and feels tender but has no blisters

first-degree

A burn that destroys only the superficial cells of the epidermis, such as a mild sunburn, is classified as

first-degree.

Hair is formed by the repeated divisions of epithelial stem cells in which structure?

hair matrix

Through which cellular interactions are the cells of the stratum basale firmly attached to the plasma membrane?

hemidesmosomes

The lipid in oil glands is released through which type of secretion?

holocrine

The loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the

hypodermis or subcutaneous layer.

Which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae?

increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis

Perspiration that is produced by apocrine sweat glands

is limited to the hair follicles of the axilla, nipples, and groin.

A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a(n)

keloid

The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called ________.

keratin

The pale crescent area of the nail is called the

lanula

Modified and specialized sweat glands that produce milk are called ________ glands.

mammary

In albinism, ________ is lacking.

melanin

The observed differences in skin color reflect the levels of ________ production.

melanin

The most severe type of skin cancer is most likely to develop from

melanocytes.

Which of the following conditions is the most common form of skin cancer?

basal cell carcinoma

The nail ________ covers the nail bed.

body

Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light

can slowly increase melanocyte activity.

The skin may turn orange as a result of ________ buildup.

carotene

Glands that are located in the passageway of the external ear are called ________ glands.

ceruminous

The skin is also called the ________ membrane.

cutaneous

Drugs suspended in ________ or ________ can be carried across the plasma membranes of the epidermal cells.

oils; lipid-soluble solvents

Thick skin can be found on the

palms and soles of feet

The reticular layer's collagen fibers directly provide which function?

prevent damage to the tissue

Which of the following is the function of hair associated with a nerve fiber?

provides an early-warning system that may help prevent injury

Functions of the skin include

regulating body temperature.

Merocrine sweat glands

respond primarily to elevated body temperature.

A small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because it

stimulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the epidermis

The deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the

stratum basale

The layer of the epidermis at the exposed surface is the

stratum corneum.

The epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin is the

stratum granulosum.

As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,

they die

The type of burn that injures the hypodermis, deeper tissues, and organs is a(n)

third-degree burn.

Melanin serves to protect cells in the deeper layers of the epidermis from ________.

ultraviolet radiation

Epidermal cells synthesize this vitamin when exposed to sunlight.

vitamin D3

During the regeneration process of the skin after an injury, what is the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network called?

granulation tissue

The hypodermis

is quite elastic.

The ________ layer of the skin contains bundles of collagen fibers and elastin, and is responsible for the mechanical strength and flexibility of the skin.

reticular

is a pigment found in vegetables that can make skin appear orange or yellow.

Carotene

The fold of stratum corneum over the base of a nail is called the

cuticle.

Why are injections administered in the hypodermis when administering drugs using a hypodermic needle?

There are no vital organs in the region.

What is the composition of the papillary layer of the dermis?

areolar connective tissue

Nerve fibers in the dermis most likely function in

controlling blood flow to the dermis and epidermis.

The blood supply to the skin arises from a network of blood vessels called the ________ plexus in the hypodermis, at its border with the reticular layer of the dermis.

cutaneous