Animal Nutrition FINAL
Feed intake in fish ___
Can be impacted by body size
Glycolipids are esters of fatty acids with an alcohol that contains a ___ unit
Carbohydrate
The synthesis of ___ from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids is called "gluconeogenesis"
Carbohydrates (glucose)
Which of the following is a component of amino acids
Carboxyl group + amino group
Which of the following shows the correct anatomical order of mucosal tissue lining the stomach from the esophagus
Cardiac-Fundus-Pylori
Cellulose is digested by the action of enzyme called ___ , which is produced by rumen or gut microflora
Cellulase
All of the following hormones decrease the feed intake of animals, except (gastrin, ghrelin, peptide YY (PYY), glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP 1))
Ghrelin
During ___ , glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids
Gluconeogenesis
Complete starch digestion in the small intestine will result in production of ___ that can be absorbed by brush border (intestinal epithelial cells)
Glucose
Lactose is disaccharide with 1 molecule of ___ and 1 molecule of galactose
Glucose
Monosaccharide units of sucrose
Glucose + Fructose
Pyruvate is produced during glycolysis of glucose and enter ___ in mitochondria for production of ATP
Krebs cycle
Which of the following reactions occur in mitochondria
Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
For inclusion of a certain feedstuff in the diet, ___ of that should be considered
Levels of toxins, Palatability, Cost
T/F The "parietal cells (oxyntic cells)" of stomach produce hydrochloric acid (HCl)
True
T/F The NRC feeding standards do not factor the individual differences among animals
True
T/F The best time for feeding young animals with colostrum is within a few hours after birth
True
T/F The higher the caloric density of diet the lower the feed intake
True
T/F The rumen pH in ruminants can be maintained at appropriate levels with contribution of saliva, which functions as a strong buffer
True
T/F Triglycerides are the storage form of fat in animal's body
True
T/F Urea cycle mainly occurs in the liver and is a process for the removal of ammonia from the body
True
T/F Vitamin B6 is important for making red blood cells
True
T/F Vitamin B6 is required for protein and amino acid metabolism
True
T/F Vitamin B6 plays a role in function of insulin
True
All of the following digestive enzymes are produced by the small intestine, except (trypsinogen, maltase, lactase, sucrase)
Trypsinogen
Which of the following is an energy-producing nutrient
(All) Protein, Carbohydrate, Lipid
The physical and chemical properties of triglycerides are influenced by
1. Chain length of the fatty acids 2. Number of double bonds in the fatty acids
The amino acid composition of proteins is influenced by
1. Genetic mutations 2. Protein source (animal vs. plant)
Which of the following influence the animal's nutrient requirements
1. The level of production 2. Age of the animal
Which of the following is the product of bacterial fermentation of feed in cecum and colon
1. Volatile fatty acids 2. Some of amino acids and vitamins
Vitamin A deficiency can cause
1. Xeropthalmia 2. Exophthalmia 3. Night blindness
International units are used to express the requirements of vitamin
A
The enzyme rennin is
A proteolytic enzyme
Amino acids are absorbed to small intestine through
Active transport
Leptin is secreted from ___ and ___ feed intake
Adipose tissue - decreases
Which of the following is classified as a nutrient (vitamins, inorganic elements, water)
All of the above
Which of the following molecules is classified as "sterol" (cholesterol, vitamin D, bile acids)
All of the above
The digestive enzyme of saliva is named ___ , which digests soluble carbohydrates such as starch
Amylase
Which of the following can influence the feed intake of animals
Animal species, Body weight, Environmental factors
The nutrient requirements of animals are influenced by
Animals species / age / productivity
The deficiency signs of cobalt is similar to deficiency signs of vitamin
B12
Submaxillary salivary glands are located at
Base of tongue
The deficiency of ___ in animal's body will result in decrease in enzyme "Ceruloplasmin" concentration, anemia and a condition called "sway-back"
Copper (Cu)
Trypsinogen is a proenzyme (inactive enzyme), which is converted to its active form -trypsin- by enzyme ___ produced by intestinal mucosa
Enterokinase
T/F Bile is produced in gall bladder
False
T/F Emulsification of fats mainly occurs in the stomach
False
T/F Feed is any edible material that provides nutrients to humans
False
T/F The "nonessential nutrients" are not synthesized in sufficient amount in animal's body so they are required in the diet
False
T/F The enzyme cellulase, which hydrolyzes the glucose-4-beta-glucoside linkage of cellulose is primarily synthesized by intestinal mucosal cells rather than gut microflora
False
T/F The limitation of feeding animals with silage is its low palatability
False
T/F)Omnivores such as pigs have comparatively shorter small intestine than carnivores such as dogs
False
T/F Short-chain fatty acids are converted to triglycerides in intestinal cells before absorption
False, the are absorbed to the portal system in the small intestine
According to "compensatory growth" concept, energy restricted animals will have a ___ growth rate if they are fed with adequate diets
Fast
Which of the following is NOT the product of bacterial fermentation in cecum and colon (water-soluble vitamins, some amino acids, fat-soluble vitamins, volatile fatty acids)
Fat-soluble vitamins
What components do make the triglycerides
Fatty acids and glycerol
Fats can be stored in the body during which cycle
Feast cycle
Sucrase breaks down sucrose to ___ and glucose
Fructose
The ___ of feed samples is measured by bomb calorimeter
Gross energy
All of the following are components of maintenance energy, except (growth, basal metabolism, thermic effect of food, physical activity)
Growth
In stomach, ___ allows the conversion inactive pepsinogen to active pepsin
HCl
Macro- and micro-elements make the ___ compounds of animal feed
Inorganic
The requirements of animals for vitamins A, D, and E are expressed by
International units (IU)
Stillbirths, abortions, resorbed fetuses, dry skin and brittle hair are signs of ___ deficiency
Iodine
Copper deficiency may cause anemia in animals as the copper function is related with metabolism of
Iron
In ruminants, saliva ___
Is the source of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sodium
Nutrient absorption mainly occurs in ___ and ileum segments of small intestine
Jejunum
Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid
Linoleic acid, Arachidonic acid, Linolenic acid
The ___ in an enzyme, which is present in the endothelium (wall) of blood vessels and is involved in digestion of ___
Lipoprotein Lipase - Lipoproteins
All of the following are true digestive organs, except (stomach, small intestine, liver, large intesine)
Liver
Which of the following organs store the highest amount of vitamin A in animal's body
Liver
Which of the following nutrients are inorganic compounds of animal feed (macro-elements, vitamins, micro-elements)
Macro-elements, Micro-elements
Which of the following enzymes is produced in small intestine and is involved in carbohydrate digestion
Maltase
Emulsification of fats by bile can form structures in gastrointestinal tract that are called ___ , which improves the digestion of fats
Micelle
All of the following are organic compounds in animal feed, except (proteins, vitamin, micro-elements, carbohydrates)
Micro-elements
Carbohydrates need to be converted to ___ before they can be absorbed in the small intestine
Monosaccharides
The ___ nutrients can be synthesized in animal's body and are not required to be added in the diet when we keep the animals at the maintenance level
Nonessential
Palatability of feed is influenced by its
Odor, Texture, Temperature
Deformation of bones due to deficiency of calcium in adult animals is called
Osteomalacia
Saliva is secreted from three pairs of glands including 1) ___ , 2) sub-maxillary, 3) sublingual
Parotid
The glucose is transported from intestinal fluid in the gut to capillary cells by ___ mechanisms
Passive diffusion
All of the following are proteolytic enzymes of pancreas, except (pepsin, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidase)
Pepsin
Which of the following is a proteolytic enzyme secreted from the stomach
Pepsin
The ___ cells in fundus region of the stomach produce proteolytic enzymes such as pepsin
Peptic
The ____ cells of the fundus gland region of stomach produce proteolytic enzymes
Peptic (body chief or chief)
Chylomicrons are mix of lipids (triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol) and ___
Proteins
Which of the following organs is usually considered the "true stomach" of birds and is responsible for secretion of gastric juice (crop, proventriculus, gizzard, abomasum)
Proventriculus
The active form of vitamin A is called
Retinol
Chylomicrons leave the enterocytes by ___ and enter the lacteals
Reverse pinocytosis
The ___ is part of enzyme "glutathione peroxidase", which catabolizes the peroxides producing from tissue lipid oxidations
Selenium (Se)
Which of the following hormones stimulates the secretion of IGF-1
Somatotropin
All of the following are associated digestive organs, except (liver, pancreas, salivary glands, stomach)
Stomach
The coenzyme form of vitamin B1 is
TPP
Molybdenum toxicity can cause diarrhea in cattle, a condition which is called
Teart
The palatability of feed is determined by its
Texture, Taste, Odor
T/F Silage is commonly used for dairy cows
True
During moderate nutrients deficiency in pregnancy, mother's body will give
The whole priority to fetus
Which of the following statements is correct about "rennin and pepsin"
They are produced in stomach and have proteolytic functions
The carrier of iron in blood is called
Transferrin
Adipose tissue mainly stores
Triglycerides
T/F Active immunity is acquired from the antibodies produced in the animal's body
True
T/F Amylolytic enzymes are associated with carbohydrates digestion, but lipolytic enzymes are related with lipids digestion
True
T/F Both low temperatures and low humidity increase the feed intake
True
T/F Cardiac and pylori regions of stomach mainly produce mucus to protect the lining of the stomach from gastric secretions
True
T/F Glucagon stimulates the synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources (gluconeogenesis) when the level of blood sugar is low
True
T/F Linear chain of glucose molecules from amylose, while both linear and branched chain of glucose molecules make amylopectin
True
T/F Na-Glucose cotransporters transport the glucose against its concentration gradient from gut lumen to epithelial cells
True
T/F One main product of silage is lactic acid
True
T/F Silage can reduce the amount of toxic materials in forage
True
Cobalt (Co) functions as a component of
Vitamin B12
All of the following can mitigate the lead toxicity, except (vitamin E, vitamin D, iron, calcium)
Vitamin D
Mercury toxicity could be prevented by increasing the level of dietary ___
Vitamin E
The products of digestion of cellulose in the digestive tract are
Volatile fatty acids
The ___ makes up the majority of body composition in adult mammals
Water
Parakeratosis in pig is a sign of ___ deficiency
Zinc (Zn)
Which of the following minerals is required for normal bone formation
Zinc, Copper, Manganese
