AP II: Module 2.1 The Brain, parts 1 & 2
The putamen, the caudate nucleus, the Globus pallidus (medial and lateral) are all parts of the ______.
basal ganglia 1. caudate nucleus 2. putamen 3. globus pallidus
Why is the limbic system called our "feeling brain"?
because stimulation of different regions causes rage, pain, pleasure or sorrow.
Raised ridges on the cerebrum are called____.
gyri
What is the purpose of the amygdala?
is a small portion of the limbic system that is involved in emotions such as rage and anger
How is the hypothalamus involved with the entire internal environment of the body and the endocrine system in particular?
maintains homeostasis -regulates hunger, sleep, thirst, body temp, water balance3, and blood pressure - controls the pituitary gland which regulates hormonal production
The superior and inferior colliculi are located on the posterior portion of the _____.
midbrain -control reflexes for the head and neck movement in response to sudden visual and auditory stimulus
List the four parts of the human brain
Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Diencephalon, Brain Stem
Label the regions of the cerebral cortex.
Cerebral cortex- outer portion that is highly convoluted and gray Corpus Callosum-cerebral hemispheres are connected by a bridge of white nerve fibers
The outer portion of the cerebral hemispheres is called the ______and is highly convoluted and gray in color.
cerebral cortex cerebral hemispheres are connected by a bridge of white nerve fibers called the corpus callosum
Name this lobe fo the brain 2
4) Temporal Lobe-sensory areas for hearing and smelling Wernicke's area- understanding speech
What is the blood-brain barrier and how is it maintained?
- is a diffusion barrier prevents most particles from entering the CNS -keeps the brain and spinal cord separate from general blood circulation -impermeability of capillaries maintained by astrocytes
Describe the brain meninges and the 4 layers.
-Connective tissue membrane that covers and protects the CNS 1) dura mater is the double-layered outer meninx. 2) arachnoid meninx is a loose web-like layer separated from the dura mater by the subdural space. Beneath the arachnoid --subarachnoid space contains blood vessels and is filled with cerebrospinal fluid. 4) pia mater - inner meninx is a thin connective tissue tightly attached to the brain.
Describe the cerebrum
-Divided two parts right and left hemispheres. -site of complex and high-level thinking -governs intelligence, reasoning -voluntary body movements. -responsible for a consciousness, or the state of being awake and aware of a person's surroundings. - controls the activities of "lower parts" of the brain, including the brainstem, diencephalon, limbic system, and the cerebellum. -can override the functioning of these lower parts of the brain
Where are memories stored in the brain?
-Stored throughout the cerebral hemispheres -hippocampus acts a memory center to help store and retrieve memories.
Describe the number, location and function of the brain ventricles.
-are cavities within the brain filled with CSF -two lateral ventricles -third ventricles -fourth ventricles- drains into the central canal of the spinal cord
What areas of the brain does the limbic system connect?
-lies just beneath the cerebral cortex and connects the frontal and temporal lobes, the thalamus and the hypothalamus.
Explain why emotional memories tend to be vivid.
-limbic system communicates with the all the sensory areas of the brain accounting for the ability of sensory stimulus to trigger complex memories.
Describe the location and structure of the cerebellum.
-located inferiorly and posteriorly to the brain -it is divided into two hemispheres with deep fissures that further subdivide it into three lobes
The major function of the cerebellum is to control what type of body function?
-maintaining balance, controlling eye movements, maintaining normal muscle tone and posture that keeps bones and joints in place -relays information to the cerebral cortex about the coordination of body movements
What is the function of the choroid plexus?
-network of blood vessels in the ventricles that helps produce CSF
All except what sensory impulses are channeled through the thalamus?
-receives all sensory impulses except those associated with the sense of smell -sorts though the input and directs it to the approp[riate region of the brain.
How is the pons involved with the eyes and ears?
-regulates head movements in response to visual and auditory stimuli.
What is the difference between a primary area and an association area in the brain?
-send and receive information for one type of sensory or motor information -association integrates one type of sensory information to generate an action
What is the median longitudinal fissure?
-separates left and right hemispheres
Describe the functions of the 4 lobes of the cerebrum.
1) Frontal Lobe-controls higher level executive functions, eg, reasoning and decision-making, and controls voluntary muscle actions. 2) Parietal Lobe- receives sensory information about taste and receptors in the skin for pressure, touch or pain 3) Occipital lobe-interprets visual input 4) Temporal Lobe-sensory areas fo hearing and smelling
Name this lobe of the brain 1
1) Frontal Lobe-higher thinking -primary motto controls all voluntary movements for all parts of the body -Broca's area-speech production
List the three major parts of the brain stem.
1) Mid-brain-relays information between the cerebrum and the spinal cord 2) Pons- bundles of axons traveling between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS. 3) Medulla Oblongata
Label the ventricles.
1. Two Lateral ventricles 2. Third ventricle 3. Fourth Ventricle
What is the function of the pineal body?
It produces melatonin which helps to regulate the sleep cycle
How is the medulla oblongata involved with the heart and lungs?
contains several vital centers for regulating heartbeat, breathing, and vasoconstriction.
The _______ separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum.
transverse fissure
What portion of the cerebellum coordinates limb movements?
vermis