AP biology Unit 6: Cell Test

Which cell would be best for studying lysosomes? a. muscle cell b. nerve cell c. phagocytic white blood cell d. leaf cell of a plant e. bacterial cell

c.

The animal kingdom is unique among eukaryotic organisms because most animal tissues are bound together in an extracellular matrix by a triple helix of protein known as a. collagen b. pectin c. tubulin d. uniden

a.

The fact that the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope has bound ribosomes allows one to most reliably conclude that... a. at least some of the proteins that function in the nuclear envelope are made by the ribosomes on the nuclear envelope. b. the nuclear envelope is not part of the endomembrane system. c. the nuclear envelope is physically separated from the endoplasmic reticulum. d. small vesicles from the Golgi fuse with the nuclear envelope. e. nuclear pore complexes contain proteins.

a.

. The function of which of the following organelles directly requires oxygen? a. Ribosome b. Mitochondria c. Nucleus d. Centriole

b.

A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from (choose the BEST answer). a. a bacterium. b. an animal, but not a plant. c. nearly any eukaryotic organism. d. any multicellular organism, like a plant or an animal. e. any kind of organism

c.

A dominant organelle in cells heavily involved in lipid synthesis is the.. a. ribosome b. lysosome c. smooth endoplasmic reticulum d. mitochondrion e. contractile vacuole

c.

The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that a. plant cells are capable of having a much higher surface-to-volume ratio than animal cells. b. plant cells have a much more highly convoluted (folded) plasma membrane than animal cells. c. plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm. d. animal cells are more spherical, whereas plant cells are elongated. e. plant cells can have lower surface-to-volume ratios than animal cells because plant cells synthesize

c.

When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of organelles, they can achieve the finest resolution by using a. a phase-contrast light microscope. b. a scanning electron microscope. c. a transmission electronic microscope. d. a confocal fluorescence microscope. e. a super-resolution fluorescence microscope.

c.

Which is a true statement about ribosomes? a. Ribosomes contain DNA and protein. b. Ribosomes are active in carbohydrate synthesis. c. Ribosomal subunits leave the nucleus after being formed by the nucleolus. d. Polyribosomes are the subunits of ribosomes. e. Ribosomes are only found associated with the endoplasmic reticulum in prokaryotic cells.

c.

Which of the following is a characteristic of mitochondria and chloroplasts that supports the endosymbiotic theory? a. Both have bacteria-like polysaccharide cell walls. b. Both can reproduce on their own outside of the cell. c. Both contain DNA molecules. d. Both contain endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies. e. Both contain ribosomes that are identical to ribosomes of the eukaryotic cytoplasm.

c.

Which of the following processes is most likely to occur as a result of an animal cell receiving a signal to initiate apoptosis? a. Ribosomes will translate mRNA to produce proteins b. Vesicles will release extracellular growth factors via exocytosis. c. Lysosomes will release digestive enzymes into the cytosol. d. Vacuoles will fuse with the cellular membrane.

c.

A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of new lysosomes. The cell continues to transcribe the genes that code for the hydrolytic enzymes that are normally found in lysosomes and continues to translate the mRNAs for those proteins on membrane-bound ribosomes. The hydrolytic enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures? a. Nucleus b. Mitochondrion c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum d. Golgi complex

d.

All of the following characterize microtubules EXCEPT a. They are made of the protein tubulin. b. They are involved in providing motility c. They are organized by basal bodies or centrioles d. They develop from the plasma membrane e. They make up the spindle apparatus observed during cell division in animals.

d.

Changing the shape or morphology of the mitochondrial inner membrane can change the efficiency of mitochondrial function. Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a change in the shape of the mitochondrial inner membrane from a highly folded surface to a smooth, flat surface? a. Mitochondria will become more efficient because the inner mitochondrial membrane will become more permeable to ions. b. Mitochondria will become more efficient because the total volume of the mitochondria will increase. c. Mitochondria will become less efficient because the inner mitochondrial membrane will become less permeable to large molecules. d. Mitochondria will become less efficient because the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membranes will decrease.

d.

If an individual has abnormal microtubules, due to a hereditary condition, in which organs or tissues would you expect dysfunction? a. limbs, hearts, areas with a good deal of contraction b. microvilli, alveoli, and glomeruli: cellular projections that increase surface area c. all ducts, such as those from salivary or sebaceous glands, that transport fluids d. sperm, larynx, and trachea: cells and tissues that contain flagella or cilia e. phagocytic cells and white blood cells that exhibit amoeboid movement

d.

In a mesophyll cell of a leaf, the synthesis of ATP occurs in which of the following? a. ribosomes b. mitochondria c. chloroplast d. both B an C e. A, B, and C

d.

Which of the following complete groups of cellular components are found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells? a. Ribosomes, a nucleus, and chloroplasts b. Circular chromosomes, mitochondria, and an endoplasmic reticulum c. A nucleus, ribosomes, and cell walls d. An endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and a nucleus

d.

Which of the following provides the weakest evidence that mitochondria were once free-living prokaryotes? a. Mitochondrial ribosomes resemble those of prokaryotes. b. Mitochondria have DNA that is circular and does not have associated protein. c. Enzyme pathways on mitochondrial membranes resemble those found on modern prokaryote membranes. d. Mitochondria reproduce by a process similar to binary fission. e. Mitochondria and prokaryotes both are found in a variety of sizes.

e.

A primary objective of cell fractionation is to a. view the structure of cell membranes. b. sort cells based on their size and weight. c. determine the size of various organelles. d. separate the major organelles so that their particular functions can be determined. e. separate lipid-soluble from water-soluble molecules.

d.

All eukaryotic cells contain at least one Golgi complex, typically located in the cytoplasm and near the endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following best describes a process that occurs within the Golgi complex? a. Enzymatic modification of newly synthesized integral membrane proteins b. Synthesis of cytosolic proteins based on the nucleotide sequences of mRNAs c. Degradation of proteins by hydrolytic enzymes contained within the complex d. Synthesis of various types of lipids

a.

Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the... a. mitochondria. b. ribosomes. c. peroxisomes. d. lysosomes. e. endoplasmic reticulum.

a.

Large numbers of glyoxysomes would be present in which types of cells... a. seeds of plants b. Leaves of plants c. muscles of animals d. skin of animals

a.

Movement of vesicles within the cell depends on what cellular structures? a. microtubules and motor proteins b. actin filaments and microtubules c. actin filaments and ribosomes d. centrioles and motor proteins e. actin filaments and motor proteins

a.

Synthesized at the ribosome a. Proteins b. Carbohydrates c. Nucleic acids d. Lipids e. Steroids

a.

Cell biologists have introduced radioactively labeled carbohydrates, fats and amino acids to living cells, allowed time for cell metabolism, and then disrupted the cells in a blender and separated out the various cell organelles from the cytoplasm. They found the radioactive molecules could soon be detected as part of various cellular compounds, although the visible cell structures appeared unchanged. This leads us to conclude that a. these "food" molecules are used only for energy. b. most cell components are constantly being broken down and rebuilt. c. radioactivity was transferred from the introduced molecules to the resident stable molecules. d. radioactivity has an unusual role in metabolism of living cells

b.

Each time the water in a cell freezes slowly, long sharp crystals spear through the membrane structures of the cell. However, in the frozen state, virtually no chemical reactions occur. The most likely explanation for the bad taste of meat that has "freezer burn" from repeated freezing is the destruction of a. the Golgi bodies and their vesicles. b. lysosomes and resultant autodigestion. c. rough endoplasmic reticulum causing the release of ribosomes. d. ribosomes causing them to break into subunits. e. the nuclear membrane causing mixing of nucleoplasm and cytoplasm.

b.

Liver cells manufacture glycoproteins, while adipose cells store fat. Which of the following subcellular structures is likely to be more prominent in liver cells than in adipose cells?

b.

Organelles such as mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum have membranes that compartmentalize reactions and other metabolic processes. To function properly, the organelles must move substances across their membranes. Which of the following statements describes a feature shared by mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum that increases the efficiency of their basic functions? a. They have rigid, nonfluid membranes. b. They have highly folded membranes. c. They have membranes composed of many carbohydrates. d. They have double membranes, with one membrane enclosed within the other.

b.

Which of the following outcomes will most likely result from a loss of ion pump function in the cell's lysosomes? a. The internal pH of the lysosomes will decrease, which will prevent the activation of hydrolytic enzymes and interfere with the intracellular digestion of food b. The internal pH of the lysosomes will increase, which will prevent the activation of hydrolytic enzymes and interfere with the intracellular digestion of food. c. The internal pH of the lysosomes will decrease, which will activate hydrolytic enzymes and enhance the intracellular digestion of food. d. The internal pH of the lysosomes will increase, which will activate hydrolytic enzymes and enhance the intracellular digestion of food.

b.

A gland cell capable of producing large quantities of protein hormone would MOST LIKELY have well developed... a. cilia b. centrioles c. rough endoplasmic reticulum d. smooth endoplasmic reticulum e. lysosomes

c.

A prokaryotic cell has which of the following? a. Centrioles b. Lysosomes c. Plasma membrane d. Mitochondria e. Endoplasmic reticulum

c.

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules? a. lipids b. glycogen c. proteins d. cellulose e. nucleic acids

c.

Membrane-bound organelles have been an important component in the evolution of complex, multicellular organisms. Which of the following best summarizes an advantage of eukaryotic cells having internal membranes? a. Eukaryotic cells are able to reproduce faster because of the presence of organelles. b. Some organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, are similar to prokaryotic cells in structure. c. Organelles isolate specific reactions, increasing metabolic efficiency. d. Compartmentalization leads to a higher mutation rate in DNA, which leads to more new species.

c.

A spherical bacterial cell has a radius of 3μm. The human egg cell has a radius of 100μm.Which statement correctly indicates the cell that is able to more efficiently exchange materials with the external environment and provides a correct explanation? a. The egg cell, because it has the smallest surface-to-volume ratio. b. The egg cell, because it has the largest surface-to-volume ratio. c. The bacterial cell, because it has the smallest surface-to-volume ratio. d. The bacterial cell, because it has the largest surface-to-volume ratio.

d.

Cells contain smaller components called organelles that are necessary for a cell's survival. Organelle functions have often been compared to components of larger systems. Which of the following functional differences between the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is explained by the structural differences between them? a. Rough ER breaks down toxic substances, and smooth ER only transports them out of the cell. b. Rough ER can synthesize and package lipids for export, and smooth ER cannot. c. Rough ER can produce ATP, and smooth ER cannot. d. Rough ER can synthesize and package proteins for export, and smooth ER cannot.

d.

Individuals with an inherited autosomal recessive disorder called primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) often have severe respiratory problems due to defective cilia. Males with PCD are often sterile because they produce sperm with defective flagella. Which of the following most likely explains the effect of the recessive allele? a. The mitochondria are defective and do not produce sufficient protein to synthesize microtubules in the cilia and flagella. b. The plasma membrane of the alveoli is not permeable to carbon dioxide during respiration because it is too hydrophobic. c. The Golgi bodies secrete an enzyme that destroys the proteins in the flagella and cilia. d. The cells do not produce functional motor proteins in flagella and cilia.

d.

The chemical reactions involved in respiration are virtually identical between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, ATP is synthesized primarily on the inner membrane of the mitochondria. In light of the endosymbiotic theory for the evolutionary origin of mitochondria, where is most ATP synthesis likely to occur in prokaryotic cells? a. in the cytoplasm b. on the inner mitochondrial membrane c. on the endoplasmic reticulum d. on the plasma membrane e. on the inner nuclear envelope

d.

Which of the following best describes an advantage that eukaryote organisms have over prokaryote organisms? a. Prokaryotes lack a cell membrane and therefore are unable to control what enters or exits the cell. b. Eukaryotes have a nuclear envelope separating their DNA from the rest of the cell, which increases the likelihood of advantageous mutations. c. Eukaryotes have mitochondria and chloroplasts that contain their own genome, which allows the cells to reproduce more rapidly. d. Eukaryotes have organelles that allow for compartmentalization of cellular processes, which increases the efficiency of those processes.

d.