Animal Tissues
Areolar (loose)
1)cells are in semi-solid protein matrix 2)cells (fibroblasts) in matrix also secret protein fibers (elastin-thin (stretches easily), collagen-thick(resists stretching)) 3)lots of matrix. Many cells and many irregularly arranged fivers allows a high degree of stretching in many regions.
what are canaliculi?
bone matrix that have tiny channels of interconnected cells that allow for nutrient and gas exchange
what is a unique characteristic of cardiac muscle?
branching of the fibers, found only in the heart.
among all animal possessing tissues, what are the four main groups of tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
(striated) Skeletal Muscles
fibers are long and appear striped (striations). Fibers are multinucleate, fast contracting and under voluntary control.
Squamous
flat cells with irregular outlines length<width or depth
what is the function of connective tissues?
function depends on specific type (support, transport, and immune defense), but all connective tissue directly or indirectly connect together parts or regions of the body
Cardiac muscles
has elements of smooth and skeletal. Cells are short, usually uninucleate (at most 2 nuclei) and involuntary. fibers are striated and fast contracting
what are the three types of cartilage?
hyaline, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
What is the function of nervous tissue?
involved in reception, generation and transmission of electrochemical signals (nerve impulses)
what are "pits"?
lacunae
Plasma
liquid matrix nutrients and wastes
Dendrites
may be numerous and are usually highly branched. receive nervous impulses
muscle cell
muscle fiber
Smooth Muscles
muscle fibers are short cells, tapered at each end, uninucleate, slow contracting and involuntary controlled. Found in lining of blood vessels, digestive tract, and urinary system
what two groups of cells types that work together to form nervous tissue?
neuroglia and neurons
what is hyaline? found where?
no fibers in matrix, so matrix is essentially clear. Hyaline cartilage is found at the ends of long bones, in the nose, makes up part of the lungs. Also known as "gristle"
Simple
one cell layer in thickness
What are bone cells called?
osteocytes
Cuboidal
roughly cube shaped length=width=depth
muscle cell membrane
sarcolemma
muscle cytoplasm
sarcoplasm
Stratified
several cell layers (strata) thick
how many types of Neuroglia do humans have?
six
what are the three basic muscle tissue types?
smooth, skeletal (striated), cardiac
What are the different number of layers of epithelial cells?
3 different layer types: simple, stratified, and pseudostratified
Neuroglia (Glial cells)
the more numerous of the two groups. Small cells that perform a variety of physical and metabolic functions for the neuron.
What are the 6 types of support connective tissues?
Areolar (loose), Dense CT, Elastic CT, Adipose, Cartilage, and Bone
What type of connective tissue is used for transport?
Blood--->erythrocytes. Cells of tissues are suspended in a liquid matrix (plasma).
Adipose
"fat cells", very thin cells surrounding lipid droplets inside them
Erythrocytes
(red blood cells), transports respiratory gases. May or may not be nucleated cells
What are the three basic cell shapes?
Cuboidal, Columnar, Squamous
What are Dense CT and the two types?
Dense CT- very little matrix, few cells and most of the fibers are collagen two types: dense regular and dense irregular
Elastic CT and where can it be found?
Matrix filled with elastic fibers, allowing a great amount of flexibility. Found in lungs and walls of blood vessels.
All connective tissues have cells that are embedded or suspended in what?
a solid, semi-solid or liquid acellular matrix
Haversian canal
a tube in the center of each osteon of compact bone which contains blood vessels and nerves
epithelial tissues
all epithelial tissues have one surface in direct contact with the environment. tissues form the "linings" of the inside and outside of the body (ex: skin, lining of digestive, respiratory, urinary, and circulatory systems) epithelial tissues can be characterized by cell shape and the number of layers.
what do muscles do?
all the work for the body
What type of connective tissue is used for immune defense?
also blood--->Leukocytes (wbc) that attack and destroy foreign invaders such as bacteria.
what is Elastic cartilage? where is it found?
cartilage has a large number of elastic fibers. This type is found in the ears
What is Fibro cartilage and where is it found?
cartilage has large number of collagen fibers. Found in the pubic symphysis, knees, and spinal discs.
what is Cartilage?
cells (chondrocytes) are enclosed within "pits" (lacunae) and secrete a semi-rigid matrix which provides support but has some flexibility
Bone
cells (osteocytes) are enclosed within "pits" (lacunae) in a mineralized solid matrix secreted by another cell type. Cells are interconnected by tiny channels within the bone matrix called canaliculi, which allow for nutrient and gas exchange
what are neurons? and what are the three parts of a neuron?
cells which carry the electric current. made of dendrites, axon, and cell body
Cell body
central, enlarged, nucleated region that assists in neuron function
what are cartilage cells called?
chondrocytes
Dense Regular
collagen fibers aligned parallel to each other, greatly resists stretching, found in tendons (muscles and bones) and ligaments (bone to bone)
Dense Irregular
collagen fibers randomly aligned, found as the CT surrounding most organs, enclosing joints, and connecting muscles together within body
Columnar
column or rectangular in shape length>width or depth
Pseudostratified
this tissue appears to have several layers but actually is a single layer thick
axon
usually single and may be extremely long