antr exam 2
List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the joints (2) of the knee
1. PATELOfemoral- posterior.patella articulates w/ patellar surface.of femur 2. Tibiofemoral- femoral condyles (distal femur) w/ tibial condyles (prox tibia) The knee itself is composed of the articulations between the medial and lateral condyles of the femur and tibia. The femoral condyles, located at the distal end of the femur, have ellipsoid (convex) surfaces with a fossa (groove) between them. The tibial articular surfaces are nearly flat, and have an intercondylar eminence (protuberance) in the middle.
List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the 2 joints of the elbow and their anatomical location
1. Ulnohumeral/humeroulnar joint: known as the true elbow joint; is a hinge joint formed by the TROCHLEA of the distal humerus articulating with the TROCHLEAR NOTCH of the ulna; located on the medial side of the antebrachium 2. Radiohumeral/humeroradial joint: pivot component; formed by the CAPITULUM of the humerus articulating with the HEAD of the radius; located on the lateral side of the antebrachium
Describe the 2 anatomical locations of a hip fracture?
A hip fracture is a fracture of the FEMORAL NECK Intertrochanteric- younger patients from truauma, between trochanters Subcapital- older patients, fraction through HEAD and NECK of femur
Descrive the importance of the nerve plexus:
A nerve plexus acts to combine several nerves that innervate the same part of the body into one larger nerve. Damage to a single spinal nerve may not result in complete loss of innervation of a specific region
3 compartments of the leg innervation
A: DEEP fibular nerve L: SUPERFICIAL nerve POSTERIOR: TIBIAL
muscles of the leg compartments:
A: Tibialis ant, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularus tertius L: fibularis longus and fibularis brevis P: gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
what does the DELTIOD do at the GHJ?
ABduction at GHJ
ACL VS PCL
ACL: keeps tibia from excessive anterior movement prevents hyperextension of knee aterior attachement on tibia ACL MORE VULNERABLE TO INJURY PCL; keeps tibia from excessive posterior movement keeps knee from hyperflexion posterior attachment on tibia
2 arm compartments: Action, innervation, muscles
ANTERIOR: FLEXION AT ELBOW: MUSCULOCUTANEOUS (AFM) THREE MUSCLES: BICEPS BRACHII [SUPINATION] BRACHIALIS [FLEXION] CORACOBRACHIALIS POSTERIOS: EXTENSION: RADIAL NERVE. MUSCLE: TRICEPS BRACHII ELBOW EXTENSION
What are the 5 branches of the brachial plexus?
ARUMM axillary radial ulnar median musculocutaneous
Which nerve would be damaged if you fractured the SURGICAL NECK and what would result from it?
AXILLARY NERVE impairs movement/sensation of shoulder
Gluteus medius & minimus
Abduction
Adductor longus
Adduction
Adductor magnus
Adduction
Specify the nerve that could be damaged by a fracture at the neck of the fibula
Common Fibular nerve
WHAT DOES THE PECTORALIS MINOR DO FOR THE SCAPULA
DEPRESSES IT
Name the two bones most commonly fractured in the radiocarpal (wrist) joint
Distal radius [fracture posteriorly: colle's fracture fracture anteriorly: smith's fracture] & scaphoid bone
Tibialis anterior Soleus Gastrocnemius
Dorsiflexion Plantarflexion Plantarflexion
Define compartment syndrome and explain why the anterior leg compartment is most commonly affected by describing the anatomical structures that surround the anterior compartment
Due to infection, pressure within the compartment can build which can compress nerves, arteries, and veins, cutting off blood supply to muscles and other structures. Commonly occurs in the anterior compartment due to the rigid structures surrounding it. Has more rigid boundaries in the anterior leg and the tight crural fascia, so if you get some pressure it doesn't have anywhere to go and thus cuts off blood supply to muscles and other structures. Mild case example would be shin splints.
WHAT DOES THE TRAPEZIUS DO FOR THE SCAPULA
ELEVATION OF SCAPULA
what is the purpose of the latissimus dorsi at the glenohumeral joint?
EXTENSION and ADDUCTION
List and describe the 6 movements of the scapula at the "scapulothoracic joint"
Elevation: upward movement Depression: downward movement Protraction: abduction Retraction: adduction Superior rotation: upward rotation Inferior rotation: downward rotation
Explain why the biceps brachii is a supinator compared to the brachialis, which does not supinate the arm (Section 11.3.5.A). Hint: only muscles that attach to the radius can move the radioulnar joint.
Even though the biceps brachii is recognized to flex the forearm at the elbow and flex the arm at the shoulder, its primary function is supination of the forearm The biceps brachii is a strong supinator because it attaches to the radial tuberosity of the radius, which is the bone that moves or "spins" in the annular (orbicular) ligament at the proximal radioulnar joint during supination While the brachialis attaches to the ulna that remains stationary during movements
What are the 2 major functions at the knee joint?
FLEXION AND EXTENSION
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT HAMSTRING
FLEXION OF KNEE EXTENION OF HIP SCIATIC NERVE tibial/common fiibular BICEPS FEMORIS, SEMIMEMBRANOUS, SEMITENDINOUS
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT OF THIGH
FLEXION OF THIGH AT HIP, EXTENSION OF LEG AT KNEE FEMORAL NERVE mucles: JACOB SARTORIUS AND QUADRICEPS FEMORIS [rectis femorus, vastus lateralis/intermedialis/medialis]
what is the purpose of the pectoralis major at the GHJ>
FLEXION and ADDUCTION at tje GHJ
Iliopsoas
Flexion
List and describe the 2 actions at the elbow joint
Flexion: anterior bending of antebrachium; brings antebrachium towards brachium Extension: posterior bending of antebrachium; extends arm/elbow so antebrachium and brachium are straight
List and describe the 2 actions of the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints
Flexion: anterior bending of the fingers Extension: posterior bending of the fingers
List and describe the two primary actions at the radiocarpal joint
Flexion: anterior bending of the wrist (this is primary action) Extension: posterior bending of the wrist (this is primary action)
List and describe the 7 actions at the glenohumeral joint (aka shoulder)
Flexion: anterior movement of brachium Extension: posterior movement of brachium Abduction: moves the brachium laterally away from the body Adduction: moves the brachium medially towards the body Internal rotation: medial rotation of brachium External rotation: lateral rotation of brachium Circumduction: combination of flexion-extension and abduction-adduction resulting in circular movement of the brachium
List and describe the 7 actions at the hip joint
Flexion: anterior movement of the leg Extension: posterior movement of the leg Abduction: moves leg laterally away from the body Adduction: moves leg medially toward the body Internal rotation: medial rotation External rotation: lateral rotation Circumduction: combination of flexion-extension and abduction-adduction resulting in circular movement of the leg
Explain the relationship between mobility and stability as it applies to the glenohumeral joint
Glenohumeral (shoulder) joint: most freely mobile, least stability. It lacks the greater stability found in other ball and socket joints due to the decreased "fit" of the joint caused by this mismatch in size. This results in a weaker shoulder that is more prone to injury. The humeral head's articular surface is roughly 3X larger than glenoid fossa, whereas in the hip you have a deeper cup "socket" called the acatabelum.
MEDIAL COMPARTMENT
HIP ADDUCTION OBTURATOR NERVE 1. GRACILIS 2. PECTINEUS 3. ADDUCTOR LONGUS 4. ADDUCTOR BREVIS 5. ADDUCTOR MAGNUS OBTURATOR EXTERNUS
Tibialis anterior Tibialis posterior Fibularis longus & brevis
Inversion Inversion Eversion
Describe how the scapula is held in place in the upper thorax and why the "scapulothoracic joint" is not a true joint?
It is held in place and connected to the thorax by muscles. It is not considered a true joint because there is no bone to bone articulation between the scapula and thoracic cage nor is their synovial fluid or a fibrous or cartilaginous connection. Held in place by serratus anterior
List the 3 major ligaments that stabilize the ankle (Section 8.6.7.C) Differentiate their location (medial ankle vs. lateral ankle) Lateral ligaments, distal tibiofibular ligaments(lateral), deltoid or medial ligament. Disto is involved in higher ankle stability because it is located higher up. Determine the ligament that would be damaged by an inversion injury to the ankle The lateral ligament Determine the most commonly injured of the ligaments The lateral ligament since between the fibula and the tarsals
KNOW THIS
Piriformis
Lateral rotation
List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the sternoclavicular joint:
Manubrium of the sternum and the sternal end of clavicle bone via gliding synovial joint
which muscle contrubutes to the anterior axillary fold?
PECTORALIS MAJOR
WHAT DOES THE SERRATUS ANTERIOR DO FOR THE SCAPULA
PROTRACTION OF THE SCAPULA
List and describe the 2 actions at the radioulnar joints
Pronation: turns the hand to the palm backwards position; radius crosses ulna to form an "X" Supination: turns the hand to the palm forwards position; radius and ulna are parallel
List the 2 names of the interphalangeal joints
Proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint: articulation between the proximal and middle phalanges Distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint: articulation between the middle and distal phalanges
List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the 2 radioulnar joints
Proximal radioulnar joint: articulation between the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna Distal radioulnar joint: articulation between the head of the ulna and the ulnar notch of the radius
WHAT DOES THE RHOMBOIDS DO FOR THE SCAPULA
RETRACTION OF SCAPULA
Identify the location of the following bones in anatomical terms: schapoid
Scaphoid: located between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones; located on the lateral side of the wrist
Specify the distal attachment sites for the hamstring muscles (2 sites: one for semimembranosus and semitendinosus and one for biceps femoris)
Semimembranosus and semitendinosus' distal attachment: medial portion of TIBIA Biceps femoris distal attachment: HEAD OF FIBULA
Specify the joints involved in a shoulder dislocation
Shoulder dislocation is an injury of the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint where the humeral head is dislocated from its articulation with the glenoid fossa cavity of the scapula. In most dislocations of the humerus moves inferior and this can damage a nearby nerve.
Specify the joints involved in a shoulder separation
Shoulder separation is an injury of the acromioclavicular joint wherein the ligaments that hold your clavicle to your scapula have been damaged, scapula is then raised. ligaments include: acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments
Specify the articulation that connects the upper appendicular skeleton (pectoral girdle) to the axial skeleton
Sternoclavicular joint
which muscles contribute to the posterior axillary fold?
TERES MAJOR and LATISSIMUS DORSI
List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the acromioclavicular joint
The acromion process of scapula and the acromial end of clavicle
List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the carpometacarpal joint
The carpal bones and the metacarpals
List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the glenohumeral joint
The head of the humerus and the glenoid fossa of the scapula
List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the metacarpophalangeal joint
The heads of the metacarpal bones and the base of the proximal phalanges
Compare the mobility and stability of the hip and glenohumeral joint including actions/degrees of freedom, range of motion, support structures and ball and socket fit
The hip joint, like the shoulder, is a triaxial ball and socket joint. The hip joint has a much deeper socket than that found in the shoulder and the hip joint has a greater area of contact and a tighter fit than the shoulder joint. Soft tissue specializations in the hip reinforce the joint and improve its stability. The hip joint is also reinforced and stabilized by the strong muscles surrounding it. Because the hip and the shoulder joints are both triaxial, articulation allows the same seven movements for both joints: flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, internal-external rotation, and circumduction. The hip and the shoulder joints have the same degrees of freedom. The tighter fit of the hip joint results in a smaller range of motion in comparison to the shoulder joint. The shoulder joint is surrounded by tendons that aid in stability, while the hip joint has reinforcing ligaments. Several bursae reduce friction during movements of both the hip and shoulder joints.
Describe the anatomical location of the acromial and sternal ends of the clavicle:
The medial sternal end articulates with the manubrium of the sternum and the lateral acromial end articulates with the acromion process of the scapula
Which bones make up the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS?
The symphyseal surfaces of the left and right pubic bones
Specify the common distal attachment site of the quadriceps muscle
The tibial tuberosity is the common distal attachment site of the quadriceps muscles
Flexor digitorum longus Extensor digitorum longus
Toe flexion Toe extension
Identify the following muscles that move the scapula OR the shoulder joint
Trapezius, Rhomboids, Pectoralis minor and Serratus anterior
Which nerve would be damaged if you fractured MEDIAL EPICONDYLE of the humerus and what would result from it?
ULNAR NERVE damage to the ulnar nerve can involve impaired movement or sensation in the wrist and hand
Identify the location of the following bones in anatomical terms: Radius/Ulna:
Ulna: located on the medial side of the antebrachium Radius: located on the lateral side of the antebrachium
What is the role of the glenoid labrum?
a fibrocartilinigous structure that lines the edge of the glenoid fossa and deepens the socket.
What is the role of the bursae?
a small synovial fluid filled sack. they to reduce friction during movements of the shoulder joint. 1. subacrimonial 2. subdeltoid 3. subscapular
What is the most commonly injured muscle in a rotator cuff tear?
a tendon of the SUPRAspinatous muscle
3 compartments of the LEG
anterior lateral posterior
3 compartments of the leg function:
anterior: dorsiflex foot lateral: evert and weakly plantarflex foot posterior: plantarflex foot AND angle, flex leg and toes
2 compartments of the forearm/antebrachium: ACTIONS NERVE INNERVATION PROXIMAL ATTACHMENT
anterior: flexion and pronation of forearm, wrist, fingers APPLE FUDGE PIE MEDIAL NERVE MEDIAL EPICONDYLE posterior: supination and extension of forearm, wrist and fingers PSE RADIAL NERVE LATERAL EPICONDYLE
Which 2 bones form the subtalar joint?
calcaneus and talus
Identify the location of the following bones in anatomical terms: clavicle
commonly called the collarbone; located in the pectoral girdle; from superior view it appears "S" shaped from anterior view it appears straight/uncurved
If you damaged your TIBIAL NERVE
damage to PLANTARFLEXION AND TOE FLEXION numbness of posterior leg and plantar foot surface
If you damaged your DEEP FIBULAR NERVE
dorsiflexion, toe extension, WEEK INVERSION lose feeling in first interdigital cleft
If you damaged your COMMON FIBULAR NERVE
dorsiflexion, toe extension, eversion DORSUM sensory impairment
What bones make up the SACROILIAC JOINT?
each hip bone (specifically ilium) and posterior part of sacrum
SUPERFICIAL FIBULAR
eversion motor impairment dorsum of foot, except first interdigital cleft
gluteus maximus
extension
Quadriceps (vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris) Hamstrings (semimembranosus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris)
extension flexion
Identify the location of the following bones in anatomical terms: phalanges
form the fingers; located at the most distal point of the upper limbs; connected to the distal end of the metacarpals
Identify the location of the following bones in anatomical terms: metacarpals
form the intermediate part of the hand; located between the distal end of the carpals and the proximal end of the phalanges
List the 3 bony regions that come together to form the hip bone also called the COXAE BONE:
ilium ischium pubis
what are the subtalar functions?
inversion and eversion
Identify the location of the following bones in anatomical terms: Humerus
located in the brachium; it is the only bone that makes up the brachium
Identify the location of the following bones in anatomical terms: scapula
located in the pectoral girdle; broad, triangularly shaped bone that is located on the posterior aspect of the rib cage extending from ribs 2 to 7
Identify the location of the following bones in anatomical terms: carpals
make up the wrist; connects the hand to the antebrachium; located between the proximal end of the metacarpals and the distal end of the radius and ulna proximal carpal bones: L--> M 1. scaphoid 2. lunate 3. triquetrium 4. pisiform distal carpal bones: L --> M 1. trapeziUM, 2. trapezoid, capitate, hamate
What are the actions at the talocrural joint>
plantarflexion and dorsiflexion
List the proximal and distal attachment for INFRAspinatus: what is the function of the INFRAspinatus muscle?
proximal: infraspinous fossa distal: greater tubercle of the humerous LATERAL rotation of shoulder @ GHJ
List the proximal and distal attachment for SUBSspinatus: what is the function of the SUBSspinatus muscle?
proximal: subsCAPULAR fossa distal: lesser tubercle of humerous function: MEDIAL rotation of shoulder @GHJ
List the proximal and distal attachment for SUPRAspinatus: what is the function of the SUPRAspinatus muscle?
proximal= supraspinous fossa distal: greater tubercle of humerus shoulder ABDUCTION @ GHJ
Which nerve would be damaged if you fractured MID_SHAFT of the humerus and what would result from it?
radial nerve(because the radial nerve runs right on the bone); damage to the radial nerve can cause weakness of the arm and impaired movement or sensation in the wrist and hand
Which bones form the HIP JOINT?
socket=3 bones of coxae [ilium, ischium, pubis] ball = femoral head
What is the role of the rotator cuff muscles?
strengthens and stabilizes the shoulder joint
List the 4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis
List the 2 bones that make up the pectoral girdle:
the clavicle and scapula
List the bones and bony regions that articulate to form the radiocarpal joint
the distal radius and the carpal bones [the scaphoid bone and the lunate bone]
Differentiate which nerve innervates the thenar vs. hypothenar regions of the hand
thenar region: median nerve hypothenar region: ulnar nerve
What is the function of the CORACOHUMERAL and GLENOHUMERAL ligaments?
they reinforce the glenohumeral joint and prevent ANTERIOR dislocation. coracohumeral: small+ broad from corocoid process of scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus glenohumeral: 3 ligaments located on the internal surface of anterior joint capsule.
WHICH 3 BONES ARTICULATE TO MAKE TALOCRURAL JOINT
tibia, fibula, talus