APUSH Unit 1, 2, & 3 REVIEW
The Virginia Plan
"Large state" proposal for the new constitution, calling for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress.
The New Jersey Plan
"Small state" proposal for new constitution. A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress
Unit 1 and 2: Early Contact with the New World and Colonization of North America
(1491-1607)-(1607-1754)
Unit 3: Conflict and American Independence
(1754-1800)
Bill of Rights
(1791) Popular term for the first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution. The amendments secure key rights for individuals and reserve to the states all powers not explicitly delegated or prohibited by the Constitution.
Glorius Revolution 1688
-1688 -overthrow of King James II, who was Catholic and wanted to impose corporatism/ absolutism -William & Mary (protestants from Netherlands) put on the English throne *transformation that puts the Crown into place, controlled by the Parliament
Cities in Colonial America
-bad sanitation -lots of poverty -epidemics
Articles of Confederation 1777
-could not enforce state or individual taxation or military drafts -could not regulate trade -no executive or judicial branch -each state had one vote, regardless of pop. -in order to pass laws 9 out of 13 states had to agree -to amend or change the Articles, unanimous approval was needed
New Englad Colonies
-families -better climate (longer lives) -larger towns and better community -more religious -smaller farms with fewer slaves
Life in the colonies
-over 90% of colonists lived in rural areas. -men did outside work such as farming -women did housekeeping and childrearing -social interaction outside the family was limited -children's education was secondary to their work schedules
Anti-Federalists
-people who opposed the Constitution -favored weak central gov. and stronger state governments -angered by the lack of the bill of rights
Chesapeake Bay colonies
-single males -smaller, more spread out farming communities -bigger farms and a larger proportion of slaves
Federalists (not political party)
-supported the constitution -strong central gov. with checks and balances -did not see a bill of rights as necessary
House of Burgesses
1619 in which any property owning white male could vote. All decisions made still had to be approved by the Virginia Company.
Plymouth, Pilgrims (separatists)
1620, a group of puritans lead by William Bradford set sail on the Mayflower. They arrived in was it now Massachusetts. The pilgrims where puritan separatists, they though the church of England was beyond reform and abandoned it.
The Salem Witch Trial
1629 outbreak of witchcraft accusations in a puritan village marked by an atmosphere of fear, hysteria and stress
The Great Puritan Migration
1629 to 1640, years when the Puritan crisis in England reached its height.
Massachusetts Bay Colony
1629- Established by puritan congregationalists who wanted to reform the Anglican Church from within. Lead by John Winthrop the colonists lived with strict puritan and calvinist ideals. All puritans believed they had a strict covenant with god. Not tolerant
The New England Confederation
1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.
Pontiac's Rebellion
1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed.
Olive Branch Petition
1775 attempt to reconcile with Britain. This was ignored by King George b/c he considered the colonies to be in open rebellion
Lexington and Concord
1775: Britian leads 700 soldiers to confiscate colonial weapons. 70 armed minutemen face British at Lexington (shot heard around the world); British retreat to Boston, suffer nearly 300 casualties along the way (concord) Big emotional dub for colonists
Second Continental Congress
1775: They organized the continental Army, called on the colonies to send troops, selected George Washington to lead the army, and appointed the comittee to draft the Declaration of Independence
Common Sense
1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation. He argued for the merits of republicanism over monarchy. It helped swing considerable support to the patriot cause among people who had previously been worried about attacking the monarchy
Treaty of Paris
1783: official end to the Revolutionary War. Agreement signed by British and American leaders that stated the United States of America was a free and independent country
The Great Compromise
1787- The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate.
Ratification of the Constitution
1789
Boston Tea Party
A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable East India Tea Company tea into Boston Harbor.
Toleration Act of 1649
A Maryland law that made restricting the religious rights of Christians a crime; the first law guaranteeing religious freedom to be passed in America
Federalist Papers
A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison to defend the Constitution in detail.
joint-stock company
A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.
Massachusetts Circular Letter
A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts.
Roger Williams
A minister in the Salem Bay settlement who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south. Tolerant
The Enlightenment
A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.
Halfway Covenant (1662)
A policy of the Puritans which allowed even those who hadn't had a conversion experience to join the church. It gave "half membership."
Declaratory Act
Act passed in 1766 after the repeal of the stamp act; stated that Parliament had authority over the the colonies and the right to tax and pass legislation "in all cases whatsoever."
Three Fifths Compromise
Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)
Mayflower Compact
An agreement signed aboard the Mayflower establishing a "civil body politic" as a basic legal system for the colony. Asserted the the government's power derives itself from the consent of the people, and not from God. Not tolerant
Columbian Exchange
An exchange of plants, animals, foods, diseases, and ideas between Europe and the Americas.
Northwest Ordinance 1787
Arguably the only success of the Articles of Confederation—the adoption of ordinances governing the sale of government land to settlers. Also contained a bill of rights guaranteeing trial by jury, freedom of religion, and freedom from excessive punishment.
The Result of the Seven Year War
British gov. had run up a huge debt and felt that the colonists should help pay it. They reasoned that the colonies had been beneficiaries of the war. Parliament imposed taxes to pay the debt. However, the colonists felt that they had fulfilled their obligation by helping to fight in the war.
Virtual Representation
British governmental theory that Parliament spoke for all British subjects, including Americans, even if they did not vote for its members
Europe —> America
Cattle, horses, coffee, citrus, wheat, diseases (smallpox, measles, influenza), christianity
1492
Christopher Columbus arrives in the New World. First instance of lasting contact between Europe and the Americas and beginning of the Columbian Exchange/contact period.
Reaction to the Stamp Act
Colonists argued against taxation without representation in parliament. Created the Stamp Act Resolves
French in the Americas
Colonized Quebec City in 1608 and tried to convert some natives to Roman Catholicism. Fewer settlers came to north America, mostly single men—the ones that did generally had better relationships with the natives because they relied heavily on trading with them. French fur trade.
Commitees of Correspondence
Commitees created by the Massachussets House of Representatives in the 1760s to help towns and colonies share information about resisting British laws.
Lower South
Concentrated on cash crops (tobacco, sugar, cotton, rice.) Slavery played a major role, but the majority of farmers did not have slaves.
Shay's Rebellion (1786)
Daniel Shays, a veteran of the Continental Army, led a rebellion of poor farmers in Massachusetts who demanded debt relief, lower taxes, and protections against property seizures. Showed the weakness of the articles of confederation
Battle of Saratoga (1777)
Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York; considered to be the turning point of the American Revolution. Caused France to openly support the colonies with military forces in addition to the supplies and money already being sent.
1588
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
Affects of the Columbian Exchange in Europe
Domesticated animals from the New World greatly improved the productivity of European farms. The higher caloric value of potatoes and corn improved the European diet.
Quebec Act (1774)
Extended Quebec's boundary to the Ohio River, recognized Catholicism as its official religion, and established a non-representative government for its citizens. This granted greater liberties to Catholics and extended the boundaries of Quebec territory.
Jamestown
First permanent English colony in North America, founded in Virginia in 1607. Founded for economic reasons/searching for gold. Mostly aristocratic men who didn't want to work. Captain John Smith helped for a while, but the winter after he left became known as "the starving time"
National Bank
Hamilton's big idea; fiercely opposed by Jefferson, Madison, and Democratic-Rep. The bank would regulate money and draw investors; showed that the constitution could be construed in many a way.
Puritain work ethic
Hard work and responsible. Strict calvinist principles
Slavery in the Early Colonies
Indian labor was not successful, so the colonists instituted African labor. This was towards the end of the seventeenth century, and was for the purpose of expanding their profit from the cash crops. Cash crops flourished in the south, and so did slavery
Virginia Company
Joint-Stock Company in London that received a charter for land in the new world. Founded Jamestown
Navigation Acts
Laws that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
Education in the Colonies
Little stress on education, especially in rural areas (pretty much everywhere.) Colleges and higher education served primarily to train and educate clergy
Constitutional Convention
Meeting in 1787 of the elected representatives of the thirteen original states to write the Constitution of the United States.
The First Continental Congress 1774
Met to discuss a response to the Intolerable Acts; adopted the *Declaration and Resolves* in which they: Declared the Intolerable Acts null and void. Recommended that colonists arm themselves and that militias be formed. Recommended a boycott of British imports.
Chesapeake colonies
Most people moved here for financial reasons. Overpopulation in England and poverty caused people to look for opportunity in the new world
Middle Colonies
New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Mild climates and fertile land. Focused on farming and had heavy grain exports
John Rolfe
Pioneered growing tobacco, which became an important cash crop in the Chesapeake area (Virginia and Maryland)
New England
Port cities like Boston centered on trade. The population for subsistence and not trade.
Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)
War fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763. Marked the end of salutary neglect
Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania
Written in response to the Townshend Acts by John Dickinson, this discourse asserted the idea that "no taxation without representation" was an essential part of English government, and that Parliament had no right to impose duties on British colonies.
Netherlands in America
attempted to start a trading empire but their trading posts often fell to the English. One of their settlements was New Amsterdam, AKA New York
The Sugar Act (1764), Currency Act, and Proclamation of 1763
caused discontent within the colonies. Colonists didn't like British attempts to exert greater control over them. Some colonists protested, but they were uncoordinated and ineffective.
specie
coined money, usually gold or silver, used to back paper money
Affects of the Columbian Exchange in America
disease killed many natives. They were also forced into slavery by the Spanish. Epidemics like smallpox devastated the native population.
Mercantilism
economic power was rooted in a favorable balance of trade (exporting more than you import)
Indentured servitude
in return for free passage to the new world, indentured servants typically promised 7 years' labor, after which they would receive their freedom as well as a small piece of property that enabled them to vote. very dangerous, nearly half of all indentured servants (mostly men) would not survive.
Battle of Yorktown (1781)
last major battle of Revolution. French navy and ground troops were crucial to victory.
City Upon a Hill
name for Mass. Bay Colony coined by Winthrop to describe how their colony should serve as a model of excellence for future generations in his "A Model of Christian Charity" sermon
Townshend Acts (1767)
passed by Parliament, put a tax on glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts caused protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its little profits, the Townshend Acts were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation.
Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts (1774)
passed by the British in response to the Boston Tea Party. Closed Boston harbor to all but essential trade until the tea was paid for. Tightened control over Massachusetts government and allowed for the quartering of soldiers in private homes
Albany Plan of Union
plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies because they did not want to lose the power to tax themselves or be under a single colonial legislature
Interregnum (1649-1660)
rule without king under Oliver Cromwell; the Puritans and army ruled. Halted the puritan migration to the Americas
Chesapeake
similar to middle/lower south. Slavery and tobacco played a role, but residents farmed grain. Diverse economics. Had more cities that the rural south.
The Quartering Act of 1765
stationed large numbers of troops in america and made the colonists responsible for the cost of feeding and housing them
Spain in the Americas
tended to conquer and enslave the native population and made great efforts to convert them to Catholicism. Colonists were mostly male, and would intermarry with the natives.
Encomienda System
the Spanish crown granted colonists authority over a number of natives; the colonist was then obliged to protect those native and convert them to Catholicism. In exchange the natives would labor by doing things like sugar harvesting and mining silver. Was a form of slavery
Puritanism (separatists and congregationalists)
the beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans, Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects. Puritans were persecuted in England and began to look for a new place to practice
Declaration of Independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
George Washington election
unanimously voted in 1788- only president to be unanimously chosen, did not campaign with politics rather he did it with character
French Revolution
The revolution that began in 1789. M Americans wanted to support the revolution and its democratic ideals
Stamp Act of 1765
This act required colonists to pay for an official stamp, or seal, when they bought paper items.
England in the Americas
Tried to avoid contact with the Natives Entire families often moved to the colonies. Intermixing with natives was rare, even for trade. There were lots of territorial disputes between English settlers and Natives.
Pre-Columbian Era
Previous to 1492, Native societies in the Americas had traded and interacted with each other for years. Native Americans formed complex societies all across the Americas, from the Aztecs and Incas in what is now Latin America, to the Iroquis and the Algonquins coastal civilizations in North America. These natives were able to form socially diverse societies, and the way they lived was largely dependent on their environment. Natives on the great plains relied on buffalo for many things, including food and clothing, so they migrated along with the buffalo and became largely nomadic societies. Native societies like the Iroquis were more stationary and relied on territorial hunting and gathering. The Iroquis lived in longhouses, in which up to 60 people (usually from the same family) could live. The growth and cultivation of crops like maize could support large populations, and therefore fostered the growth of many large native societies. It also contributed to advancements in agricultural technology—such as more advanced irrigation systems. Larger societies, like the Aztecs and Incas, often had social orders similar to those in Europe. Europeans justification for colonization was often that they were helping the savage natives, but in many cases native societies were just as advanced as European societies, if not more so. The native societies throughout the Americas were also very diverse. As I explained above, the main reason for their diversity was their different environments and how they adapted to them, but also Native diversity stemmed from religious and social traditions. These traditions included things like the different jobs of men and women in their particular society, how elders and children were treated, and how some societies had more of a social hierarchy than others.
The First Great Awakening
Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s in response to the Enlightenment; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God.
Proclomation Line of 1763
Response to Pontiac's Rebellion. Prohibited settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British imposed this to not anger the Native Americans. This built resentment among the colonies.
Anne Hutchinson
She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. Her ideas challenged the authority of the clergy. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.
Bartolomé de las Casas
Spaniard who fought against the enslavement and colonial abuse of native Americans.
Juan de Sepúlveda
Spaniard who supported the Spanish Empire's right of conquest and colonization in the New World. Sepúlveda also argued in favor of the Christianization of native Americans.
America—> Europe
Sugar, tobacco, potatoes
Headright System
The 1618 Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land
Boston Massacre (1770)
The colonials hated the British soldiers in the colonies because the worked for very low wages and took jobs away from colonists. On March 4, 1770, a group of colonials started throwing rocks and snowballs at some British soldiers; the soldiers panicked and fired their muskets, killing a few colonials. This outraged the colonies and increased anti-British sentiment.
Hamilton's Financial Plan
The government would take the debt of the nations and the states debt, make a national bank, and repay debts by giving the debt holders land on the western frontier
