BiO- Exam 4- GMO's

The movement of genes between species is termed as __________ gene transfer.

horizontal

Why would a researcher use PCR?

allows a researcher to make many copies of the same gene.

By making plants that are insect-resistant and herbicide-tolerant there has an increase

in fruit yield.

Scientists have genetically modified chickens, cows, and goats to

increase or improves the production of food products.

A researcher is comparing a plot of agricultural land planted with Bt corn to a plot of agricultural land planted with non-GMO corn. Based on what she knows about Bt, she would expect to find an

increased crop yield in the Bt corn field.

Flavr-savr _________ were the first GMO that were approved by the FDA for human consumption.

Tomato

What are some of the benefits associated with the genetic modification of animals?

The production of leaner meats, faster growth rate, production of pharmaceutical compounds, & high nutritional content.

The three ways, as described in the module, that scientists are improving the plants life cycle through genetic modification.

changing the way the plant grows, or making it resistant to a particular disease, drought-resistant

By genetically engineering pigs, scientist are investigating ways to provide _________ for human __________.

Models for human disease

What is A. tumefaciens?

a bacteria used to transfer foreign genes into plant cells

What role does A. tumefaciens play in producing GM plants?

acts as a vector for introducing foreign genes into plants.

Plants genetically modified with the Bt gene

are more pest resistant

A __________segment of DNA that encodes for a protein.

gene

The process of using the information contained within a gene to produce a protein is known as

gene expression

In the 1990s, researchers made a variety of rice that contained ______ to decrease the amount of children dying of vitamin A deficiency.

beta carotene

How does RNAi silence specific genes in plants?

RNAi binds to specific mRNA sequences, targeting them for disposal.

Effects of GMOs on non-target species?

Studies on the effects of GM pest resistance and its effects on non-target insects species are primarily focused on plants modified with Bt. Some non-target species may benefit from the use of plants genetically modified with Bt.

_________ breeding has allowed farmers to produce a large variety of food, such as kale, cabbage, and cauliflower, from a single species.

artificial selection

The ________ enzyme reacts with oxygen and polyphenols in plants and causes fruit to brown.

polyphenol oxidase (or PPO)

Since the success of the flavr-savr tomatoes, there has been growing trend to

produce more GMOs in agriculture.

If the human population continues to increase at the rate of 1.05% per year, by the year 2050 agricultural production would need to increase by

70%

Onr of the challenges that results from an increase in global population is the limitation of arable land. If the world population increases 30% by 2050, food production per acre of land would need to increase by

70%

Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of NADPH in the photosynthesis reaction?

Carrier of high-energy electrons

_______ is a complex carbohydrate that provides plants with structure.

Cellulose

The modern era of genetic manipulation began when scientists first learned how to insert genes into _________.

Bacteria

Which methods could be used by a researcher to modify an existing gene to produce products that are beneficial to us?

Genetic Engineering, Genome Editing, & traditional crop modification

Genetically modified bacteria can be used in biotechnology to produce __________.

Proteins

The World Health Organization defines a GMO organism as

one that has had its genetic information altered in a way that would not occur in nature, through a mating process and through natural recombination

Genes encode for proteins, are

segments of DNA that control traits and consist of a nucleotide sequence.

Using a plasmid, Boyer and Cohen were able to make E.coli antibiotic resistant to_______.

tetracycline

The ultimate goal(s) of successful plant GMOs is(are) to

All are correct

What is the focus of current GM plant research related to improving health of the human population?

All are correct

A stretch of fluorescent single-stranded DNA used to detect the presence of a specific DNA sequence by complementary pairing to it is called a

DNA probe

Which process provides the nucleotides that are found within a gene or a targeted area of the genome?

DNA sequencing

which of the following best explains the difference between selective breeding and genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering involves directly manipulating the DNA of organisms, where as selective breeding makes use of existing, naturally present variation and the process of sexual reproduction.

_________rice has been genetically modified to have higher concentration of nutrients to help prevent human disease.

Golden

Which part of the CRISPR complex tags the target gene to be destroyed?

Guide RNA

Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of CH2O in the photosynthesis reaction?

O2 and sugar

How was the rice genome modified in order to create golden rice?

One gene from a daffodil and one gene from a soil bacterium were added to the rice genome.

The testing and release of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), in particular GM plants, is tightly regulated internationally to prevent any negative effects on the environment or human health. Which of the following statements support researchers' use of cisgenic organisms?

The genome of a cisgenic plant, like the genome of a traditionally bred plant, is not altered with DNA from a different species.

Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions?

The light-dependent reaction splits water and releases oxygen, whereas the light-independent reaction utilizes carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates.

The accurate description of the stages of gene expression?

The process of transcription makes mRNA from a segment of DNA, and is then translated into amino acids.

The PCR process requires three steps. In the first step, the temperature is usually set at 95C because this is the optimum temperature for the

denaturing of the DNA double strands

European corn crops have been genetically modified with the ________ gene from Bacillus thuringiensis which acts as an insecticide.

endotoxin

What are the risks associated with gene transfer

evolution of super weeds, potential allergic reaction if GM food is consumed, & harm to beneficial insect populations.

Genetic modification can benefit agriculture in the face of climate change by

reduce the need for water

Several GMO plants have resistant traits. What is the resistant trait of squash?

resistance to infection and subsequent disease

Several GMO plants have resistant traits. What is the resistant trait of alfalfa?

resistant to glyphosate

Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of CO2in the photosynthesis reaction?

source of carbon needed for the formation of carbohydrates

Photosynthesis consists of two chemical reactions, the light-dependent and the light-independent reactions. What is the cellular function of H2O in the photosynthesis reaction?

source of electrons for light-dependent reactions

In gene expression ______ is creating mRNA from DNA; and ______ is creating a protein from the mRNA.

transcription; translation

Golden rice has been genetically modified to produce _________.

vitamin beta carotene

Which of the following is a way that bacteria have been genetically modified?

-Bacteria have been engineered to produce proteins that protect plants -Bacteria have been genetically modified to break down toxic chemicals -Bacteria have been genetically modified to produce biofuels.

The ecological effects of GMOs are:

-GM crops that contain the Bt may kill non-target insects, may contribute to resistant strains of insects, and are relatively safe for the environment and have not shown a negative impact on species.

The adverse health risks and monitoring associated with GMOs are:

-Transgenic organisms contain genes from a different source, they can cause allergic reactions in some people. -Cisgenic organisms contain genes that have been modified to change the trait, they can cause allergic reactions in some people if they are allergic to the food in its unmodified form. -GMO crops must undergo rigorous testing to demonstrate they are relatively safe.

Potential uses for genetically modified animals are:

-models for studying human diseases -grow organs for human transplants. -increase their nutritional value to humans.

The benefits of genome editing including

-studying the role a gene plays within an organism's genome. -being able to remove and replace a small section of nucleotides. -creating genes with enhanced characteristics

Genetic modifications of fruits and vegetables will address the _______ loss of food in supermarkets due to over ripening.

25%

Genome editing can be accomplished by using

CRISPR

Several GMO plants have resistant traits. What is the resistant trait of corn?

Insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, drought tolerance

One next-generation GMO is the use of Metarhizium pingshaense, which is a transgenic _________ that is used to treat malaria.

Metarhizium gene

The browning of an apple is due to the expression of the ______ gene. This gene produces the brown trait.

PPO

The browning of an apple is due to the expression of the _______ gene. This gene produces the brown trait.

PPO

__________combined genes from two viruses to create the first recombinant DNA which led to the foundation for the first GMO experiment.

Paul Berg

The process used by plants to convert H2O, CO2, and sunlight into food for plant is called __________.

Photosynthesis

Which of the following statements best explains the primary role of photosynthesis in plant nutrition?

Photosynthesis takes solar energy and converts it into chemical potential energy of carbohydrates.

Which of the following statements describe a potential benefit of genetically modified plants?

Plants can be more resistant to the effects of climate change.

Which process has been used to modify arctic apples to prevent browning?

RNA interference

There are three steps in a PCR process. In the third step, the temp is usually set at 72C because this is the optimum temp for the

Taq DNA polymerase to add in complementary base pairs.

In the first GMO experiment, researchers genetically modified E.coli by giving the

bacteria the gene it needed to provide antibiotic resistance.

What are the impacts of global warming and global climate change?

changing weather patterns and disrupting the usual balance of nature

Wheat plants have been modified to increase the rate of photosynthesis to decrease the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere in response to the global concern of

climate change

Global climate change is accelerating the development of GMOs to

decrease the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere, produce plants that can withstand a change in salinity and produce plants that can withstand drought.

In the alternation of generations life cycle of plants, the _____ stage produces diploid cells and the ______ stage produces haploid cells.

gametophyte, sporophyte

Which organisms are considered the most primitive group of plants?

mosses

The intentional change in the genetic material to interfere with its function in a cell or organism is known as

mutagenesis

Identify the characteristics common to all members of the plant kingdom

non-motile, autotrophs, & multicellular eukaryotes.

Several GMO plants have resistant traits. What is the resistant trait of apples?

nonbrowning

The GMO procedure that coats very small fragments with tungsten or gold with genetically modified DNA and then uses a gene gun for delivery is called

particle bombardment

The gametophyte generation is responsible for

photosynthesis in all groups but the mosses.

Small, circular pieces of DNA found in bacterial cells that can be manipulated in developing GMOs are known as

plasmids

The function of DNA is to store information for

producing all the molecules required by cells for life.

Artic apples were created through a process of genetic engineering. Researchers used a technique known as RNA interference, which silenced the expression of the gene that produces polyphenol oxidase. Silencing this gene and eliminating the production of polyphenol oxidase prevents the fruit from browning. RNA interference is an example of what type of genetic engineering?

silencing gene expression

What part of the flower produces pollen grains?

stamen

In what way have AquaAdvantage Salmon been genetically modified

to grow faster

What is the first step scientists would use when using A. tumefaciens in cloning to create a GMO?

transfer of DNA into a plant cell.