AP Final Exam

Muscle contraction makes up for ____% of body temperature at rest. a- 10-20 b- 0 c- 100 d- 20-30 e- 40

20-30

At rest, the difference in charge on the outside of a plasma membrane versus the inside is called the cell's ____. a- action potential b- nerve condition c- resting membrane potential d- local potential e- surface tension

resting membrane potential

The _____ suture separates the left and right parietal bones from each other. a- sagittal b- frontal c- coronal d- lamboid

sagittal

The gray matter through which motor nerve signals leave the spinal cord is called the ___. a- Posterior horn b- Anterior horn c- Posterior column d- Anterior ramus e- Anterior column

Anterior horn

In the cat, the head is ____ to the tail, whereas in the human the head is ____ to the gluteal region (buttocks). a- Anterior; superior b- Superior; superior c- Ventral; distal d- Posterior; dorsal e- Anterior; posterior

Anterior; superior

The ___ does not require anesthesia during surgery because of a lack of ____. a- Brain; noreceptors b- Stomach; mechanoreceptors c- Kidney; thermoreceptors d- Liver; thermoreceptors e- Heart; nociceptors

Brain; noreceptors

Comprised of microtubules, ____ play an important role in cell division. a- Nucleoli b- Mitochondria c- Ribosomes d- Centrioles e- Inclusions

Centrioles

The central canal is filled with _____ . a- Pia mater b- Fat c- Cytosol d- Blood e- Cerebrospinal fluid

Cerebrospinal fluid

The metacarpophalangeal joints at the base of the fingers are ___ joints. a- Hinge b- Ball-and-socket c- Plane (gliding) d- Pivot e- Condylar

Condylar

The ____ is not an anatomical component of the eyeball. a- Conjunctiva b- Cornea c- Viterous body d- Aqueous humor e- Lens

Conjunctiva

Over time, it is difficult to notice the smell of your own perfumes because of ____. a- sensory adaptation b- sensory intensity c- nociception d- proprioception e- sensory transduction

sensory adaptation

The thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity are lined by a- an endothelium b- meninges c- the mediastinum d- serous membranes e- mucous membranes

serous membranes

Which muscle(s) can contract without the need for nervous stimulation? a- smooth and cardiac muscles b- skeletal muscle c- smooth muscle d- skeletal, smooth, and cardias muscle e- cardiac muscle

smooth and cardiac muscles

Coronial, sagittal, and lambdoid are examples of ______ joints. a- Gomphoses b- Cartilaginous joints c- Syndesmoses d- Fibrous joints e- Synovial joints

Fibrous joints

The deepest layer of the epidermis is the_____. a- stratum spinosum b- stratum lucidium c- stratum corneum d- stratum basale e- stratum granulosum

stratum basale

____ are the most movable joints. a- gomphoses b- synovial joints c- syndesmoses d- synchondroses e- symphyses

synovial joints

The ____ is/are stimulated by tastants. a- Olfactory hairs b- Cranial nerves c- Taste hair d- supporting cells e- taste buds

taste hairs

____ is a monosaccharide, whereas ____ is a polysaccharide. a- Galactose; maltose b- Lactose; glycogen c- Glucose; starch d- Cellulose; glucose e- Fructose; sucrose

Glucose; starch

All of these contribute to the wall of the orbit except the ____. a- Frontal bone b- Zygomatic bone c- Maxilla d- Sphenoid bone e- Nasal bone

Nasal bone

Which organelle decomposes fatty acids, and detoxifies alcohol, free radicals, and drugs? a- Lysosomes b- Inclusions c- Peroxisomes d- Golgi vesicles e- Microvilli

Peroxisomes

Which is the only plane that allows one to see both kidneys and the umbilicus at the same time? a- Midsagittal b- Parasagittal c- Frontal d- Transverse e- Coronal

Transverse

An isometric contraction does not change length. a- True b- False

True

Epinephrine is a monoamine involved in stress responses. a- True b- False

True

Growth hormone promotes tissue growth by stimulating protein synthesis, mitosis, and cellular differentiation. a- True b- False

True

Most sympathetic postganglionic fibers secrete norepinephrine a- True b- False

True

Reducing blood flow close to the body surface and sweating are examples of how the skin functions in thermoregulation. a- True b- False

True

Taste signals travel from the tongue through the facial, vagus, and glossopharyngeal nerves. a- True b- False

True

The cross-extension reflex is the contraction of the extensors on one side of the body when the flexors are contracted on the other side. a- True b- False

True

The opposite of dehydration synthesis is hydrolysis. a- True b- False

True

Thyroid hormone plays an important part of maintaining body temperature. a- True b- False

True

Cranial nerves ___ carry nerve signals of gustation to the cerebrum for conscious awareness and integration. a- IX, X, and XI b- I, II, and III c- I, IX, and X d- I, V, and VII e- VII, IX, and X

VII, IX, and X

The vertebral column encloses the _____. a- Thoracic cavity b- Pelvic cavity c- Abdominal cavity d- Cranial cavity e- Vertebral canal

Vertebral canal

The ____ is the only auditory ossicle that articulates with both other two auditory ossicles. a- utriclw b- saccule c- stapes d- incus e- malleus

incus

The thoracic cavity is divided into right, left, and medial portions by a region called the____. a- serous membrane b- meninges c- diaphragm d- mediastinum e- peritoneum

mediastinum

The ___ function of the nervous system includes stimulating glands to secrete and muscle to contract a- motor b- sympathetic c- sensory

motor

______ epithelium provides a moist and slippery surface and is well suited to resist stress, as in the _____. a- nonkertinized; vagina b- keratinized; skin c- keratinized; tongue c- nonkeratinized; skin d- transitional; tongue

nonkertinized; vagina

Water flows through a selectively permeable membrane in a process called a- Osmosis b- endocytosis c- active transport d- simple diffusion e- facilitated diffusion

osmosis

Hormones are only secreted by endocrine glands. a- True b- False

False

Infection of the middle ear can cause fluid accumulation. This is not problematic as the middle ear is typically a fluid-filled chamber. a- True b- False

False

The autonomic effect on a target cell depends only on the neurotransmitter that reaches it. a- True b- False

False

The macula sacculi is nearly horizontal and the macula utriculi is nearly vertical. a- True b- False

False

To increase surface area for absorption, columnar cells lining the small intestine show a brush border of cilia on the apical surface. a- True b- False

False

A radiography (x-ray) of a child's hand will show epiphyseal lines. a- True b- False

False

A structure specialized to detect a stimulus is called a sensation. a- True b- False

False

Unsaturated fatty acids have as much hydrogen as they can carry. a- True b- False

False

The ___ attaches to the zygomatic arch and to the angle of mandible. a- Stylohyoid b- Masseter c- Temporalis d- Genioglossus e- Buccinator

Masseter

Most sweat glands are _____ glands. a- Sebaceous b- Merocrine c- Ceruminous d- Apocrine e- Mammary

Merocrine

Consider the following scenario. The biceps brachii tendon in the anterior elbow region hit by a reflex hammer and subsequently contracts. This reflex is: a- Contralateral b- Monosynaptic c- Intersegmental d- Polysynaptic e- An example of the tendon reflex

Monosynaptic

___ membranes lines passageways that open to the exterior environment. a- Serous b- Synovial c- Peritoneal d- Endothelial e- Mucous

Mucous

The most common injured structures in the knee are ___ and the ____. a- ACL; patellar ligament b- Patellar ligament; quadriceps tendon c- PCL; patellar ligament d- ACL; menisci e- PCL; menisci

ACL; menisci

Sensory receptors must transduce all stimuli into _____ in order for the brain to perceive sensation. a- Action potentials b- Chemical energy c- Nuclear energy d- A modality e- Mechanical energy

Action potentials

____ neurons are specialized to detect stimuli, whereas ___ neurons send signals to the effectors of the nervous system. a- Efferent' association b- Afferent; afferent c- Afferent; efferent d- Afferent; association e- Motor; sensory

Afferent; efferent

A predominance of ___ waves in an electrocephalogram (EEG) might indicate that a person is awake,but resting. a- Beta b- Theta c- Gamma d- Delta e- Alpha

Alpha

Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of a cell during a- G2 phase b- S phase c- Prophase d- Metaphase e- Anaphase

Anaphase

Tracts of white matter that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres can be found in the_____. a- Cerebellum b- Corpus callosum c- Thalamus d- Brainstem e- Cerebral cortex

Corpus callosum

The nerve signals generated by the retinal cells are transmitted to _____, which carried them to the central nervous system. a- cranial nerve III b- cranial nerve I c- cranial nerve II d- the olfactory nerve e- the oculomotor nerve

Cranial nerve II

___ are the primary site for receiving signals from other neurons. a- Dendrites b- Synaptic knobs c- Axons d- Axon collateral e- Somas

Dendrite

___ are responsible for chemical bonding? a- Electrons b- Protons c- Nerutrons d- Photons e- Positrons

Electrons

The ___ is not a bilateral bone of the skull. a- Parietal bone(s) b- Palantine bone(s) c- Maxilla(e) d- Zygomatic bone(s) e- Ethmoid bone(s)

Ethmoid bone(s)

The reddish color of the skin of the lips is primarily due to this pigment. a- Keratin b- Melanin c- Carotene d- Hemoglobin e- Myoglobin

Hemoglobin

The ability to maintain internal stability is called a- Thermodynamics b- Homeostasis c- Evolution d- Development e- Reproduction

Homeostasis

___are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands into the blood a- Neuromodulators b- Hormones c- Acids d- Enzymes e- Neurotransmitters

Hormones

Endocrine glands secrete ___ into ____. a- Hormones; ducts b- Enzymes; the blood c- Hormones; the blood d- Enzymes; ducts e- Mucus; the blood

Hormones; the blood

The superolateral regions of the abdomen are called _____ regions. a- Hypogastric b- Hypochondriac c- Inguinal d- Epigastric e- Lateral abdominal

Hypochondriac

Release of acetylcholine at a neuromuscular junction. a- Lowers the threshold of the muscle fiber b- Increases permeability of the sarcolemma to NA+ c- Overrides the inhibitoty effect of acetylcholinesterase d- Decreases the release of the Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum e- Decreases the positive charge on the sarcolemma

Increases permeability of the sarcolemma to NA+

The lumbar vertebra is___ to the thoracic vertebrae. a- Posterior b- Superior c- Cephalic d- Inferior e- Anterior

Inferior

The pancreas secrets ___ in response to high blood glucose levels. a- Glucagon b- Growth hormone c- Insulin d- Aldosterone e- Glucocorticoids

Insulin

The volume of music is an example of the _____ of a stimulus. a- Type (modality) b- Location c- Duration d- Intensity e- Adaptation

Intensity

The term for shortening of a muscle while maintaining constant tension is _____. a- Isotonic contraction b- Isokinetic contraction c- Isometric contraction d- tetanus

Isotonic contraction

Which of the following best describes the attachment of the extensor digitorum? a- It indirectly attaches to all digits of the hand. b- It directly attaches to the index finger only. c- It indirectly attaches to all digits of the hand except the thumb. d- It directly attaches to all the digits of the hand. e- It directly attaches to all digits of the hand except the thumb.

It indirectly attaches to all digits of the hand except the thumb

Bilirubin causes a skin discoloration called ______. a- Erythema b- Jaundice c- Pallor d- Cyanosis e- Bronzing

Jaundice

The stomach is located mainly in which quadrant of the abdomen? a- LLQ b- RLQ c- RUQ d- LMQ e- LUQ

LUQ

Which of the following is not a known a known cause of muscle fatigue? a- Calcium leakage from the sarcoplasmic reticulum b- Accumulation of the potassium in the extracellular fluid c- Lactic acid accumulation d- ATP depletion e- Acetylcholine depletion

Lactic acid accumulation

Optic nerve fibers carry nerve signals to the primary visual cortex in the ____ lobe of the cerebrum. a- Insular b- Frontal c- Occipital d- Parietal e- Temporal

Occipital

Visual disturbance could be caused by a lesion of the ______. a- Medial temporal lobe and inferior frontal lobe b- Occipital lobe c- Inferior temporal lobe and amygdala d- Wernicke and Broca areas e- Superior temporal lobe and insula

Occipital lobe

The ___ has both endocrine and exocrine functions. a- Ovary b- Pineal gland c- Salivary gland d- Adrenal gland e- Thymus

Ovary

The most abundant element in the human body, by weight, is ______. a- Calcium b- Nitrogen c- Oxygen d- Carbon e- Hydrogen

Oxygen

The ____ contains only fibers of sensory neurons. a- Anterior ramus b- Posterior root c- Meningeal branch d- Anterior root e- Posterior ramus

Posterior root

The gland that secretes two antagonistic hormones that regulate blood glucose levels can be found _____. a- In the neck b- Posterior to the stomach c- Superior to the kidney d- Draped over the heart e- Near the brain

Posterior to the stomach

Enzymes are ___ that act as catalysts, helping chemical reactions go faster at normal body temperature. a- Cofactors b- Nucleic acids c- Carbohydrates d- Proteins e- Lipids

Proteins

The stretch reflex of the quadriceps femoris muscle group causes it to contract. At the same time the hamstring group relaxes. The hamstring group is effected by _______. a- The cross-extensor reflex b- The flexor reflex c- Its own stretch reflex d- The tendon reflex e- Reciprocal inhibition

Reciprocal inhibition

Which of the following is associated with the "flight-or-flight" reaction? a- Pupillary constriction b- Glycogen synthesis c- Reduced urinary output d- Reduced heart rate e- Increased gastric motility

Reduced urinary output

Which of the following is not associated with DNA replication? a- The nucleus b- Ribosomes c- DNA polymerase d- The double helix e- DNA

Ribosomes

An epithelium with a single layer of tall, narrow cells and with every cell touching the basement membrane. a- Stratified squamous b- Pseudostratified columnar c- Simple cuboidal d- Simple columnar e- Stratified cuboidal

Simple columnar

Which of the following organelles is not involved in the protein synthesis, processing, and packaging process? a- Rough ER b- Smooth ER c- Ribosomes d- The nucleus e- Golgi complex

Smooth ER

The ___ is absent from most of the areas of the epidermis on the body. a- Stratum lucidum b- Stratum basale c- Stratum spinosum d- Stratum corneum e- Stratum granulosum

Stratum lucidum

Degeneration of neurons in the ___ inhibits unwanted body movements and leads to the muscle tremors of Parkinson's disease. a- Substantia nigra b- Colliculi c- Pons d- Cerebral crus e- Tegmetum

Substanstia nigra

The gland that secretes glucocorticoids can be found _____. a- Near the brain b- In the neck c- Posterior to the stomach d- Draped over the heart e- Superior to the kidney

Superior to the kidney

Most of the thyroid hormone release is in the form of ____? a- TSH b- Triidothyronine c- thyrotropin d- T4 e- T3

T4

The most relevant form of energy in human physiology is the energy stored in a- Van der Waals forces b- The chemical bonds of organic molecules c- Radioisotopes d- Free radicals with an odd number of electrons e- Electrolytes ionized in water

The chemical bonds of organic molecules

What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone? a- The site where the hormones is secreted b- The location of the target cells in the body c- The location of the gland that secretes the hormone d- The chemical properties of the hormone e- The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone

The presence of a receptor for that particular hormone

The ___ secretes hormones that regulate the development and activity of T cells, a type of white blood cell. a- Thymus b- Parathyroid c- Adrenal gland d- Spleen e- Thyroid

Thymus

The breastbone is _____ to the vertebral column. a- medial b- anterior c- superior d- posterior e- inferior

anterior

Growth hormone is secreted by the _____. a- hypothalamus b- adrenal glands c- anterior lobe of the pituitary gland d- posterior lobe of the pituitary gland e- thyroid gland

anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

The ___ are at the most distal end of a neuron. a- axon hillocks b- nodes of ranvier c- dendrites d- axon terminals e- axons

axon terminals