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AP PSYCH EXAM MCQ

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Which is an example of proactive interference?

You just moved and cannot remember your new zipcode

3 year old Marco suffered damage to the speech area of the brain's left hemisphere when he fell from a swing. Research suggests that A) he may never speak again B) his motor abilities may improve so that he can easily use sign language C) his right hemisphere may take over much of the language function D) his earlier experience with speech may enable him to continue speaking

The personality theorist, Sigmund Freud, was an Austrian a. chemist. b. physician. c. theologian. d. politician. e. philanthropist.

physician

Which psychologist was the first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology after Harvard University declined to give Mary Calkins the Ph.D.? a. Jean Piaget b. Francis Bacon c. Rosalie Rayner d. Mary Calkins e. Margaret Washburn

Margaret Washburn

Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association? a. Jean Piaget b. Francis Bacon c. Rosalie Rayner d. Mary Calkins e. Margaret Washburn

Mary Calkins

Which of the following characterizes the "low road" neural pathway to emotions? A. Information travels directly from the thalamus to the amygdala. B. The emotion results more slowly than it would via the "high road." C. It is an example of top-down processing. D. It is more likely to be utilized for complex feelings. E. It passes through the brain's cortex.

Which of the following identifies the parenting style most likely to ground a teen who had missed a curfew—and to explain the rationale for doing so, after considering the teen's reasons? a. Authoritative b. Authoritarian c. Permissive d. Secure attachment e. Insecure attachment

Which of the following is an aroused motivational state created by a physiological need? A. Drive B. Instinct C. Incentive D. Reflex E. Motive

Which of the following is an example of stress? A. Ray is tense and anxious as he has to decide which college to attend. B. Sunga is assigned an extra shift at work. C. Joe's parents are allowing him to stay home alone while they go away for a weekend. D. Linda remembers to repay a friend the $10 she owes her. E. Enrico learns of a traffic accident on the Interstate.

Which of the following statements about stress is true? A. Surgical wounds heal more slowly and stressed humans. B. Stress has no effect on those exposed to cold viruses. C. There is no correlation between stress and longevity. D. Stress makes us more resistant to infection and heart disease. E. Anxiety, irritation, and guilt all prompt very different physiological responses.

You are able to pull your hand quickly away from hot water before pain is felt because A) movement of the hand is a reflex that involves intervention of the spinal cord only B) movement of the hand does not require intervention by the central nervous system C) the brain reacts quickly to prevent severe injury D) the autonomic division of the peripheral nervous system intervenes to speed contraction of the muscles of the hand

Cultural norms related to when to leave home, get a job, or marry are referred to as what? a. Social clock b. Midlife crisis c. Critical period d. Life span e. Theory of mind

Dr. Johnson briefly flashed a picture of a key in the right visual field of a split-brain patient. The patient could probably A) verbally report that a key was seen B) write the word key using the left hand C) draw a picture of a key using the left hand D) do none of these things

How does fluid intelligence change as we age? a. Decreases slowly with age b. Has not been measured over time c. Increases slowly with age d. Does not change until about age 75 e. Remains unchanged if we exercise

I am a relatively slow acting (but long lasting) chemical messenger carried throughout the body by the bloodstream. A) a hormone B) a neurotransmitter C) acetylcholine D) dopamine

If you are trying to maintain a healthy balance between connecting with others online and a real-world perspective, which of the following suggestions should you follow? A. Monitor your feelings. B. Dismiss the notion of logging online time. C. Interact often with your more distracting online friends. D. Decrease physical activity. E. Try a social networking marathon.

Moruzzi and Magoun caused a cat to lapse into a coma by severing neural connections between the cortex and the A) reticular formation B) hypothalamus C) thalamus D) cerebellum

Neural networks grow more complex by a. branching outward to form multiple connections. b. keeping the nervous system immature. c. controlling one another with a restricted response system. d. limiting connections. e. associating behaviors that would not normally be associated together

One night Samar became frightened when she was startled by a noise while walking down the street alone. Which theory of emotion would say that her fear resulted from the startle response alone? A. James-Lange B. Cannon-Bard C. Two-factor D. Lazarus E. Schachter-Singer

Phrenology is the study of A) the bumps on the skull B) the influence of neurotransmitters C) the function of the peripheral nervous system D) endocrine glands and their hormones E) heredity's influence on nervous system development

Raccoons have much more precise control of their paws than dogs. You would expect that raccoons have more cortical space dedicated to "paw control" in the __________ of their brains. A) frontal lobes B) parietal lobes C) temporal Lobes D) occipital lobes

Several shy neuron's send an inhibitory message to neighboring neuron [on]. At the same time, a larger group of party-going neuron's sends {on} excitatory messages. What will [on] do? A) fire, assuming that her threshold has been reached B) not fire, even if her threshold has been reached C) center a refractory period D) become hyperpolarized

The aging brain may help nurture positive feelings that are reported by many older adults. Brain scans of older adults show that the , a neural processing center for emotions, responds less actively to negative events (but not to positive events), and it interacts less with the hippocampus, a brain memory-processing center. a. amygdala b. hypothalamus c. pineal gland d. thyroid gland e. thalamus

The brain research technique that involves monitoring the brain's usage of glucose is called (in abbreviated form) the A) PET scan B) fMRI C) EEG D) MRI

The cells most important for processing information are A) interneurons B) sensory neurons C) motor neurons D) endocrine cells E) sympathetic nervous system cells

The growth of around axons speeds neurotransmission, enabling better communication between the frontal lobe and other brain regions. a. neurons b. the cell body c. dendrites d. myelin e. synapses Which of Jean Piaget's stages describes typical adolescent thinking? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Concrete operational d. Formal operational e. Accommodation

The link between the nervous system and. The endocrine system is maintained by the A) hypothalamus B) temporal lobe C) cerebellum D) thalamus E) motor cortex

The most influential of the endocrine gland is the A) pituitary B) adrenal glands C) dendrites D) threshold glands E) parasympathetic

The nervous system is of critical importance to psychology because A) all psychological processes depend upon it B) it is the largest system in the human body C) it is a model for the functioning of other body systems D) it is the mechanism by which the endocrine system exerts its functions E) it is the most recent human system to have eveolved

The pain of heroin withdrawal may be attributed to the fact that A) under the influence of heroin the brain ceases production of endorphins B) under the influence of heroin the brain ceases production of all neurotransmitters C) during heroin withdrawal the brain's production of all neurotransmitters is greatly increased D) heroin destroys endorphin receptors in the brain

The visual cortex is located in the A) occipital lobe B) temporal lobe C) frontal lobe D) parietal lobe

Though there is no single "control center" for emotions, their regulation is primarily attributed to the brain region known as A) limbic system B) reticular formation C) brain stem D) cerebellum

What is the prenatal development sequence? a. Zygote, embryo, fetus b. Fetus, zygote, embryo c. Embryo, zygote, fetus d. Zygote, fetus, embryo e. Fetus, embryo, zygote

When Sandy scalded her toe in a tub of hot water, the pain message was carried to her spinal cord by the _______ nervous system A) somatic B) sympathetic C) parasympathetic D) central

Gayle's teacher wants to increase effective study habits in her students by using negative reinforcement. Gayle's teacher would most likely enforce this by A) removing an unpleasant stimulus B) removing a pleasant stimulus C) introducing an unpleasant stimulus D) introducing a pleasant stimulus E) rewarding successive approximations of effective study habits

A) removing an unpleasant stimulus

Which philosopher would have been most enthusiastic about modern empiricism? a. Plato b. Socrates c. Aristotle d. René Descartes e. Immanuel Kant

Aristotle

A scientist from another planet wishes to study the simplest brain mechanisms underlying emotion and memory. You recommend that the scientist study the A) brain stem of a frog B) limbic system of a dog C) cortex of a monkey D) cortex of a human

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory of development, the crisis that needs resolution for adolescents involves the search for what? a. Trust b. Identity c. Autonomy d. Initiative e. Worth

According to Erikson, which of the following is a dominant goal of adulthood? a. Competence b. Generativity c. Performance d. Identity e. Connectedness

According to Erikson, you develop your____ , a part of who you are, from your group memberships. a. self-interest b. social identity c. social self d. self-esteem e. self-consciousness

After an alarming event, your temperature, blood pressure, and respiration are high, and you have an outpouring of hormones. Hans Selye would most likely guess that you are in which general adaptation syndrome phase? A. Exhaustion B. Resistance C. Immobilization D. Collapse E. Shock

An 18-month-old typically recognizes herself in a mirror. This self-awareness contributes to a. self-assurance. b. self-concept. c. self-esteem. d. self-actualization. e. self-determination.

An experimenter flashes the word FLYTRAP onto a screen facing a split-brain patient so that FLY projects to her right hemisphere and TRAP to her left hemisphere. When asked what she saw, the patient will A) say she saw FLY B) say she saw TRAP C) point to a fly using her right hand D) point to a trap using her left hand

An individual experiences brain damage that produces a coma. Which part of the brain was probably damaged? A) corpus callosum B) reticular formation C) frontal lobe D) cerebellum E) limbic system

Anton is applying for a technician's job with a neurosurgeon. In trying to impress his potential employer with his knowledge of the brain, he says,"After my father's stroke I knew immediately that the blood clot had affected his left cerebral hemisphere because he no longer recognized a picture of his friend." Should Anton be hired? A) Yes. Anton obviously understands brain structure and function B) No. The right hemisphere, not the left, specializes in picture recognition C) Yes. Although blood clots never form in the left hemisphere, Anton should be rewarded for recognizing the left hemisphere's role in picture recognition. D) No. Blood clots never form in the left hemisphere, and the right hemisphere is more involved than the left in recognizing pictures.

As the infant's brain develops, some neural pathways will decay if not used. This use-it-or-lose-it process is known as a. motor development. b. pruning. c. spacing. d. accommodation. e. maturation.

Attempts to control social behavior by using the punishing effects of isolation is an example of: A. Attachment disorder B. Ostracism C. Exploitation D. Wanting to belong E. Conforming

Carol Gilligan's research emphasizes prominent female characteristics, especially a. spatial abilities. b. making social connections. c. playing in large groups. d. talking a great deal. e. playing in competitive groups. e. They are more likely to be diagnosed with anxiety

Cortical areas that are not primarily concerned with sensory, motor, or language functions are A) called projection areas B) called association areas C) located mostly in the parietal lobe D) located mostly in the temporal lobe

Damage to the hippocampus would result in A) difficulties with balance and coordination B) memory problems C) the false sensation of burning in parts of the body D) emotional outbursts E) death

Diego likes to play sports and video games wher eas Sara likes to sing, dance, and play " house. " This example best depicts which of the following? a. Gender identity b. Gender typing c. Gender schema d. Social learning theory e. Gender expression

Even as newborns, we prefer sights and sounds that facilitate social responsiveness. This can be seen by a newborn's preference for a. soft music. b. face-like images. c. low pitched sounds. d. soft colors. e. loud music.

Following Layshree's near-fatal car accident, her physician noticed that the pupillary reflex of her eyes was abnormal. This may indicate that Layshree's _________ was damaged in the accident. A) occipital cortex B) autonomic nervous system C) left temporal lobe D) cerebellum

Heartbeat, digestion, and other self regulating bodily functions are governed by the A) voluntary nervous system B) automatic nervous system C) sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system D) somatic nervous system

In the attachment studies conducted with infant monkeys, what did the Harlows find a. Nutrition was the most important factor in attachment. b. Contact comfort was the most important factor in attachment. c. The surrogate mother' s appearance was the most important attachment factor. d. Monkeys were equally likely to become attached to either surrogate mother. e. The monkeys didn' t form attachments to the surrogate mothers.

In the brain, learning occurs as experience strengthen certain connections in cell work groups called A) action potentials B) neural networks C) endocrine systems D) dendrites

Melissa has just completed running a marathon. She is so elated that she feels little fatigue or discomfort. Her lack of pain is probably the result of the release of A) ACh B) endorphins C) dopamine D) norepinephrine

Opiate drugs such as morphine are classified as A) antagonists, because they block neurotransmitter receptors for pain B) agonists, because they mimic other neurotransmitters' pain-diminishing effects C) excitatory neurotransmitters, because they activate pain control mechanisms D) sympathetic nervous system agents, because they prepare the body for a challenge E) parasympathetic nervous system agents, because they calm the body.

Perception, thinking and language can operate at conscious, deliberate levels and also at unconscious, automatic levels. This best describes A) cognitive neuroscience B) dual processing C)selective attention D) selective in attention E) change blindness

Research has found that the amount of representation in the motor cortex reflects the A) size of the body parts B) degree of precise control required by each of the parts C) sensitivity of the body region D) area of the occipital lobe stimulated by the environment

Since Malcolm has been taking a drug prescribed by his doctor, he no longer enjoys the little pleasures of life, such as eating and drinking. His doctor explains that this is because the drug A) triggers release of dopamine B) inhibits release of dopamine C) triggers release of ACh. D) inhibits release of ACh.

Surveys conducted with people who have high spinal cord injuries suggest to researchers that emotions are A. Entirely cognitive, requiring no physical response to be intense. B. Largely dependent upon our bodily responses and behaviors. C. Mostly a social response to surrounding factors. D. Mostly a cultural reaction to context. E. Mostly psychological.

Temperament refers to what aspect of an infant's development? a. Susceptibility to infection and disease b. Emotional reactivity c. General intelligence d. Level of optimism e. Ability to learn from situations

The axon of certain neurons are covered by a layer of fatty tissue that helps speed neural transmission. This tissue is A) dopamine B) myelin sheath C) acetylcholine D) an endorphin

The effect of a drug that is an agonist is to A) cause the brain to stop producing certain neurotransmitters B) mimic a particular neurotransmitter C) block a particular neurotransmitter D) disrupt a neuron's all-or-none firing pattern

The neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) is most likely to be found A) at the junction between sensory neurons and muscle fibers B) at the junction between motor neurons and muscle fibers C) at junctions between interneurons D) in all of these locations

To walk across a street, a person would rely most directly on his A) central nervous system B) somatic nervous system C) peripheral nervous system D) autonomic nervous system E) parasympathetic nervous system

Voluntary movements, such as writing with a pencil, are directed by the A) sympathetic nervous system B) somatic nervous system C) parasympathetic nervous system D) autonomic nervous system

What do we call an optimal window of opportunity for proper development? a. Attachment b. The critical period c. The social period d Imprinting e Mere Exposure

What is North America's leading cause of death? A. Psychosomatic disorders B. Coronary heart disease C. Cancer D. Depression E. Stroke

What is the primary means by which parents influence the behavior of their children? a. Parenting style b. Genetic contributions c. Prenatal environment d. Teaching cooperation e. Rewarding achievement

Which of the following does the endocrine system rely on to communicate? A) action potentials B) hormones C) agonists D) neurotransmitters E) reuptake

Which of the following is a current belief of researchers that differs from Piaget's original theories? a. Infants simply have less information about the world than older children and adults. b. Object permanence develops earlier than Piaget believed. c. Infants learn more by verbal explanations than Piaget believed. d. Accommodation is a process that doesn't occur in young children. e. Schemas don't form until later than Piaget believed.

Which of the following is the best biological explanation for why the human body stores fat? A. Fat signals affluence and social status. B. Fat is a fuel reserve during periods when food is scarce. C. Fat is a display of abundant food sources. D. Fat keeps the body warm in winter climates. E. Fat combats the global epidemic of diabetes.

Which of the following is the lowest priority motive in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A. Belongingness and love needs B. Physiological needs C. Esteem needs D. Self-actualization needs E. Self-transcendence needs

Which of the following is typically controlled by the left hemisphere? A) spatial reasoning B) word recognition C) the left side of the body D) perceptual skills

Which of the following statements about mobile networks and social media is accurate? A. There are more home toilets in India than there are cell phones. B. Cell phones have been history's most rapidly adopted technology. C. Fewer than 75% of American youth are cell-phone users. D. Phone calling has displaced texting. E. Texting has declined in Canada and elsewhere because of email.

Which of the following was a problem with phrenology? A) It was "ahead of its time" and no one believed it could be true B) the brain is not neatly organized into structures that correspond to our categories of behavior C) The brains of humans and animals are much less similar than the theory implied D) All of these problems with phrenology

Which subfield of psychology provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine? A. Cognitive B. Health C. Clinical D. Educational E. Community

Which theory explains that physiological needs create an aroused state that motivates an organism to reduce the need? A. Instinct theory B. Drive-reduction theory C. Achievement motivation D. Arousal theory E. Hierarchy of needs

Your brother has been taking prescription medicine and experiencing a number of unpleasant side effects, including unusually rapid heartbeat and excessive perspiration. It is likely that the medicine is exaggerating activity in the A) reticular formation B) sympathetic nervous system C) parasympathetic nervous system D) amygdala

[Identifying Psychologists] Which of the following psychologists is best associated with studying the function of memory? A. Mary Whiton Calkins B. Hermann Ebbinghaus C. Erik Erikson D. Carl Rogers E. Carl

B. Hermann Ebbinghaus Hermann Ebbinghaus studied memory by memorizing nonsense syllables and seeing how many he could remember.

What is the correct term for a period of time when certain events must take place in order to facilitate proper development? a. Conservation stage b. Preoperational stage c. Attachment period d. Critical period e. Assimilation step

What term refers to the ability of the bodies physiological processes to maintain a balanced or constant internal state? A. Hierarchy of needs B. Basal metabolic rate C. Homeostasis D. Instinct E. Motivation

When Heinrich Kluver and neurosurgeon Paul Bucy surgically lesion end the amygdaloid of a Theseus monkey's brain, the monkey A) lost its ability to coordinate movement B) died because it's heartbeat became irregular C) became less aggressive D) lost its memory of where food was stored E) sank into an irreversible coma

When hearing emotions conveyed in another language, what emotion can people most readily detect? A. Sadness B. Happiness C. Anger D. Fear E. Surprise

Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a simple reflex? A) sensory neuron, interneuron, sensory neuron B) interneuron, motor neuron, sensory neuron C) sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron D) interneuron, sensory neuron, motor neuron

Which of the following are governed by the simplest neural pathways? A) emotions B) physiological drives, such as hunger C) reflexes D) movements, such as walking

Which of the following cognitive abilities is possible only at the formal operational stage? a. Reversing arithmetic operations b. Using a theory of mind to predict the behavior of others c. Using hypothetical situations as the basis of moral reasoning d. Using symbolic thinking for pretend play e. Understanding basic physics to recognize impossible situations

Which of the following identifies children's difficulty seeing another's perspective? a. Abstract thinker b. Role player c. Egocentric thinker d. A child who understands conservation e. A child who demonstrates high mental operations

Sebastian wants to earn an "A" in his biology course but finds it difficult to stay motivated to study every night. His teacher recommends that he surround himself with peers who study regularly to increase his studying behavior. Sebastian's teacher made her recommendation based on the learning concept of A) acquisition B) classical conditioning C) modeling D) generalization E) discrimination

C) modeling

A biological psychologist would be more likely to study A) how you learn to express emotions B) how to help people overcome emotional disorders C) life-span changes in the expression of emotions D) the chemical changes that accompany emotions

According to Erikson, what is the primary developmental task for adolescents? a. Trust versus mistrust b. Initiative versus guilt c. Competence d. Identity versus role confusion e. Intimacy versus isolation

According to Plomin and Daniels, " Two children in the same family are [apart from their shared genes] as different from as are pairs of children selected randomly from the population. " a. their parents b. their grandparents c. their friends d. one another e. their cousins

Beginning at the front of the brain and moving toward the back of the head, then down the skull and back around to the front, which of the following is the correct order of the cortical regions? A) occipital lobe; temporal lobe; parietal lobe; frontal lobe B) temporal lobe; frontal lobe; parietal lobe; occipital lobe C) frontal lobe; occipital lobe; temporal lobe; parietal lobe D) frontal lobe; parietal lobe; occipital lobe; temporal lobe

Compared with the late nineteenth century, what is true about the transition from childhood to adulthood in Western cultures? a. It starts earlier and is completed earlier. b. It starts later and is completed later. c. It starts later and is completed earlier. d. It starts earlier and is completed later. e. It has not changed.

Dr. Frankenstein made a mistake during neurosurgery on his monster. After the operation, the monster "saw" with his ears and "Heard" with his eyes. It is likely that Dr. Frankenstein "rewired" neural connections in the monster's A) hypothalamus B) cerebellum C) amygdala D) thalamus

Dr. Hernandez is studying neurotransmitter abnormalities in depressed patients. She would most likely describe herself as a A) personality psychologist B) phrenologist C) psychoanalyst D) biological psychologist

Drugs that amplify neurotransmitter activity are called A) addictive B) excitatory C) antagonists D) agonists E) inhibitory

Epinephrine and norepinephrine are ____ that are released by the _____ gland A) neurotransmitters; pituitary B) hormones; pituitary C) neurotransmitters; thyroid D) hormones; adrenal

Following a nail gun wound to his head, Jack became more uninhibited, irritable, dishonest, and profane. It is likely that his personality change was the result of injury to his A) parietal lobe B) temporal lobe C) occipital lobe D) frontal lobe

Gender _____ are the social expectations that guide men and women's behavior. Gender _____ is a person's sense of being male or female. a. concepts; role b. preferences; role c. roles; preference d. roles; identity e. roles; preference

I am a relatively fast-acting chemical messenger that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousaal. What am I? A) acetylcholine B) dopamine C) norepinephrine D) scrotonin

In a resting state, the axon is A) depolarized, with mostly negatively charged ions outside and positively charged ions inside B) depolarized, with mostly positively charged ions outside and negatively charged ions inside C) polarized with mostly negatively charged ions outside and positively charged ions inside D) polarized, with mostly positively charged ions outside and negatively charged ions inside

In order to pinpoint the location of a tumor, a neurosurgeon electrically stimulated parts of the patient's sensory cortex. If the patient was conscious during the procedure, which of the following was probably experienced? A) "hearing" faint sounds B) "seeing" random visual patterns C) movement of the arms or legs D) a sense of having the skin touched

Jessica experienced difficulty keeping her balance after receiving a blow to the back of her head. It is likely that she injured her A) medulla B) thalamus C) hypothalamus D) cerebellum

Most adolescents can ponder and debate human nature, good and evil, truth and justice. According to Piaget, this thinking ability is due to the emergence of which stage a. Concrete operational b. Sensorimotor c. Preoperational d. Formal operational e. Accommodation

Social development researchers suggest that infancy major social achievement is attachment. Childhood's major social achievement is developing which of the following a. Basic trust b. Into a sexually mature person c. Intimacy d. A positive sense of self e. Object permanence

Surgical stimulation of the sensory cortex might result in the false sensation A) of music B) of flashes of colored light C) that someone is whispering your name D) that someone is tickling you E) of a bad odor

The basic building block of the nervous system is the A) neurotransmitter B) brain C) synapse D) neuron E) dendrite

The general adaptation syndrome (GAS) begins with: A. Resistance B. Appraisal C. Exhaustion D. Alarm E. Challenge

The gland that regulates body growth is the A) adrenal B) thyroid C) hypothalamus D) pituitary

The increasing complexity of animals' behavior is accompanied by an A) increase in the size of the brain stem B) increase in the depth of the corpus callosum C) increase in the size of the frontal lobe D) increase in the amount of association area

The stress hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from where? A. Parasympathetic nervous system B. Hippocampus C. Brain stem D. Adrenal glands E. Hypothalamus

The technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer images of structures within the brain is called A) the EEG B) a lesion C) a PET scan D) MRI

Vygotsky called the space between what a child could learn with and without help the a. theory of mind. b. zone of abstract logic. c. zone of abstract reasoning. d. zone of proximal development. e. zone of developmental readiness.

What do we call the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness? A. Culture-specific expression B. Moebius syndrome C. Botox D. Facial feedback effect E. Culturally universal expression

Which is the correct sequence in the transmission of a neural impulse? A) axon, dendrite, cell body, synapse B) dendrite, axon, cell body, synapse C) synapse, axon, dendrite, cell body D) dendrite, cell body, axon, synapse

Which of the following best identifies any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches? A. Bacterial infection B. Psychoneuroimmunology C. Allergic reaction D. Psychophysiological illness E. Viral infection

Which of the following changes does not occur with age? a. Visual sharpness diminishes. b. Distance perception is less acute. c. Adaptation to light-level changes is less rapid. d. The lens of the eye becomes more transparent. e. Senses of smell and hearing diminish.

Which of the following is a task more likely to be accomplished by the right hemisphere of the brain? A) solving a mathematical problem B) reading C) making a brief oral presentation to a class D) recognizing a friend's face E) solving a logic problem

Which of the following is an unlearned, complex behavior exhibited by all members of a species? A. Reflex B. Drive C. Incentive D. Instinct E. Motive

Which of the following is true of menopause? a. Both men and women experience menopause around the age of 50. b. Men experience menopause around 50 years of age, but women experience menopause around 65 years of age. c. Women experience menopause around 50 years of age, but men experience menopause around 65 years of age. d. Women experience menopause around the age of 50, but men don't experience menopause. e. Men experience menopause around the age of 65, but women don't experience menopause

Which of the following is typically controlled by the right hemisphere? A) language B) learned voluntary movements C) arthimetic reasoning D) perceptual tasks

Which of the following statements is true? A. We eat less dessert when there are three different desserts available. B. Serving sizes in France are generally larger than in the United States. C. Offered a supersized portion, most of us consume fewer calories. D. We eat more when we're around others. E. Food variety generally decreases appetite.

Which of the following words or phrases best identifies our gauge of how valued and accepted we feel? A. Hope B. Autonomy C. Competence D. Self-esteem E. Ostracism

Which of the following would be considered a sign of secure attachment in a 1-year-old? a. Showing no sign of stranger anxiety , whether the parent is present or not b. Paying no attention to a parent who returns after a brief separation c. Showing anger at the parent after a brief separation d. Becoming distressed when the parent leaves and seeking contact on return e. Not reacting to a parent leaving or returning after a brief separation

Which of the following would be considered an example of Erikson's concept of generativity? a. A 25-year-old meets and marries the love of his life. b. A 35-year-old earns a lot of money, though she doesn't particularly enjoy her job. c. An 85-year-old looks back at a life well-lived and feels satisfied. d. A 40-year-old takes pride in her work and how she has raised her children. e. A 20-year-old decides to become a physician.

Which psychological concept would predict the smiling one way on the outside would cause you to feel better on the inside? A. Relative deprivation B. Mimicry C. Empathy D. Facial feedback E. Catharsis

Which question expresses the developmental issue of stability and change? a. Are individuals more similar or different from each other? b. How much of development occurs in distinct stages? c. How much of development is determined by genetics? d. To what extent do certain traits persist through the lifespan? e. Which traits are most affected by life changes and experience

Which theory explains why, even when our biological needs are satisfied, we may still feel driven to experience stimulation? A. Incentive B. Homeostasis C. Instinct D. Arousal theory E. Physiology

Who identified secure and insecure attachment? a. Sigmund Freud b. Konrad Lorenz c. Jean Piaget d. Mary Ainsworth e. Jerome Kagan

Why does further weight loss come slowly following a rapid loss during the initial three weeks of a rigorous diet? A. The number of fat cells makes further weight loss impossible. B. When a person's hunger increases, metabolism increases. C. When an obese person's set point has been reached, weight loss increases dramatically. D. The body reacts as if it's being starved and metabolic rates drop. E. An obese person cannot maintain a rigorous weight loss diet.

[Implicit Vs. Explicit Memory] If Jess has a type of amnesia that affects the formation of explicit memories but not implicit ones, which of the following will she be most likely to remember? A. The date of her last basketball lesson B. The name of her basketball coach C. The location of the gym D. The arm position to throw the ball E. The rules of the game

D. The arm position to throw the ball Skills such as how to hold one's arm to throw a ball are implicit memories. Jess will improve at basketball over time, as would any person with practice.

[Explicit Memories] Explicit memories are A. retrieved from the amygdala B. created in the thalamus C. retrieved from the cerebellum D. created in the hippocampus E. stored in the basal ganglia

D. created in the hippocampus Various studies, including that of H. M., show that damage to the hippocampus inhibits the ability to create explicit memories.

Which of the following is true of the early formation of brain cells? a. They form at a constant rate throughout the prenatal period. b. They begin forming slowly, and then the rate increases throughout prenatal development. c. They form slowly during the prenatal period, and then the rate increases after birth. d. They form at a constantly increasing rate prenatally and in early childhood. e. They are overproduced early in the prenatal period, and then the rate decreases and stabilizes

The purpose of the myelin sheath is to A). Make the transfer of information across synapse more efficient B) increase the amount of neurotransmitters available in the neuron C) reduce the antagonistic effect of certain drugs D) establish a resting potential in the axon E) speed the transmission of information within a neuron

Which of the following actions is a violation of Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A. A person who moves to a new city get an apartment before beginning to make new friends. B. A very hungry reality show contestant searches for food before trying to win a competition. C. A professor spends time socially with her colleagues before she works on her own research. D. An artist works to win a local award before spending time on his own personal projects. E. An athlete follows a "no pain, no gain" motto rather than stopping for rest and nourishment.

Which of the following depends least on the maturation process? a. Riding a bike b. Writing c. Talking d. Bladder control e. Telling time

Which of the following is a conclusion that can be drawn from the Yerkes-Dodson Law? A. Performance on easy tasks is best when arousal is low. B. Performance is best when arousal is extremely high. C. Performance is best when arousal is extremely low. D. Performance on difficult tasks is best when arousal is high. E. Performance is best when arousal is moderate.

Which of the following is the longest prenatal stage? a. Teratogen b. Conception c. Zygote d. Embryo e. Fetus

Which of the following is the major source of energy in your body? A. PYY B. Arcuate nucleus C. Hypothalamus D. Ghrelin E. Glucose

Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding emotion? A. Smiles are neither social nor emotional events. B. Inhabitants of individualist countries are more likely to display nonverbal emotions than inhabitants of collectivist countries. C. Mouths convey more emotion than eyes. D. Natively blind people who have never seen a smile will never generate a smile. E. Cultures share a universal facial language for basic emotions.

Which is true of social relations during the teen years? a. As teens distance themselves from parents, peer relationships become more important. b. High school girls who have the poorest relationships with their mothers have the most intense friendships with peers. c. Parental influence peaks during mid to late adolescence. d. Most adolescents have serious disagreements with parents, leading to great social stress. e. Teens are generally more concerned with family relationships than peer relationships.

Ryan suffers from nearly constant, low-level arousal of his autonomic nervous system. Ryan is most likely to be classified as suffering from A) GAD B) major depressive disorder C) somatic symptom disorder D) OCD E) PTSD

GAD (generalized anxiety disorder)

Why is Wilhelm Wundt often considered the first scientific psychological researcher? a. His scientific philosophy was carefully built on Descartes' idea about mind-body dualism. b. He gathered data through experiments in his lab. c. He treated patients with mental illnesses using a medical model for the first time. d. His attention to genetic causes was ahead of his time. e. He analyzed data from his studies using inferential statistics.

He gathered data through experiments in his lab

Which of the following psychologists most clearly rejected the value of introspection? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Edward Titchener c. John B. Watson d. William James e. Sigmund Freud

John B. Watson

Who would have been most likely to ignore mental processes and to define psychology as "the scientific study of observable behavior"? a. John B. Watson b. Edward Titchener c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Jean Piaget e. William James

John B. Watson

Which philosopher is most well-known for theorizing that the mind at birth is tabula rasa or a "blank slate"? a. Plato b. John Locke c. Immanuel Kant d. René Descartes e. Aristotle

John Locke

The ideas that most directly helped form modern empiricism were proposed by a. Plato and Socrates. b. John Locke and Francis Bacon. c. Plato and René Descartes. d. Socrates and Confucius. e. Aristotle and Socrates

John Locke and Francis Bacon

Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory work involved experimental studies of a. animal intelligence. b. personality development. c. learning and memory. d. reactions to sensory stimulation. e. association and generalization.

Reactions to sensory stimulation

Noam Chomsky's theory of language acquisition holds that people have an inborn universal grammar that makes learning of language easy for children. Which of the following statements is used as support for this theory?

Regardless of the language learned, children tend to make similar errors of grammar when they first begin to learn language.

Who would be most likely to emphasize the role of the unconscious in affecting behavior? a. Ivan Pavlov b. Carl Rogers c. William James d. John B. Watson e. Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

Which is an example of anterograde amnesia?

Someone cannot make new memories since his concussion

The first psychological laboratory was established by a. William James. b. John Watson. c. Wilhelm Wundt. d. Sigmund Freud. e. Jean Piaget.

Wilhelm Wundt

Charles Darwin believed that behaviors, such as the emotional expressions associated with human rage, could be explained by natural selection. Which early psychologist would be most likely to agree with Darwin's assessment? a. William James b. Edward B. Titchener c. Wilhelm Wundt d. John B. Watson e. Ivan Pavlov

William James

The early school of psychology known as functionalism was developed by a. Wilhelm Wundt. b. William James. c. René Descartes. d. John B. Watson. e. Sigmund Freud.

William James

Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the emerging discipline of psychology? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. John B. Watson c. Sigmund Freud d. William James e. Mary Calkins

William James

Would you appreciate a unit X multiple choice quizlet? A. Yes B. Noc

Your answer has been informed to [email protected], don't forget to look through the other quizlets, have a good day!

Janna has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. Appreciating the complexity of Janna's difficulties requires a. introspection. b. psychoanalysis. c. massed practice. d. a biopsychosocial approach. e. structuralism.

a biopsychosocial approach

Which of the following is most likely to be stored as an implicit memory? A. a mental image of one's best friend B. the date of one's own birth C. a conditioned fear of guns D. one's own name

a conditioned fear of guns

what do we call behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus? a. respondent behavior b. operant behavior c. extinguished behavior d. biofeedback conditioning e. skinnerian conditioning

a. respondent behavior

which ability is a good predictor of good adjustment, better grades, and social success? a. self-control b. locus of control c. problem-focused coping d. learned helplessness e. emotion-focused coping

a. self-control

which of the following best describes a discriminative stimulus? a. something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer b. an innately reinforcing stimulus c. something that when removes increases the likelihood of the behavior d. an event that decreases the behavior it follows e. an amplified stimulus feeding back information to responses

a. something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer

when is prosocial learning most effective? a. when the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson b. when the model verbally emphasizes the prosocial lesson but acts as she chooses c. when the model is predisposed to the prosocial conduct d. when the observer has a close relationship with the model e. when the model is well-known

a. when the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson

Each of the following "sins of memory" involves distortion, except: A. suggestibility. B. bias. C. misattribution. D. absent-mindedness.

absent-mindedness

While reading her AP Psychology textbook, Sara scans the section headings, noticing how the units are organized, and forms questions to answer while reading. According to the text, her strategy best reflects a. how knowledge transforms us. b. the nature of psychology as a science. c. how we construct our perceptions. d. active processing of the material. e. how psychology affects other disciplines.

active processing of the material.

Functionalism was a school of psychology that focused attention on the a. adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions. b. component elements of sensory experience. c. disruptive effects of unconscious motives. d. treatment of psychological disorders. e. inward immediate sensations, feelings, and impulses.

adaptive value of conscious thoughts and emotions

To find Tabasco sauce in a large grocery store, you could systematically search every shelf in every store aisle. This best illustrates problem solving by means of:

an algorithm

Cyan has come up with a test to identify people with the potential to be great civil rights lawyers. Such a test would be classified as a... A) speed test B) achievement test C) EQ test D) IQ test E) aptitude test

aptitude test

When you hear familiar words in your native language, it is virtually impossible not to register the meanings of the words. This best illustrates the importance of:

automatic processing

What term means that instances readily come to mind, and we presume such events are common?

availability heuristic

lynn is teaching learning. every time she claps her hands, charlie turns off the light. when randy claps in approval of lynns presentation, charlie does not turn the light off. what concept has charlie demonstrated? a. habituation b. discrimination c. spontaneous recovery d. extinction e. habituation

b. discrimination

a woman had been pondering a problem for days and was about to give up when, suddenly, the solution came to her. her experience can best be described as what? a. cognitive learning b. insight c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning e. unconscious associative learning

b. insight

superstitious behavior can be produced by a. careful manipulation of a classical conditioning experiment b. the accidental timing of rewards c. possession of a large number of traditionally lucky items d. cognitive awareness of superstitious behavior in others e. the change in a reinforcement schedule from ratio to interval

b. the accidental timing of rewards

which of the following is the most likely consequence of the brain's tendency to vicariously experience something we observe? a. actual physical injury b. the risk of misremembering our own actions c. interference with associative learning d. the elimination if classically conditioned responses to stimuli e. a confusion between reinforcers and rewards in an operant conditioning setting

b. the risk of misa. remembering our own actions

Dr. MacPherson believes that the way students organize and think about the information in their textbooks will strongly influence their ability to later remember and use what they have studied. Dr. MacPherson's ideas most directly exemplify the ________ perspective. a. social-cultural b. cognitive c. psychodynamic d. humanistic e. biological

cognitive

Pascale is interested in the processing strategies children use to learn new information. Pascale would best be classified as what type of psychologist? A) sociocultural B) clinical C) cognitive D) behavorialist E) personality

cognitive

Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences? a. behavioral b. cognitive c. biological d. social-cultural e. psychodynamic

cognitive

Which psychological perspective highlights the manner in which people encode, process, store, and retrieve information? a. cognitive b. psychodynamic c. behavioral d. biological e. evolutionary

cognitive

Which area of psychology might be best suited to investigate the following research question: what happens in our brain when we forget details about stressful life events, and how does this process affect behavior? a. structuralism b. behaviorism c. humanistic psychology d. cognitive neuroscience e. functionalist psychology

cognitive neuroscience

Dr. Preston is a specialist who goes to areas that have been hit by natural disasters and works with teams there to manage the resulting crises among the members of the public who have been affected. Dr. Preston is most likely a(n) ______ psychologist. a. community b. clinical c. social d. counseling e. forensic

community

Problem solving is one type of cognitive activity in which we all engage. Which of the following cognitive tendencies is seen to be an obstacle to problem solving?

confirmation bias

112. Robert wants to pursue a degree in a field in which he could help people learn how to change their lives, such as determining what career best suits them. The subfield that is most applicable in this area is a. rehabilitation psychology. b. school psychology. c. counseling psychology. d. clinical psychology. e. neuropsychology.

counseling psychology

Mr. Christian has designed a camera with buttons that are easy to reach and see. Mr. Christian is most likely a. a cognitive psychologist. b. conducting basic research. c. using psychometrics. d. engaged in applied research. e. engaged in introspection.

engaged in applied research

Mark believes that people are genetically predisposed to dislike bitter-tasting foods because this has enhanced human survival. His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective. a. psychodynamic b. social-cultural c. evolutionary d. behavioral e. cognitive

evolutionary

Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference enhanced the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective. a. social-cultural b. behavioral c. cognitive d. evolutionary e. psychodynamic

evolutionary

Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited psychological traits? a. evolutionary b. cognitive c. behavioral d. social-cultural e. humanistic

evolutionary

Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited? a. cognitive b. behavioral c. evolutionary d. social-cultural e. psychodynamic

evolutionary

Dr. Lipka is involved in an applied research study of customer satisfaction with a newly developed line of facial cosmetics and other beauty aids. Dr. Lipka is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. a. clinical b. developmental c. social d. personality e. industrial-organizational

industrial-organizational

Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Ochoa's work best represent? a. developmental psychology b. industrial-organizational psychology c. biological psychology d. clinical psychology e. psychiatry

industrial-organizational psychology

Behaviorists dismissed the value of a. science. b. introspection. c. spaced practice. d. neuroscience. e. reinforcement.

introspection

Contemporary psychologists are most likely to reject which of the following as appropriate for the study of psychology? a. empiricism b. observation c. introspection d. experimentation e. mental activity

introspection

In Wilhelm Wundt's experiments, participants were asked to press a key as soon as they were consciously aware of perceiving a sound. By asking participants to examine and report their conscious experiences, Wundt was making use of which of the following? a. structuralism b. empiricism c. tabula rasa d. introspection e. functionalism

introspection

Research participants were asked to monitor and report their own immediate sensory reactions to differently colored objects. This research involved a technique known as a. empiricism. b. structuralism. c. introspection. d. functionalism. e. psychometrics.

introspection

Research participants who carefully observe and report their immediate reactions and feelings in response to different musical sounds are using the method known as a. spaced practice. b. psychoanalysis. c. introspection. d. natural selection. e. SQ3R.

introspection

The self-reflective observation of one's own sensations and feelings is called a. clinical psychology. b. introspection. c. spaced practice. d. humanism. e. Gestalt psychology.

introspection

Light enters through an opening in the A) lens B) retina C) iris D) blindspot E) fovea

iris

Which of the following innovations differentiated Wilhelm Wundt's research the most from any psychologist before him? a. empiricism b. structuralism c. tabula rasa d. laboratory research e. separation of mind and body

laboratory research

In the 1960s, humanistic psychologists considered the approach advanced by behaviorists to be excessively a. illogical. b. biological. c. introspective. d. limited. e. cognitive.

limited

A theoretical perspective in psychology can be like a two-dimensional view of a three-dimensional object because each perspective is a. limited in its scope. b. likely to contradict other perspectives. c. based on assumptions shared by other perspectives. d. of little value for applied research. e. impossible to test scientifically.

limited in its scope

Using different words for two very similar objects enables people to recognize conceptual distinctions between the objects. This illustrates:

linguistic determinism

The surprising ease with which people form false memories best illustrates that the processes of encoding and retrieval involve:

memory construction

In its early years, psychology focused on the study of ________, but from the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study of ________. a. environmental influences; hereditary influences b. maladaptive behavior; adaptive behavior c. unconscious motives; conscious thoughts and feelings d. mental life; observable behavior e. biology; culture

mental life; observable behavior

In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology involved a renewal of interest in the scientific study of a. mental processes. b. hereditary influences. c. unconscious motives. d. learned behaviors. e. evolutionary influences.

mental processes

As a child, Theo often looked at a picture album that included photos of a family reunion. Although Theo had not attended the reunion because he had been ill, he remembers being there. Theo's mistake best illustrates:

misattribution

"Pre" in the word "preview" and "ed" in the word "adapted" are examples of:

morphemes

The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of social-cultural influences integrated within the larger framework of a. functionalism. b. introspection. c. humanistic psychology. d. multiple levels of analysis. e. structuralism.

multiple levels of analysis.

Neural transmission is often described as an electrochemical process. Which of the following is most directly involved in the electrical aspect? A) the synapse B) terminal buttons C) hormones D) myelin E) neurotransmitters

myelin

The survival of organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as a. functionalism. b. natural selection. c. humanism. d. structuralism. e. introspection.

natural selection

Lissette wonders whether personality differences between her African-American and Asian-American friends result from biological or cultural influences. In this instance, Lissette is primarily concerned with the relative contributions of a. biology and cognition. b. nature and nurture. c. behavior and mental processes. d. conscious and unconscious thoughts. e. introspection versus structuralism.

nature and nurture

Arguments as to whether psychological differences between men and women result from biological or social influences most clearly involve a debate over the issue of a. evolution versus natural selection. b. stage development versus continuous development. c. structuralism versus functionalism. d. behavior versus mental processes. e. nature versus nurture.

nature versus nurture

Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their biology or by their home environments are most directly relevant to the debate regarding a. structuralism versus functionalism. b. evolution versus natural selection. c. observation versus introspection. d. nature versus nurture. e. humanism versus behaviorism.

nature versus nurture

Dr. Welker decided on his career path after seeing two of his grandparents experience Alzheimer's disease. Because he now works in the diagnosis and treatment of Alzheimer's disease, he must be considered a(n) _____. a. experimental psychologist. b. forensic psychologist. c. rehabilitation psychologist. d. counseling psychologist. e. neuropsychologist.

neuropsychologist

In the context of debates regarding the origins of knowledge, Aristotle is to ________ as Plato is to ________. a. soul; body b. structuralism; functionalism c. stability; change d. introspection; observation e. nurture; nature

nurture; nature

The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance of a. cognition. b. observable responses. c. introspection. d. natural selection. e. self-esteem.

observable responses

The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on how a. feelings are influenced by blood chemistry. b. people try to understand their own unconscious motives. c. behavior is influenced by environmental conditions. d. people encode, process, store, and retrieve information. e. how behaviors and thinking vary across cultures.

people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

Dr. Wilcox conducts basic research on the behavioral differences between shy and outgoing people. Dr. Wilcox is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. a. clinical b. biological c. cognitive d. industrial-organizational e. personality

personality

The sound made by "c" in the word cat is best described as a A) phonome B) morpheme C) holophrase D) syllable E) grapheme

phoneme

Why would an adult recall numerous childhood memories while visiting her old elementary school?

priming

During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates:

proactive interference

You are used to driving a car with a standard shift. Today you are driving a friend's car that has an automatic transmission. As you drive, you keep trying to shift gears, but there is no shift. This tendency is most likely due to:

proactive interference

Clinical psychologists specialize in a. constructing surveys. b. animal research. c. providing therapy to troubled people. d. providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders. e. studying how people solve complicated mental puzzles.

providing therapy to troubled people.

The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is a(n) a. clinical psychologist. b. industrial-organizational psychologist. c. developmental psychologist. d. psychiatrist. e. biological psychologist.

psychiatrist.

Which psychological perspective was most popular at the turn of the twentieth century in western Europe? A) neuroscience B) evolutionary C) behavioralism D) cognitive E) psychoanalytic

psychoanalytic

A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is employing a(n) ________ perspective. a. evolutionary b. psychodynamic c. behavioral d. social-cultural e. cognitive

psychodynamic

Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective. a. evolutionary b. behavioral c. psychodynamic d. biological e. social-cultural

psychodynamic

Which perspective is most concerned with the unique ways in which individuals interpret their own life experiences? a. behavioral b. cognitive c. biological d. evolutionary e. psychodynamic

psychodynamic

A student who has a strong background in statistics, and who does not want to work as closely with patients, would be an ideal candidate to become a(n) _____ psychologist. a. social b. clinical c. psychometric d. community e. rehabilitation

psychometric

A 5th grader is asked to remember her 2nd grade teacher's name. This is an example of:

recall

You are asked to recall the names of the Seven Dwarfs in the Snow White fairy tale. You are familiar with the story, and may have even seen a movie of the story, yet you cannot remember all seven names accurately. What type of memory problem might account for this?

retrieval failure

Although diagnosed with autism and hardly able to speak coherently, 18-year-old Andrew can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Andrew illustrates a condition known as:

savant syndrome

Which of the following processes is likely to result in the best memory for words?

semantic encoding

Dr. Veenstra conducts basic research on the impact of racial prejudice on behavior. Dr. Veenstra is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. a. developmental b. clinical c. social d. biological e. industrial-organizational

social

Dr. Mills conducts research on why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. Which specialty area does his research best represent? a. cognitive psychology b. social psychology c. developmental psychology d. clinical psychology e. industrial-organizational psychology

social psychology

Dr. Kozak has concluded that the unusually low incidence of alcohol dependence among citizens of a small African country can be attributed to strong fundamentalist religious influences in that region. This belief best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective. a. humanistic b. evolutionary c. psychodynamic d. biological e. social-cultural

social-cultural

Dr. Wilson attributes the delinquent behaviors of many teens to the pressures associated with being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. social-cultural d. biological e. evolutionary

social-cultural

Which perspective would focus on the extent to which different styles of parenting are encouraged among various ethnic communities? a. evolutionary b. cognitive c. psychodynamic d. social-cultural e. biological

social-cultural

When a professional golfer continued to struggle with her swing, she consulted Dr. Ozak, who helped her learn new strategies to help her improve her performance. Dr. Ozak is a(n) _______ psychologist. a. counseling b. sports c. social d. psychometric e. developmental

sports

The unreliability of introspection contributed to the waning popularity of a. structuralism. b. psychiatry. c. empiricism. d. behaviorism. e. functionalism.

structuralism

Which of the following is LEAST likely to contribute to prejudice? A) stereotyping B) scapegoating C) out-group homogeneity D) superordinate goals E) discrimination

superordinate goals

In English, it is appropriate to refer to "a pretty bird," but not to "a bird pretty." This best illustrates the importance of:

syntax

Counterconditioning lies at the heart of which therapeutic approach? A) flooding B) systemic desensitization C) REBT D) token economies E) stress inoculation

systemic desensitization

Which of the following is NOT included as part of today's general definition of intelligence?

the ability to understand people and emotions

An example of the primacy effect would be remembering:

the names of the first two people you met at your new school

A defense attorney emphasizes to a jury that her client works full-time, supports his family, and enjoys leisure-time hobbies. Although none of this information is relevant to the trial, it is designed to make the defendant appear to be a typical member of the local community. The lawyer is most clearly attempting to take advantage of:

the representativeness heuristic

Wilhelm Wundt's early experiments were attempts to investigate which area of psychology? a. the causes of mental illnesses b. social conformity c. the simplest mental processes d. childhood development e. causes of aggression

the simplest mental processes

Which is an example of implicit memory?

the way to turn the car key to start the engine

Which of the following relates to semantic encoding?

thinking about how words relate to your own life

What kind of personality theorist would be most interested in the results of the MMPI? A) psychoanalytic B) humanistic C) behavioral D) biological E) trait

trait

The distinctive feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis on a. natural selection. b. brain chemistry. c. unconscious conflicts. d. learned behaviors. e. introspection.

unconscious conflicts

Joe had a tumor removed which damaged part of his Wernicke's area. He now likely has trouble:

understanding

According to the text, the SQ3R study method is effective because it a. demonstrates the power of unconscious processing. b. allows us to challenge our preconceptions. c. utilizes active processing of the text information. d. engages the whole brain, not just a small percentage. e. increases the investment you are making in studying psychology.

utilizes active processing of the text information.

Which of the following would be predicted by Ebbinghaus' famous forgetting curve? Several years after learning the dates of important historical events for a college class, students:

will have forgotten most of the dates, but what they do remember, they'll remember for years to come.

The myelin sheath that is on some neurons A) increases the speed of neural transmission B) slows neural transmission C) regulates the release of neurotransmitters D) prevents positive ions from passing through the membrane

Memories of emotional events are especially likely to be facilitated by activation of the

amygdala

what do we call the desire to perform a behavior in order to receive promises rewards or to avoid threatened punishment? a. latent learning b. extrinsic motivation c. intrinsic motivation d. insight learning e. emotion-focused coping

b. extrinsic motivation

what do we call the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response? a. acquisition b. spontaneous recovery c. discrimination d. operant conditioning e. classical conditioning

b. spontaneous recovery

Maintaining one's conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited is known as:

belief perserverance

elephants appear to have the capacity to remember large-scale spaces over long periods. which of the following best identifies this capacity? a. latent learning b. insight c. cognitive maps d. intrinsic motivation e. extrinsic motivation

c. cognitive maps

the perception that we control our own fate is also called what? a. self-control b. learned helplessness c. internal locus of control d. external locus of control e. emotion-focused coping

c. internal locus of control

which of the following processes is the best term for explaining how we learn languages? a. biofeedback b. discrimination c. modeling d. insight e. creativity

c. modeling

Which accurately describes short-term memory?

can handle roughly 7 items

What is another word for the way a issue is presented to you?

framing

what do we call it when the CR decreases as the CS is repeatedly presented alone? a. generalization b. discrimination c. spontaneous recovery d. extinction e. acquisition

d. extinction

The psychologist most likely to help an attorney make selections of jury members is a(n) ____ psychologist. a. counseling b. community c. educational d. cognitive e. forensic

forensic

Pablo vainly searches for a screwdriver while failing to recognize that a readily available coin in his pocket would turn the screw. His oversight best illustrates:

functional fixedness

According to the serial position effect, you will remember more:

items at the beginning and end of a list, than in the middle.

Which is an example of flashbulb memory?

remembering where you were when you heard about a tragedy

Priming refers to:

the activation of associations in memory.

How many morphemes does the word "dogs" have?

How many phonemes does the word "dogs" have?

A bodybuilder friend suddenly seems to have grown several inches in height. You suspect that your friend's growth spurt has occurred because he has been using drugs that affect the A) pituitary gland B) thalamus C) adrenal glands D) medulla

A brief electrical charge that travels down an axon is called A) action potential B) resting potential C) all-or-none impulse D) refractory period E) myelination response

A person who eats excessively and never seems to feel full may have which of the following conditions? A. Tumor in the hypothalamus B. Too much insulin C. Stomach ulcer D. Stomach bypass surgery E. Too much of the hormone PYY

A split-brain patient has a picture of a knife flashed to her left hemisphere and that of a fork to her right hemisphere. She will be able to A) identify the fork using her left hand B) identify a knife using her left hand C) identify a knife using either hand D) identify a fork using either hand

According to Lawrence Kohlberg, what stage of moral development is exhibited when actions are judged " right " because they flow from basic ethical principles? a. Postconventional b. Preconventional c. Conventional d. Preoperational e. Formal operational

According to Mary Ainsworth's research on attachment, what would a child need most to become " securely attached " ? a. Consistent, responsive caregivers b. The right temperament c. A terry cloth-wrapped " surrogate " mother d. An imprinting experience shortly after birth e. Enriched motor development experiences

According to research, which type of aggression is more common among males than females? a. Harmful physical aggression b. Indirect nonphysical aggression c. Verbal aggression d. Ostracism e. Spreading rumors

Alcohol is a teratogen that can slip through the ______ and damage the fetus or embryo. A. placenta B. nervous system C. womb D. brainstem E. zygote

An individual is having trouble with cognitive tasks related to learning and memory. Which of the following neurotransmitters is most likely to be involved with the problem? A) Acetyllcholine B) dopamine C) serotonin D) the endorphins E) GABA

Awareness of ourselves and our environment best describes A) consciousness B) dual processing C) inattentional blindness D) change blindness E) cognitive neuroscience

Boez is a 2-year-old boy who is in the process of potty training. When Boez urinates in the potty, he has a sense of pride. If Boez urinates in his pants, he runs and hides. According to Erikson, in which psychosocial stage is Boez? a. Autonomy versus shame and doubt b. Initiative versus guilt c. Competence versus inferiority d. Identity versus role confusion e. Intimacy versus isolation

Compared with rats raised in an enriched environment, which of the following is true of rats raised in isolation? a. Their brain cortex is less developed. b. Though neurologically similar , they fear other rats. c. Their brains have more connections. d. They have a thicker brain cortex. e. The differences between the two groups are not statistically significant

The best example of a biological predisposition to learning is which of the following? A) After Ted got sick from eating sushi from the deli, he became nauseous whenever he thought of eating sushi. B) Little Cardi gets in her toy car and imitates the way her mother drives a real car. C) By using shaping techniques, a researcher can teach a chicken to play tic-tac-toe. D) Rats can learn to run complex mazes even without food rewards present. E) After getting kicked by a donkey, Sarah developed a fear of not only donkeys but also horses.

A) After Ted got sick from eating sushi from the deli, he became nauseous whenever he thought of eating sushi.

Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the acquisition of a fear of snakes? A) Randolph's brother frequently startled Randolph whenever he approached a snake, which caused Randolph to develop an intense fear of them. B) Tim used to be afraid of snakes, but after a number of harmless interactions with them, his fear subsided. C) Faye's fear of snakes went away when she had a few pleasant encounters with them, but after a period of time, the fear returned. D) Vivian's long-held fear of snakes only applied to ones that were striped. E) Chester received a painful bite from a snake years ago, and ever since he has feared not only snakes but also worms and caterpillars.

A) Randolph's brother frequently startled Randolph whenever he approached a snake, which caused Randolph to develop an intense fear of them.

Which of the following is likely to result from the release of oxytocin?

A. A fight-or-flight response B. A tend-and-befriend response C. Social isolation D. Elevated hunger E. Exhaustion

[False Memories] Which of the following is most likely to be a false memory? A. A young child's memory of a day at the beach B. A high school student's memory of the prom C. A person's memory of going to a restaurant after college graduation D. A job applicant's memory of the clothes the applicant wore to an interview E. A couple's memory of their first dance at their wedding

A. A young child's memory of a day at the beach People are much more susceptible to false memories about their childhood than about memories formed later in life.

[Source Monitoring Failure] An example of a failure of source monitoring is A. Amir telling Jorge the same story Jorge told him earlier in the week, because Amir forgot Jorge already told him the story B. Katie being unable to recall the information for her English exam while feeling anxious when taking it, because she was feeling sad when she studied for the exam C. Jose forgetting the information he learned in class because he took his final in a different room D. Hanson confusing his old locker combination numbers with his new locker combination numbers E. James confusing his new address with his old address

A. Amir telling Jorge the same story Jorge told him earlier in the week, because Amir forgot Jorge already told him the story Source monitoring refers to the ability to track the origin of a piece of information.

[Theory of Executive Functioning and Intelligence] Which of the following examples is most consistent with the theory that executive functioning provides the basis for general intelligence? A. Geoff is able to easily remember a long list of instructions after hearing them only once and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. B. Reilly began walking earlier than most children and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. C. Amir is good at understanding other peoples' emotions and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. D. Jake can read very quickly and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. E. Rose has perfect pitch and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests.

A. Geoff is able to easily remember a long list of instructions after hearing them only once and also scores higher than average on intelligence tests. Being able to remember a long list of instructions is a measure of working memory capacity (related to executive function). Geoff's having strong executive functioning and higher than average intelligence is consistent with the theory.

What do we call a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior?

A. Incentive B. Refractory period C. Emotion D. Motivation E. Instinct

[Gardner-Type Of Intelligence] Keisha performs well in her geometry course in school, and her classmates often ask her for help with understanding word problems and writing formal proofs. Her friends describe her as very rational and analytical. According to Howard Gardner, which type of intelligence is Keisha most likely to possess? A. Logical-mathematical B. Bodily-kinesthetic C. Interpersonal D. Intrapersonal E. Verbal-linguistic

A. Logical-mathematical This term refers to the ability to use logic and mathematical skills in problem solving.

[Divergent Thinking] An example of divergent thinking is A. Reagan brainstorming as many uses of a toothpick as possible in a two-minute period B. Sharon picking her favorite restaurant from a list C. Martin drawing a picture of a bicycle from memory D. Eleni studying for a spelling test by rehearsing the words and their spellings multiple times E. Dmitry using a map to determine the fastest driving route

A. Reagan brainstorming as many uses of a toothpick as possible in a two-minute period Divergent thinking involves brainstorming as many potential solutions as possible.

[Elaborative Encoding] An example of using elaborative encoding to improve memory is A. Sam remembering which tree is the ginkgo by using the phrase "stinko ginkgo" because the fruit of the ginkgo tree smells bad B. Trevor remembering to buy milk at the grocery store by putting a note on the refrigerator C. Emilia remembering a new acquaintance's name by silently repeating the name after learning it D. Arthur remembering to pick up a cake before leaving work by asking a coworker for a reminder at the end of the workday E. Diego remembering the meanings of Spanish vocabulary words by creating flash cards and studying them

A. Sam remembering which tree is the ginkgo by using the phrase "stinko ginkgo" because the fruit of the ginkgo tree smells bad Elaborative encoding occurs when something new is associated with something meaningful or with an existing memory.

[State-Dependent Memory] An example of state-dependent memory is A. Tommy finding it easier to remember the materials on an exam while taking it because he was sad while studying for the exam B. Jeremy saying he knew his favorite football team was going to lose all along after they lost the game C. Josef remembering only the first five linking verbs during his English exam despite studying to remember the entire list D. Wilda believing she is always sad when it rains despite her being sad sometimes when it is sunny E. Geoff liking Francine more than when he had met her the first day of class after sitting next to her in class each week

A. Tommy finding it easier to remember the materials on an exam while taking it because he was sad while studying for the exam

[Identifying Problem Solving Techniques] A logical, systematic procedure for solving a problem is known as A. an algorithm B. an action potential C. an analogy D. a conditioned reflex E. a heuristic

A. an algorithm

[Memory Organization] The fact that Lori finds herself thinking about dogs and other pets after seeing a cat is evidence that human memory is organized into A. an association network B. a hierarchy C. a mental set D. a schema E. mnemonics

A. an association network An association network representation predicts that activation of a concept will also activate related concepts.

[Mental Set] A mental set is A. an established way of thinking about or perceiving something B. a link between two memories in which recall of one prompts recall of the other C. a strategy in which items are grouped to make them easier to remember D. a type of learning that happens suddenly during a critical phase of development E. an ability of the mind to retain information over time

A. an established way of thinking about or perceiving something A mental set is based on previous experience and may or may not be helpful solving problems.

[Consolidation] Consolidation can be described as the process of A. long-term memories being formed from short-term memories B. the body trying to keep itself in a set state of being C. new information becoming integrated with previous knowledge D. determining where information is coming from E. retrieving information from long-term memory

A. long-term memories being formed from short-term memories Consolidation is the process by which short-term memories are transformed into long-term memories.

[Identifying Research Study Laws] A researcher wanted to test the psychometric properties of a new intelligence test for children. She administered the test twice, two months apart, to children in a fourth-grade classroom. On the second administration, she noticed that the children who performed well were not the same children who performed well on the first administration and that there appeared to be no relationship between student performance on the first and second administration of the test. Based on this scenario, the psychological construct missing from this intelligence test is A. test-retest reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice B. test-retest reliability, because the researcher is administering equivalent forms of the test twice C. split-half reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice D. split-half reliability, because the researcher is administering equivalent forms of the same test twice E. internal-consistency reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice

A. test-retest reliability, because the researcher is administering the same test twice Test-retest reliability refers to when repeated administration of the same test yields consistent results, which this test did not.

[Reasoning Process] John went to the beach for vacation shortly after having watched a documentary film about shark attacks. Overestimating the possibility of encountering a shark in the water, he decided to spend the day sunbathing and reading instead of going for a swim. John's reasoning can be explained through A. the availability heuristic B. the gambler's fallacy C. source monitoring D. confirmation bias E. counterfactual thinking

A. the availability heuristic John recently watched the documentary about shark attacks, and information about shark attacks can be easily retrieved from memory. Because this information is fresh in his mind, he is hesitant to get in the water for fear of encountering a shark.

I am a relatively fast-acting chemical messenger that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. What am I?

Acetylcholine

Which philosopher was the first to conclude that knowledge results from our memories of our experiences? a. Plato b. Socrates c. Kant d. Descartes e. Aristotle

Aristotle

[Schemas] Which of the following describes the concept of schema? A. Gustav uses the method of loci to study for all of his classes. B. Marsha thinks the waiter asked her whether she wanted water even though he did not, because she thinks waiters ask patrons whether they want water. C. Tracy grouped the information she needed to learn into categories that made sense to her. D. Kevin thinks David is not motivated because he showed up late for a meeting, but actually a traffic jam made David late. E. Naman makes up a story about the information he has to learn to help him remember the information.

B. Marsha thinks the waiter asked her whether she wanted water even though he did not, because she thinks waiters ask patrons whether they want water. Marsha has created a schema, or way of thinking, about what should happen in a restaurant.

[Memory Enhancement Technique] David was studying some important historical dates for a test. He noticed that the day and month of one of the dates was the same as his own birthday, and he tried to use that fact to help him remember the date for his test. What is David using to enhance his memory? A. Method of loci B. Self-reference C. Retroactive interference D. Overlearning E. The recency effect

B. Self-reference This refers to the fact that information that is personally relevant is more easily remembered than personally irrelevant information.

[Short-Term Memory Capacity] Jeanette is curious to see how many numbers she can hold in her mind at once. She asks her friend to test her on lists of random digits to see how many she can remember. Based on what is known about the average limits of short-term memory capacity, what is the most likely number of digits Jeanette will be able to remember? A. Two B. Seven C. Ten D. Eleven E. Twelve

B. Seven Short-term memory capacity is roughly seven (plus or minus two).

[Chomsky Explanation of Behaviour] Rodrigo's three-year-old sister says the phrase "We goed to the store" instead of "We went to the store." According to Noam Chomsky, what is the best explanation for her behavior? A. Her parents have not presented her with the appropriate corrective feedback to teach her not to use the incorrect form. B. She is overregularizing her use of the past tense. C. She has heard other children using the incorrect form and has learned that it is correct. D. She has not yet entered the concrete operational stage of cognition, in which she will be able to learn the correct form of the word. E. She has a specific language impairment, which has prevented her from acquiring the correct form.

B. She is overregularizing her use of the past tense. Chomsky described children's errors in using irregular past tense forms as overregularizing past tense forms.

[Primary Effect] Which of the following illustrates the primacy effect? A. Jason remembers the last two digits of his doctor's phone number but not any other digits. B. Susam left his grocery list at home and can remember only the first two items on the list. C. Frederick thinks people are paying attention to him when they actually are not. D. Paul gets a reward every time he gets on the bus for school on time. E. When his son Fekru cries because he wants a candy bar, Mr. Debebe gives the boy the candy to stop him from crying.

B. Susam left his grocery list at home and can remember only the first two items on the list. This is an example of the primacy effect, which refers to having a better memory for items occurring earliest in a list.

[Predictable-World Bias] For a person planning to hold a party outside, an example of the predictable-world bias would be A. hoping the weather will be nice this year B. believing that nice weather is due this year because it rained a lot the last three years C. believing the party will be fun outside regardless of the weather D. remembering only past parties with good weather, not those with bad weather E. believing the weather can be controlled if one wishes hard enough

B. believing that nice weather is due this year because it rained a lot the last three years This is an example of predictable-world bias, which occurs when people see patterns in things that are random. They may make predictions based on past events rather than on actual probabilities of future events.

[Error In Thinking] Patrick believes his basketball coach doesn't like him and subsequently focuses on all the times the coach criticizes his playing and ignores all the times the coach praises his performance. Patrick's behavior is best explained by the concept of A. the Flynn effect B. confirmation bias C. retroactive interference D. groupthink E. overregularization

B. confirmation bias Patrick is choosing to focus on things that confirm his theory and ignore those that do not, which is confirmation bias.

Encoding Technique] To remember a list of words, Jerry tries walking through his bedroom and making associations between words on the list and various areas he visits in his bedroom. Jerry is trying to improve his memory encoding by using A. distributed learning B. the method of loci C. maintenance retrieval D. echoic memory E. lateral inhibition

B. the method of loci This is an example of using the method of loci to remember something.

The part of the human brain that is most like that of a fish is the A) cortex B) limbic system C) brain stem D) right hemisphere

The reason most North Americans cannot accurately describe the head of a penny is due to:

encoding failure

The support cells that provide nourishment and help the brain in numerous other ways are called A) neurons B) interneurons C) glial cells D) endocrine cells E) myelin cells

What aspect of development did Jean Piaget's development theory focus on? a. Social b. Moral c. Cognitive d. Physical e. Ego

What did a famous Harvard University public health study identify as a factor that doubles the risk of heart disease? A. Optimism B. Apathy C. Pessimism D. Competitiveness E. AIDS

Descartes' theory of how our brain controlled our reflexes involved which of the following? a. structuralism and functionalism b. brain fluid and "animal spirits" c. blank slate and empiricism d. astrology and tabula rasa e. innate knowledge and experimental data

Brain fluid and animal spirits

A neuron will generate action potentials when it A) remains below its threshold B) receives an excitatory input C) receives more excitatory than inhibitory inputs D) is stimulated by a neurotransmitter

A researcher interested in determining the size of a particular area of the brain would be most likely to use an A) lesion B) EEG C) MRI D) fMRI E) PET scan

A strong stimulus can increase the A) speed of the impulse the neuron fires B) intensity of the impulse the neuron fires C) number of times the neuron fires D) threshold that must be reached before the neuron fires

As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. The decrease in an infant's responsiveness is called a. concentration b. teratogens c. habituation d. stability e. transference

Brain scans and EEG recordings indicate that positive emotions are associated with high levels of activity in which brain section? A. Right temporal lobe B. Cerebellum C. Left frontal lobe D. Left temporal lobe E. Right parietal lobe

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands are called A) agonists B) neurotransmitters C) hormones D) enzymes

Eleanor Maccoby' s research found which of the following factors to be the least positively correlated with problem behavior in preschool children? a. Parent income b. Parent education level c. Time spent in day care d. Child's temperament e. Parent sensitivity

Following a head injury, a person has ongoing difficulties staying awake. Most likely, the damage occurred to the A) thalamus B) corpus callosum C) reticular formation D) cerebellum

If Dr. Rogers wishes to conduct an experiment on the efforts of stimulating the reward centers of a rat's brain, he should insert an electrode into the A) thalamus B) sensory cortex C) hypothalamus D) corpus callosum

If you flashed a picture of a spoon to the left visual field of a person whose corpus callousness had been severed (so it was transmitted to her right hemisphere), she would A) be able to draw a spoon with her right hand but would not be able to say she had seen a spoon B) be confused about whether she had seen a spoon C) be able to draw a spoon with her left hand but would not be able to say she had seen a spoon D) be able to tell you she had seen a spoon E) be able to tell you she had seen something that rhymes with spoon

If you showed a 2-year-old that you'd hidden a toy behind the bed in a model of her bedroom, she would not be able to find the toy in her real bedroom because she lacks a. analytical thinking. b. random thinking. c. symbolic thinking. d. schematic thinking. e. egocentric thinking.

In many Western societies, it is common for adolescents to graduate high school, go to college, and still live at home with their parents. They have not yet assumed full adult responsibilities and independence. Psychologists have identified this period of time as a. adulthood. b. early adulthood. c. emerging adulthood. d. late adolescence. e. role confusion.

In primitive vertebrate animals, the brain primarily regulates _________; in lower mammals, the brain enables____________ A) emotion; memory B) memory; emotion C) survival functions; emotion D) reproduction; emotion

In the brain, I outnumber neurons. I also provide nutrients to the neurons and help remove excess neurotransmitters. I am A) hormone B) myelin sheath C) glial cell D) gland

Megan, a third grader, is having trouble with math. She is starting to do poorly in other subjects, because she feels she cannot master math. Based on Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which stage is Megan in? a. Autonomy versus shame and doubt b. Initiative versus guilt c. Competence versus inferiority d. Identity versus role confusion e. Intimacy versus isolation

Researchers study the brains of nonhuman animals because A) it is not ethical to study human brains B) human brains are too complex to study meaningfully C) the same principles govern neural functioning in all species D) it is too expensive to study human brains E) the technology is still being developed for the study of human brains

The effect of a drug that is an antagonist is to A) cause the brain to stop producing certain neurotransmitters B) mimic a particular neurotransmitter C) block a particular neurotransmitter D) disrupt a neuron's all-or-none firing pattern

The nerve fibers that enable communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres and that have been severed in split-brain patients form a structure called the A) reticular formation B) association areas C) corpus callosum D) parietal lobes

Which of the following is an example of cognitive appraisal? A. Randal is happy all day because he is savoring the wonderful events of yesterday. B. Charles is frightened in a dark alley because he remembers stories of others being attacked in dark alleys. C. Sherika labels the arousal she is feeling as attraction because she is in the presence of a good-looking young man. D. Dora is angry because she cannot figure out how to convince her husband to take her to Hawaii. E. Ann is frustrated because traffic has made her late for an important meeting.

Which of the following is generally true of males? a. They have a longer life span. b. They are more likely to have a democratic leadership style. c. They are more likely to commit suicide. d. They are more likely to be diagnosed with depression.

Which of the following is the best term or phrase for the body's resting rate of energy expenditure? A. Hunger B. Set point C. Basal metabolic rate D. Body chemistry E. Settling point

Which of the following statements about nonverbal expression is true? A. People blind from birth do not usually exhibit common facial expressions. B. The meaning of gestures is the same across cultures. C. Facial signs of a motion or generally understood across world cultures. D. People from different cultures have difficulty understanding nonverbal expressions. E. Nonverbal expression is not reliably interpreted within a culture

Which of the following statements about the impact of aging is true ? a. During old age, many of the brain's neurons die. b. If we live to be 90 or older, most of us will eventually become senile. c. Older people become less susceptible to short-term illnesses. d. Recognition memory—the ability to identify things previously experienced—declines with age. e. Life satisfaction peaks in the 50s and then gradually declines after age 65.

Which of the following would indicate that a child understood conservation? a. She would continue to seek a toy hidden under a blanket. b. She would " hide " in a game of hide-and-seek by covering her eyes with her hands. c. She would believe that a clay snake would have the same amount of clay as the clay ball that was used to make it. d. She would recognize that 7 + 3 involves the same mathematical relationship as 10 - 7. e. She would be able to comprehend the logic of if-then statements

the reward deficiency syndrome argues that addictive disorders may be partially explained by genetic flaws in the A) brain stem B) cerebral cortex C) limbic system D) endocrine system E) cerebrum

understanding people as Biopsychosocial systems means that A) biological factors have the largest influence on people, followed by psychological factors and finally social factors. B) the nervous system. Is equal parts biological, psychological, and sociological C) to understand people we must study how biological, psychological, and social-cultural systems work and interact. D) the nervous system is less important in the understanding of people than was believed a decade ago E) psychology is the central component in the understanding of human behavior

Rogelio has a number of health problems and would like to avoid medication as much as possible. He is considering biofeedback as an alternative form of treatment. Biofeedback would most benefit which of Rogelio's health problems? A) Obesity, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to control his eating B) Arthritis, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to learn to relax C) Tension headaches, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to learn to relax D) Depression, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to keep him from having depressive thoughts E) Indigestion, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to control his indigestion

C) Tension headaches, because Rogelio can use the cues from biofeedback to learn to relax

[Inter-Rater Reliability] Professor Gustafson is developing a new intelligence test and wants to ensure the test has good inter-rater reliability. Which of the following strategies will most directly help him achieve this goal? A. Allowing only a small subset of highly trained researchers to grade the test, because this ensures standardization of test conditions B. Allowing only a small subset of highly trained researchers to grade the test, because this ensures validity, which is crucial to establish reliability C. Allowing only trained researchers to grade the test, as they will have a good understanding of the proper way to score certain things and will be more likely to agree D. Ensuring that a representative sample of participants take the test, as this is the best way to establish reliability E. Comparing scores from the test to scores from a similar test designed to measure the same construct, because this will establish reliability between the tests

C. Allowing only trained researchers to grade the test, as they will have a good understanding of the proper way to score certain things and will be more likely to agree Inter-rater reliability refers to having all people scoring the test in the same way, which will be more likely to happen if they are highly trained.

[Automatic Vs. Effortful Processing] Which of the following statements about automatic processing or effortful processing is true? A. Effortful processing does not require conscious awareness B. Effortful processing makes other processing more difficult. C. Automatic processing requires little mental effort. D. Automatic processing does not improve with practice. E. Effortful processing is affected by intelligence.

C. Automatic processing requires little mental effort. Automatic processing requires little mental effort, whereas effortful processing requires mental effort and use of short-term memory.

[Sternberg Types of Intelligence] Arthur is helping his friend set up her new phone. Arthur has never used this type of phone, but he uses his knowledge of setting up his own phone to help figure out how to use the new phone. According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, Arthur is using which type of intelligence? A. Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence B. Practical intelligence C. Creative intelligence D. General intelligence E. Visual-spatial intelligence

C. Creative intelligence Sternberg defined creative intelligence as using one's prior experiences to help solve new problems.

[Theories of Behaviour] Vandana, a 12-month-old infant, is listening to her father talk to her and suddenly repeats a word that he just said. Her father praises her and gives her a cookie. After she gets the cookie, she repeats the word again. Vandana's behavior can be best explained by using the theory of A. universal grammar B. linguistic determinism C. behaviorism D. attachment E. classical conditioning

C. behaviorism Central to behaviorism is the idea of rewards reinforcing a behavior. In this example, the initial behavior (repeating the word) may have been spontaneous, but the cookie was a reward that reinforced the behavior.

Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's classic three-stage model of memory includes all of the following, except: A. short-term memory. B. long-term memory. C. flashbulb memory. D. sensory memory.

C. flashbulb memory.

[Memory Enhancement Technique] A teacher asks Yvonne to go to another classroom to get a student whom Yvonne has never met. As she walks, she repeats the student's name to herself over and over to help her remember. Yvonne is boosting her memory by using A. elaborative rehearsal B. distributed learning C. maintenance rehearsal D. a mnemonic device E. imagery

C. maintenance rehearsal Simple thinking of words over and over again is a form of maintenance rehearsal.

[Short-Term Memory] Short-term memory is best described as A. memory of how to perform an activity, such as riding a bike B. memory of facts and general knowledge C. memory that can hold only a small amount of information D. memory of specific events E. memory of a surprising event

C. memory that can hold only a small amount of information Memory that can hold only a few items, generally about seven, for a short period is known as short-term memory.

[Interpreting IQ Score] Mary has an IQ score within one standard deviation above the mean score. This indicates her score was A. high enough for Mary to be considered a genius B. higher than at least 75% of people who took the test C. within the middle 68% of people who took the test D. lower than exactly 7% of people who took the test E. higher than exactly 93% of people who took the test

C. within the middle 68% of people who took the test About 34% of people score between the mean and one standard deviation below the mean, and about 34% of people score between the mean and one standard deviation above the mean.

The inheritance of behavioral characteristics was emphasized by a. John Locke. b. John Watson. c. Wilhelm Wundt. d. Charles Darwin. e. B. F. Skinner.

Charles Darwin

Who highlighted the reproductive advantages of environmentally adaptive traits? a. Plato b. Aristotle c. John Locke d. Charles Darwin e. William James

Charles Darwin

Molly is potty training her daughter, Mia. Every time Mia begins to urinate in her diaper, Molly says the word "bathroom" in the hope that Mia will begin to urinate when she hears this word while sitting on the toilet. Molly's efforts most resemble the studies of A) B. F. Skinner, who studied operant conditioning. B) Edward Tolman, who studied latent learning. C) Sigmund Freud, who studied psychodynamic effect. D) Ivan Pavlov, who studied classical conditioning. E) Stanley Milgram, who studied obedience.

D) Ivan Pavlov, who studied classical conditioning.

In which scenario does sunblock serve as a conditioned stimulus? A) Ernesto received a free lifetime supply of sunblock when he won a trivia contest. B) Sophia broke out in a painful rash when she spread sunscreen on her skin because she is allergic to an ingredient in it. C) Helen pictures sunblock on her mantle to help her remember to buy some at the store. D) Lowell feels relaxed when he smells sunblock because it reminds him of his vacations at the beach. E) Sarah avoids sunblock because people compliment her on her tan when she goes without it.

D) Lowell feels relaxed when he smells sunblock because it reminds him of his vacations at the beach.

Lynda stayed out past her curfew. As a result, her parents revoked her driving privileges. Which of the following statements is true of Lynda's parents? A) Lynda's parents are using negative reinforcement to decrease her behavior of staying out past curfew. B) Lynda's parents are using positive reinforcement to decrease her driving behavior. C) Lynda's parents are using positive punishment to increase her good behavior. D) Lynda's parents are using negative punishment to decrease her behavior of staying out past curfew. E) Lynda's parents are using negative reinforcement to increase her driving behavior.

D) Lynda's parents are using negative punishment to decrease her behavior of staying out past curfew.

Which of the following scenarios most accurately describes biofeedback? A) Taneesha became sick after eating funnel cake at the fair, so now she gags every time she smells funnel cake. B) Rune conditioned his dog to salivate to a buzzer. He then paired the buzzer with a light flash, and his dog eventually began to salivate to the light flash. C) Julie's employer stopped paying her, so she stopped coming to work. D) Stacy participated in an experiment in which she wore a heart-rate monitor, watched the readout of her heart rate, and received points based on how many beats per minute she reduced her heart rate. E) Meike stopped giving her dog treats from the dinner table. Eventually, Meike's dog stopped begging. Two months later, the dog started begging again.

D) Stacy participated in an experiment in which she wore a heart-rate monitor, watched the readout of her heart rate, and received points based on how many beats per minute she reduced her heart rate.

Which of the following is the best example of social learning? A) Rita is a passenger in her friend's car every day on the way to work. One day her friend is sick so Rita has to drive herself. She is able to navigate with no problem. B) Jezabeth was scratched by a cat, so now she is afraid of cats. C) Delilah was mildly shocked when she tried to remove her smoke detector batteries, so now she flinches whenever she has to change the smoke detectors batteries. D) Sydney starts using the same word choices and vocal inflections as members of the popular group at her school. E) Jerome gives his dog a treat every time his dog does not jump on guests, and eventually the dog stops jumping on guests even without treats.

D) Sydney starts using the same word choices and vocal inflections as members of the popular group at her school.

[Generational Language Differences] Sometimes people who speak different languages are in a community together and must develop a way of communicating. Similarly, their offspring must also find a way to communicate. The main difference between the speech of the first generation and the speech of the second generation is A. the speech of the first generation tends to include a larger vocabulary B. the speech of the second generation tends to include a larger vocabulary C. the speech of the first generation tends to have more complex grammar rules D. the speech of the second generation tends to have more complex grammar rules E. minor because there is typically no difference between the speech of the first generation and the speech of the second generation

D. the speech of the second generation tends to have more complex grammar rules The first-generation language tends to have very little grammatical structure; this is called a pidgin language. The second generation tends to impose its own grammatical structure on the makeshift language; this is called a creole language. The fact that children develop grammatical rules without any training is often cited as evidence that people have a built-in language acquisition device.

Which statement best exemplifies contemporary psychology's understanding of the nature-nurture issue? a. Children learn grammar mostly from experience. b. Sexual behaviors are more "pushed" by inner biology. c. Depression is a disorder of the brain and of thought. d. Humans are alike because of our evolutionary history. e. Intelligence is purely an inborn trait.

Depression is a disorder of the brain and of thought.

A PET scan best allows researchers to determine A) the presence of tumors in the brain B) electrical activity on the surface of the brain C) the size of the internal structures of the brain D) the location of strokes E) the functions of various brain regions

As telomeres shorten, aging cells may die without being replaced with perfect genetic replicas. This process is slowed by a. smoking. b. obesity . c. stress. d. aging. e. exercise.

Brain plasticity refers to the A) feel of healthy human brain tissue B) ability of the brain to transfer information from one hemisphere to the other C) way a brain gets larger as a child grows D) wide variety of functions performed by the human brain E) ability of brain tissue to take on new functions

Breathing and heartbeat are controlled by the A) pons B) corpus callousness C) parietal lobe D) hippocampus E) medulla

Emotions are a mix of consciously experienced thoughts, expressive behaviors, and physiological arousal. Which theory emphasizes the importance of consciously experienced thoughts? A. Facial feedback theory B. James-Lange theory C. Arousal and performance theory D. Fight-or-flight theory E. Schachter-Singer two-factory theory

Neurologically, what is the function of pruning? a. Pruning creates new connections between synapses through repeated experiences. b. Pruning reduces the negative effects of teratogens by eliminating neural waste. c. Pruning increases the weight of the brain through enriching experiences. d. Pruning creates areas in the brain used in learning mathematics. e. Pruning eliminates unused neural pathways

Once a sperm penetrates the cell wall of an egg and fertilizes it, this structure is known as what? a. An embryo b. A fetus c. Placenta d. A teratogen e. A zygote

Research on semi-starvation found that men who were given just enough food to stabilize their weight at 25% below their starting weight: A. Became obsessed with physical exercise. B. We're more into personally outgoing. C. Showed increases in mental cognition. D. Were in a state of homeostasis. E. Lost interest in social activities.

Some people think development occurs much in the way a tree grows, slowly and steadily adding one ring each year. Others think that there are rather abrupt developmental jumps, like the transformation of a tadpole into a frog. Which of the following issues would this difference of opinion relate to? a. Nature and nurture b. Maturation and learning c. Prenatal and neonatal d. Stability and change e. Continuity and stages

The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that: A. Emotional response occurs before cognition. B. Physiological response occurs before emotional response. C. Emotional response occurs before physiological response. D. Cognition occurs before emotional response. E. Physiological response and emotion occur independently and simultaneously.

The is a culturally determined timetable for certain events, such as having children and retirement. a. critical period b. menopause c. intimacy phase d. attachment stage e. social clock

The more often the stimulus is presented, the weaker the response becomes. What do developmental researchers call this decrease in response intensity due to repeated stimulation? a. Stagnation b. Attachment c. Autonomy d. Imprinting e. Habituation

The peripheral nervous system A) connects the brain to the spinal cord B) calms the body after an emergency C) is limited to the control of voluntary movement D) controls the arms and the legs E) is the part of the nervous system that does not include the brain and the spinal cord

Which of these is an example of a longitudinal study? a. The depth perception of infants is measured once a month for 6 months in a row, starting at six months. b. In the same month, researchers compare the reaction time of 20 sixth graders and 20 first graders. c. The memory of one group of 50-year-old adults is measured and then 20 years later compared to a different group of 70-year-olds d. A psychologist develops a case study of a woman who is 102 by interviewing her twice a week for 12 weeks. e. Researchers compare curiosity ratings of a group of toddlers with that same group's SAT scores 15 years later

Your friend's baby brother, Matt, loves to play with his pet cat. When he sees a puppy, he points and calls it " Mi Mi, " which is what he calls his cat. Matt is demonstrating Piaget's process of a. conservation. b. accommodation. c. cognition. d. object permanence. e. assimilation.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the application of operant conditioning to learning? A) Punishment is the most effective way to increase good study habits, because students do not want to get punished. B) Immediately reinforcing correct responses hurts students' ability to learn new material, because they learn new material better when their correct responses are reinforced later. C) Negative reinforcement decreases student focus, because students do want to get negatively reinforced. D) Modeling good study habits enhances student learning, because students benefit from observing others' study habits. E) Immediately reinforcing correct responses enhances student learning, because immediate reinforcement has shown to be most effective with regard to learning.

E) Immediately reinforcing correct responses enhances student learning, because immediate reinforcement has shown to be most effective with regard to learning.

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates stimulus generalization? A) Martin's brother screams at him when he starts to pet a cat, and now Martin is terrified of cats. B) Tabitha used to be afraid of flying on airplanes, but after flying often for work she is no longer afraid of flying. C) Craig's fear of public speaking went away after he gave a good presentation last semester, but his fear of public speaking has returned during the current semester. D) Julia is scared of golden retriever dogs but not Chihuahua dogs. E) Markus was stung by a wasp, and now he is scared of not only wasps but also bees.

E) Markus was stung by a wasp, and now he is scared of not only wasps but also bees.

[Long-Term Potentiation] Which of the following scenarios is best explained by long-term potentiation? A. Erik and Harry don't like each other when they are first assigned to the same a room during a class trip, but after spending a great deal of time together, they begin to like each other more. B. When Sruthi first enters a dark room after coming in from outside, she can't see anything, but her eyes adjust after a few minutes. C. At first, Benjamin needs to drink only a small amount of a caffeinated beverage to feel its effects, but after drinking it regularly for a while, he needs more to feel the same effects. D. Alan wants to stop studying to go to a party but stops himself by thinking about his future career. E. The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly.

E. The first time Colleen tries to remember Leo's name it takes her a long time, but over time she remembers it more quickly. Long-term potentiation is the mechanism behind memory formation.

Introspection was the basic research tool used by ________ in order to study people's inner sensations and mental images. a. John Watson b. Charles Darwin c. Edward Titchener d. B. F. Skinner e. Mary Calkins

Edward Titchener

Who used the method of introspection to scientifically identify basic elements of mind? a. Aristotle b. John Locke c. Edward Titchener d. John Watson e. Socrates

Edward Titchener

The psychologist who would be least likely to participate in devising ways to improve teaching and learning in a classroom would be a(n) _______ psychologist. a. educational b. developmental c. school d. cognitive e. experimental

Experimental

Which language theorist would have been most likely to emphasize that children master the rule for forming the past tense of regular verbs like "push" before they learn common past tense constructions of irregular verbs like "go"?

Noam Chomsky

Who's the smartest out there? A. Albert Einstein B. Barack Obama C. Thomas Edison D. Me

None, Airbender's the best. I go too hard.

Which of the following best describes the view of the mind held by Plato and Socrates? a) The mind should be studied through careful, empirical observations. b) The mind is an illusion produced by the brain. c) The mind is separate from the body and continues after the body dies. d) The mind is made up of knowledge that is a result of our experiences. e) The mind results from biological processes produced by neural transmissions.

The mind is separate from the body and continues after the body dies.

which of the following is the best synonym for social learning? a. observational learning b. modeling c. mirror neuron imitation d. prosocial model e. imitation

a. observational learning

what do we call the kind of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer? a. operant conditioning b. respondent behavior c. classical conditioning d. shaping e. punishment

a. operant conditioning

which of the following is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience? a. acquisition b. stimulus c. learning d. habituation e. response

a. habituation

thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely is known as what? a. law of effect b. operant conditioning c. shaping d. respondent behavior e. discrimination

a. law of effect

in classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus a. naturally triggers a response b. is a naturally occurring response c. is initially irrelevant, and then comes to trigger a response d. objectively studies psychology e. is pavlovian

a. naturally triggers a response

Contemporary psychology is best defined as the scientific study of a. conscious and unconscious mental activity. b. observable responses to the environment. c. behavior and mental processes. d. thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. e. maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.

behavior and mental processes

Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she always praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective. a. biopsychosocial b. biological c. psychodynamic d. behavioral e. structural

behavioral

Mrs. Thompson believes that her son has become an excellent student because she consistently uses praise and affection to stimulate his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective. a. humanistic b. cognitive c. biological d. psychodynamic e. behavioral

behavioral

Natassia believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls primarily because boys are more frequently exposed to external pressures to fight. Natassia's belief most directly exemplifies the ________ perspective. a. behavioral b. evolutionary c. cognitive d. psychodynamic e. biological

behavioral

Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses? a. evolutionary b. biological c. behavioral d. humanistic e. psychodynamic

behavioral

In a class lecture, Professor Hampton emphasized the extent to which abnormal blood chemistry can contribute to psychological disorders. The professor's lecture highlighted a ________ perspective on psychological disorders. a. psychodynamic b. humanistic c. biological d. social-cultural e. cognitive

biological

Mr. Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Mr. Lopez favors a ________ perspective on depression. a. biological b. psychodynamic c. behavioral d. cognitive e. psychoanalytic

biological

Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behaviors and mental states? a. cognitive b. social-cultural c. psychodynamic d. behavioral e. biological

biological

Which perspective is most relevant to understanding the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory? a. evolutionary b. behavioral c. psychodynamic d. biological e. humanistic

biological

Dr. Robinson conducts basic research on the relationship between brain chemistry and intellectual functioning. Which psychological specialty does Dr. Robinson's research best represent? a. social psychology b. clinical psychology c. biological psychology d. industrial-organizational psychology e. developmental psychology

biological psychology

Dr. Tiao conducts basic research on the effects of head injuries on people's problem-solving and abstract-reasoning skills. Which psychological specialty does her research best represent? a. developmental psychology b. biological psychology c. industrial-organizational psychology d. clinical psychology e. personality psychology

biological psychology

Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of inborn traits and social influences on sexual behavior. Her research efforts best illustrate the interests of the ________ approach. a. biopsychosocial b. psychodynamic c. behavioral d. cognitive e. social-cultural

biopsychosocial

Professor Reed attempts to assess the relative contributions of heredity and home environment on children's susceptibility to depression. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ approach. a. psychodynamic b. biopsychosocial c. cognitive d. humanistic e. behavioral

biopsychosocial

Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of heredity and experience to personality development? a. cognitive b. behavioral c. psychodynamic d. biological e. biopsychosocial

biopsychosocial

Which approach is most directly concerned with assessing the relative impact of both nature and nurture on our psychological traits? a. biopsychosocial b. cognitive c. humanistic d. social-cultural e. psychodynamic

biopsychosocial

Depression is an illness that may be related to chemical imbalances in the brain, illogical thinking, and impaired social skills. Such an integrated explanation best illustrates the a. evolutionary perspective. b. biopsychosocial approach. c. use of psychometrics. d. advantage of applied research. e. role of empiricism in science.

biopsychosocial approach.

The biological perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced by a. environmental circumstances. b. blood chemistry. c. unconscious conflicts. d. subjective interpretations. e. memory processes.

blood chemistry

students are accustomed to a bell ringing to indicate the end of a class period. the principal decides to substitute popular music for the bell to indicate the end of each class period. students quickly respond to the music in the same way they did to the bell. what principle does this illustrate? a. acquisition b. habituation c. generalization d. functional fixedness e. stimulus

c. generalization

all of the following are example of primary reinforcers except a a. rat's food reward in a skinner box b. cold drink on a hot day c. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently d. hug from a loved one e. large meal following an extended time without food

c. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently

In explaining human behavior, psychoanalysts are likely to focus on ________, whereas humanistic psychologists concentrate on ________. a. evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings; self-reports of immediate physical sensations b. observable behavior; the way we perceive, process, and remember information c. childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental influences on potential d. introspective reports of immediate sensations; empirical research relying on observation and experimentation e. the study of brain activity linked with mental activity; the examination of the stream of consciousness and emotion

childhood experiences and unconscious thought processes; current environmental influences on potential

Julia is more alert in the morning and her brother Jack is more alert in the afternoon. This difference stems from A) sleep cycles B) circadian rhythms C) daily activities D) personalities E) ultradian rhythms

circadian rhythms

Whenever Marva has a difficult day at work, she slams her car door and screams at her children as soon as she enters her house. The children now cringe whenever they hear the sound of a car door. The learning process described would best be labeled A) classical conditioning B) instrumental conditioning C) observational learning D) operant conditioning E) latent learning

classical conditioning

For no apparent reason, Adam has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he frequently stays home from work. It would be most beneficial for Adam to contact a(n) ________ psychologist. a. industrial-organizational b. clinical c. personality d. biological e. social

clinical

Which professional specialty focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of people with psychological disorders? a. personality psychology b. social psychology c. biological psychology d. clinical psychology e. developmental psychology

clinical

Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression. Dr. Thatcher is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. a. personality b. industrial-organizational c. social d. clinical e. developmental

clinical

A concern with the reasoning processes that contribute to effective problem solving is most characteristic of the ________ perspective. a. behavioral b. evolutionary c. social-cultural d. cognitive e. biological

cognitive

Dr. Caleigh conducts basic research on the relationship between adults' language skills and their capacity to solve mathematical problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. a. cognitive b. biological c. clinical d. social e. industrial-organizational

cognitive

Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the relative effectiveness of massed practice and spaced practice on a person's ability to remember information. Dr. Karima is most likely a ________ psychologist. a. social b. developmental c. personality d. biological e. cognitive

cognitive

After suffering a brain injury in a motorcycle accident, Adam cannot form new memories. He can, however, remember his life experiences before the accident. Adam's memory difficulty most clearly illustrates:

encoding failure

classical conditioning is the type of learning in which a person links two or more stimuli and a. forgets about them b. lays them out in sequence c. shuts down d. anticipates events e. receives a reward

d. anticipates rewards

the work of ivan pavlov and john watson fits best into which of psychology's perspectives? a. humanism b. gestalt psychology c. trait theory d. behaviorism e. neuropsychology

d. behaviorism

As a health psychologist, Dr. Rowell would be most likely involved in a. animal research performed in a laboratory setting. b. helping businesses create more effective interviewing practices when hiring new workers. c. designing puzzles to see if adolescents and adults reason differently. d. testifying in a court case about the mental health of a person accused of a crime. e. determining the effectiveness of a new campaign to reduce teen smoking.

determining the effectiveness of a new campaign to reduce teen smoking.

86. Dr. Winkle conducts basic research on the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. It is most likely that Dr. Winkle is a(n) ________ psychologist. a. biological b. social c. developmental d. industrial-organizational e. personality

developmental

Dr. Santaniello conducts basic research on how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. It is most likely that Dr. Santaniello is a(n) ________ psychologist. a. social b. clinical c. developmental d. industrial-organizational e. biological

developmental

bandura's famous bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with which of the following? a. latent learning b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. cognitive maps e. observational learning

e. observational learning

A low level of glucose in Sam's bloodstream is most likely to make him want to A) engage in risky behavior B) pursue a romantic interest C) eat a meal D) study to improve his grades E) make new friends

eat a meal

To treat Zoe's anorexia, her doctors put her on the intravenous feeding tubes, tried to change her irrational belief that she was too fat, and discussed how her early family relationships may have contributed to her current problems. This approach would best be classified as A) cognitive-behavioral B) biological C) psychoanalytic D) eclectic E) humanistic

eclectic

Mr. Kay is interested in whether individual differences affect learning. Mr. Kay is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist. a. human factors b. developmental c. educational d. social e. clinical

educational

The psychologist who would be least likely to be involved directly in patient care in a hospital setting is a a. clinical psychologist. b. rehabilitation psychologist c. neuropsychologist d. health psychologist e. educational psychologist

educational psychologist

The method of introspection was used by Titchener to identify a. inherited traits. b. learned responses. c. maladaptive behaviors. d. unconscious motives. e. elements of sensory experience.

elements of sensory experience

When Phoebe strongly disagrees with her sister's opinion, she effectively controls her own anger and responds with empathy to her sister's frustration regarding their dispute. Her behavior best illustrates:

emotional intelligence

Margaret has difficulty speaking in front of her classmates and explains to a friend, "Everybody in my family is shy, so it must be genetic." Using the biopsychosocial approach to understanding her behavior, Margaret should a. examine additional psychological and social-cultural influences on shyness. b. reduce her experience in class to her immediate sensation and feelings. c. focus on possible unconscious motivations for her fears. d. examine how fear is adaptive and has contributed to her ancestors' survival. e. explore how her perceptions affect her ability to speak in class.

examine additional psychological and social-cultural influences on shyness

Dr. Anderson spends much of his time studying the behavior of rats who are learning to run mazes in his lab on campus, as well as teaching courses at the university. Because of his focus on the basic behaviors of animals, Dr. Anderson is considered to be a(n) _______ psychologist. a. social b. community c. experimental d. psychometric e. clinical

experimental

Advertisers know that a thirty-three percent discount sounds like a better deal than a discount of one third. This best illustrates:

framing

William James was a prominent American a. psychoanalyst. b. behaviorist. c. functionalist. d. structuralist. e. gestaltist.

functionalist

Whenever Marva has a difficult day at work, she slams her car door and screams at her children as soon as she enters her house. The children now cringe whenever they hear the sound of a car door. The fact that the children now cringe when they hear any car door slam is an example of A) acquisition B) generalization C) spontaneous recovery D) discrimination E) extinction

generalization

Which terms describes the phenomenon of like-minded groups taking more extreme positions than the individuals that comprise the group? A) social facilitation B) deindividualization C) groupthink D) group polarization E) conformity

group polarization

A typical one year old child:

has lost the ability to discriminate phoneme sounds outside her native language.

In people, rods, unlike cones A) are located in the center of the retina B) synapse wth bipolar cells C) respond more quickly to bright colors D) have a lower absolute threshold for light E) are unable to detect motion

have a lower absolute threshold for light

Humanistic psychologists focused on the importance of a. childhood memories. b. genetic predispositions. c. unconscious thoughts. d. healthy growth potential. e. punishment and reinforcement.

healthy growth potential

When first born, humans' dominant sense is A) sight B) touch C) taste D) smell E) hearing

hearing

Your girlfriend dumps you. "I knew you shouldn't have gone out with her," says your best friend, who has never uttered this sentiment before. Your friend's comment best illustrates A) overconfidence B) a theory C) hindsight bias D) response bias E) a hypothesis

hindsight bias

Mr. Bown uses her knowledge of a person's cognitive processes to design computer programs that are easier to use. Mr. Bown is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist. a. cognitive b. educational c. developmental d. human factors e. biological

human factors

Which personality theory is criticized for having an unrealistically optimistic view of human nature? A) cognitive B) behavioral C) humanistic D) trait E) psychoanalytic

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