AP Euro AP Exam Review Outline Packet // Period 1: 1450-1648 // pt. 1.2

James I

First Stuart monarch who ignored constitutional principles and asserted the divine right of kings (1603-1625)

Secular Warfare

Following the Peace of Westphalia, religion no longer was a cause for warfare among European states; instead, the concept of the balance of power played an important role in structuring diplomatic and military objectives.

France

France established a standing military that was powerful.

The Catalan Revolts in Spain

much of what is today eastern Spain revolted against the crown of Philip IV of Spain, was motivated by fiscal, political, and long-standing historical issues.

Charles I

son and successor of James I; always needed money because of his wars with Spain and France, leading him to a rough relationship with Parliament. Looses power and is executed.

Concordat of Bologna (1516)

this revoked the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges because Francis l agreed to recognize the supremacy of the papacy over a universal council and in return for his recognition, the French crown gained the right to appoint all French bishops and abbot

*Country infighting for power* Part III

*The competition for power between monarchs and corporate groups produced different distributions of governmental authority in European states.*

*The new competitive state system.* Part II

*The competitive state system led to new patterns of diplomacy and new forms of warfare.*

*Concept of sovereign state* Part I

*The new concept of the sovereign state and secular systems of law played a central role in the creation of new political institutions.*

Illustrative examples, monarchical control

- Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain consolidating control of the military - Star Chamber - Concordat of Bologna (1516) - Peace of Augsburg (1555) - Edict of Nantes (1598)

Illustrative examples, competitors for power in the English civil war

- James I - Charles I - Oliver Cromwell

Illustrative examples, secular political theorists

- Jean Bodin - Hugo Grotius

Illustrative examples, the competition between monarchs and nobles

- Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu - The Fronde in France - The Catalan Revolts in Spain

Illustrative examples, states that benefited from the military revolution

- Spain under the Habsburgs - Sweden under Gustavus Adolphus - France

Illustrative examples, commercial and professional groups that gained in power

-Merchants and financiers in -enaissance Italy and northern Europe - Nobles of the robe in France - Gentry in England

The Fronde in France

A war between nobles and kings that ended badly for the nobles who wanted power back but in the end never got it.

Effect of new military technologies

Advances in military technology (i.e., the military revolution) led to new forms of warfare, including greater reliance on infantry, firearms, mobile cannon, and more elaborate fortifications, all financed by heavier taxation and requiring a larger bureaucracy. Technology, tactics, and strategies tipped the balance of power toward states able to marshal sufficient resources for the new military environment.

Louis XIII and Cardinal Richelieu

Cardinal Richelieu was his regent and did most of the work. Continued use of intendants, emphasis on royal law/power over nobles, built up army and used it against Protestants (Huguenots). He also created a secondary nobility called the nobility of the robe to decreases the power of the nobility of the sword.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Catholic Henry IV gave religious toleration to the Huguenots

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Hugo Grotius

He tried to prove that such a thing as a natural law existed and that states were bound by it, first to propose the concept of a "united nations" and believed war should be outlawed. Wrote Law of War and Peace

Sweden under Gustavus Adolphus

He with support from France, turns the tide of the war with his military, but dies in battle.

Star Chamber

Henry VIII's illegal court to control the nobility

Assess the impact of war, diplomacy, and overseas exploration and colonization on European diplomacy and balance of power until 1789.

Many European nations focused on foreign and overseas control over territory to gain power. Many nations tried to limit these powers by many ways such as when England released the navigation acts to attack the Dutch economically. Moreover, the balance of power was no longer on the European mainland but rather throughout the world.

Explain how the growth of commerce and changes in manufacturing challenged the dominance of corporate groups and traditional estates.

Many new changes got rid of corporate groups such as guilds. People became workers in factories which brought them out of the traditional farming systems and so on.

Problems from Nobles

Monarchies seeking enhanced power faced challenges from nobles who wished to retain traditional forms of shared governance and regional autonomy.

New Monarchies

New Monarchies laid the foundation for the centralized modern state by establishing a monopoly on tax collection, military force, and the dispensing of justice, and gaining the right to determine the religion of their subjects.

English Civil War

The English Civil War, a conflict between the monarchy, Parliament, and other elites over their respective roles in the political structure, exemplified this competition.

Spain under the Habsburgs

The Habsburgs in Spain were very powerful with regard to military, however their reign came to an end with Charles II.

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

The Peace of Westphalia (1648), which marked the effective end of the medieval ideal of universal Christendom, accelerated the decline of the Holy Roman Empire by granting princes, bishops, and other local leaders control over religion.

Evaluate how the emergence of new weapons, tactics, and methods of military organization changed the scale and cost of warfare, required the centralization of power, and shifted the balance of power.

These new factors increases the price and power of the armies. Armies now with new weapons created new tactics that would compliment them to increase effectiveness. Furthermore, these armies were organized and always in place and larger to compliment the nation's power and ability to take over or defend from other nations.

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

They became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.

Jean Bodin

This was the man who created the theory of sovereignty in which a state becomes sovereign by claiming a monopoly over the instruments of justice

Peace of Augsburg (1555)

Treaty which ended religious warfare between Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, it acknowledged Lutheranism as a religion, and those states had the same rights at Catholic states; German states were free to choose the religion of their country, but individuals were not able to choose their religion