anatomy 5
When the arrector pili muscles contract,
"goose bumps" are formed.
Choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial). 1. stratum lucidum 2. stratum basale 3. stratum corneum 4. stratum granulosum 5. stratum spinosum
2, 5, 4, 1, 3
What is the function of melanin?
It protects DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation.
Which is the most logical reason for an elderly person's higher potential to be prone to skin infections, compared to a younger person?
Stem cell activity in the epidermis declines in the elderly.
When a person becomes "pale," what is the physiologic basis?
The blood supply to the skin decreases.
A "rug burn," which scrapes the skin, is an example of a(n)
abrasion
The condition that results from clogged sebaceous glands is
acne.
The glands that begin discharging a sticky, cloudy, and potentially odorous secretion at puberty are called ________ glands.
apocrine
n other mammals, the ________ glands function as scent glands, providing an important form of communication.
apocrine
The subcutaneous layer consists of
areolar and adipose tissues.
Shafts of hair are comprised of
dead keratinized epidermal cells.
The dermis is composed largely of
dense irregular connective
Projections of loose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between the adjacent ridges of the epidermis, are called ________.
dermal papillae
The highly vascular layer of the skin, which provides thermoregulation via changing blood flow, is the
dermis
Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the
dermis.
When the body is overheated, the skin responds by
dilating blood vessels
The walls of each hair follicle contain all the cell layers found in which of the following?
epidermis
Thin skin is defined by the thickness of the
epidermis
Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the cutaneous membrane?
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
Through which mechanism does perspiration function in cooling the body?
evaporation
During skin repair, most of the scab consists of an insoluble network of ________, a protein that forms from blood proteins during the clotting response.
fibrin
Which type of burn appears inflamed and feels tender but has no blisters
first-degree
A burn that destroys only the superficial cells of the epidermis, such as a mild sunburn, is classified as
first-degree.
Hair is formed by the repeated divisions of epithelial stem cells in which structure?
hair matrix
Through which cellular interactions are the cells of the stratum basale firmly attached to the plasma membrane?
hemidesmosomes
The lipid in oil glands is released through which type of secretion?
holocrine
The loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the
hypodermis or subcutaneous layer.
Which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae?
increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis
Perspiration that is produced by apocrine sweat glands
is limited to the hair follicles of the axilla, nipples, and groin.
A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a(n)
keloid
The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called ________.
keratin
The pale crescent area of the nail is called the
lanula
Modified and specialized sweat glands that produce milk are called ________ glands.
mammary
In albinism, ________ is lacking.
melanin
The observed differences in skin color reflect the levels of ________ production.
melanin
The most severe type of skin cancer is most likely to develop from
melanocytes.
Which of the following conditions is the most common form of skin cancer?
basal cell carcinoma
The nail ________ covers the nail bed.
body
Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light
can slowly increase melanocyte activity.
The skin may turn orange as a result of ________ buildup.
carotene
Glands that are located in the passageway of the external ear are called ________ glands.
ceruminous
The skin is also called the ________ membrane.
cutaneous
Drugs suspended in ________ or ________ can be carried across the plasma membranes of the epidermal cells.
oils; lipid-soluble solvents
Thick skin can be found on the
palms and soles of feet
The reticular layer's collagen fibers directly provide which function?
prevent damage to the tissue
Which of the following is the function of hair associated with a nerve fiber?
provides an early-warning system that may help prevent injury
Functions of the skin include
regulating body temperature.
Merocrine sweat glands
respond primarily to elevated body temperature.
A small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because it
stimulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the epidermis
The deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the
stratum basale
The layer of the epidermis at the exposed surface is the
stratum corneum.
The epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin is the
stratum granulosum.
As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,
they die
The type of burn that injures the hypodermis, deeper tissues, and organs is a(n)
third-degree burn.
Melanin serves to protect cells in the deeper layers of the epidermis from ________.
ultraviolet radiation
Epidermal cells synthesize this vitamin when exposed to sunlight.
vitamin D3
During the regeneration process of the skin after an injury, what is the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network called?
granulation tissue
The hypodermis
is quite elastic.
The ________ layer of the skin contains bundles of collagen fibers and elastin, and is responsible for the mechanical strength and flexibility of the skin.
reticular
is a pigment found in vegetables that can make skin appear orange or yellow.
Carotene
The fold of stratum corneum over the base of a nail is called the
cuticle.
Why are injections administered in the hypodermis when administering drugs using a hypodermic needle?
There are no vital organs in the region.
What is the composition of the papillary layer of the dermis?
areolar connective tissue
Nerve fibers in the dermis most likely function in
controlling blood flow to the dermis and epidermis.
The blood supply to the skin arises from a network of blood vessels called the ________ plexus in the hypodermis, at its border with the reticular layer of the dermis.
cutaneous