APHG Chapter 12 - Key Issue 4

What early structures and permanent man-made features were associated with the first settlements?

places for ceremonies and dwellings

What early structures and permanent man-made features were associated with early business services?

storage for extra food

In a linear rural settlement, why are settlements clustered around roads and/or rivers?

to facilitate communication

Why did New England colonists prefer clustered settlements?

to stay in a group to reinforce common cultural and religious values for defense again Native American attacks

Illustrate a circular rural settlement.

Central open space surrounded by structures.

Based on archeological research, what services were most likely provided in history's earliest settlements?

Consumer & public services such as: 1. Places to bury dead. 2. To house families while the males travel for food. 3. Manufacturing services for tools, clothing, shelter, containers, fuel and other material goods.

What was a city-state?

Independent self-governing community including city and surrounding countryside.

Why had owning several fields around a clustered rural settlement become disadvantageous?

Today's residents work in shops and offices rather than on farms. Also, increasing population led to shortage of land.

What were the five largest cities in the world during the Middle Ages (around 900)?

all in China: 1. Chang'an (Xian) 2. Kaifeng 3. Hangzhou 4. Jinling (Nanjing) 5. Beijing

What early structures and permanent man-made features were associated with early public services?

walls for defense

Large cities, such as ancient Athens, began to supply what types of things not available in smaller settlements?

consumer services notably cultural activities

What is a dispersed rural settlement?

Farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements.

List three characteristics of the world's first cities that emerged around 2000 BCE, as deduced from the excavations of Ur (modern Iraq) and Titris Hoyuk (modern Turkey).

1. City-states 2. Trading centers 3. Provided public services, government and protection

Identify the four potential "hearth regions" for the world's first urban settlements.

1. Fertile Crescent of Southwest Asia 2. Egypt 3. Asia (Indus Valley) 4. North Africa

Louis Wirth defined a city as a permanent settlement that has what three characteristics.

1. Large size 2. High population density 3. Social heterogeneous people

Create a bulleted list of reasons why European countries convert to dispersed patterns?

1. More efficient by preventing loss of time moving from field to field 2. Decrease need for roads discontinuous fields 3. Enclosure movement. 4. Larger (consolidated) fields at more strategic locations - better agricultural production. 5. Introduction and use of farm machinery.

How are strips of land allocated in a clustered rural settlement?

A strip of land is allocated to each person in the settlement. Individual farmers can own or rent the strips of land or the land is owned collectively by the settlement or by a lord.

What is a clustered rural settlement?

An agricultural-based community in which a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings. Can also include consumer services such as church, school or shops.

What is urbanization?

An increase in the percentages and number of people living in urban settlements.

Describe the effects of the enclosure movement.

Brought greater agricultural efficiency but destroyed self-contained world of village life. Shifted population from villages to urban settlements.

Why did these large centers collapse with the fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th century CE?

Lost ability to trade in a secure environment.

Explain the difference between number or people living in large cities and the percentage of people living in large cities as it relates to MDCs and LDCs.

MDCs three-fourth of people in large cities. LDCs two-fifths

What role did trade play in the revival of urbanism during the Middle Ages?

Markets were expanded through trade with other free cities and a dense network of small market towns was developed.

How might the presence of clustered rural settlements in New England have contributed to the region's distinctive dialect of English noted in Chapter 5?

Original groups of settlers came from same area in England and clustered together - perpetuating this dialect.

Define enclosure movement.

The process of consolidating small land-holdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

What happened to England's displaced farmers?

They moved to urban settlements and became workers in factories and services.

What services did the city-states provide to the surrounding hinterland?

government, military protection and public services

Infer what functions caves might have served for early humans, in addition to burying the dead.

protection from elements, animals.