DPT Physiology Exam 1

In norma mammalian nerve fibers, the potential difference for Na+ is about

+61 mV

So, if the membrane potential were only permeable to Na+, the membrane potential would be

+61 mV

What is the resting membrane potential of muscle?

-80- -90 mV

According to dr. stock, the two reasons resting membrane potential are

-90 mV is K+ leak channels and the Na+/K+ potassium pump

If the membrane were permeable to only K+, the membrane potential would then be

-94 mV

In normal mammalian nerve fibers, the potential difference for K+ is about

-94 mV

The velocity of action potential conduction in nerve fibers varies from as little as _____ m/s in small unmyelinated fibers to as great as ______ in large myelinated fibers

0.25 m/s (very slow) 100 m/s (very fast/ they hop)

For example, urine volume can be as low as ______ in a dehydrated person or a s high as _____ in a person drinking a tremendous amount of water

0.5 L/day 20 L/ day

Resting blood lactate :

0.5-2.2 mmol/L

The resting phase is step ____ out of four in excitation contraction coupling

1

Marbling scores in muscle range from

1-12

Transcellular fluid makes up about _____ and includes what?

1-2 L Synovial, peritoneal, pericardial, intraocular spaces, as well as cerebrospinal fluid

Propriospinal fibers travel up and down the cord for

1-2 segments

Every ____ along the axon there is a space, referred to as the ____

1-3 mm node of ranvier

What is the druation of action potentials in skeletal muscle fibers?

1-5 ms, which is five times as long as in large myelinated nerves

what is Na the most abundant?

1. Only Na and K ions are present in large concentration 2. Negative potential on the inside of the muscle membrane pulls the positive sodium ions to the inside and prevent the efflux of potassium when they try to leave

Establishing resting membrane potentials in nerve fibers is under three conditions

1. When the membrane potential is caused entirely by K+ diffusion alone 2. When the membrane potential is caused by diffusion of both Na+ and K+ ions 3. When the membrane is caused by diffusion of both Na+ and K+ ions plus pumpint of both these ions by the Na+ K+ pump

From these statistics what can we conclude?

1. larger muscles have lesser firing rates but greater max recruitment threshold 2. smaller muscles have greater firing rates and lesser max recruitment threshold

The ability to produce force is controlled by

1. the recruitment of motor units 2. The manipulation of firing rates

After entering the cord, they travel in two directions:

1. transmitted to higher centers 2. They synapse to elicit motor reflexes

Some of the different issues that cause ECF and ICF volumes to change markedly include: 1. Excess ingestion or renal retention of ____ 2. _____ 3. Intravenous ____ of different types of solutions 4. Loss of large amounts of fluids from the ____ 5. Abnormal amounts of fluid by ____ or through the ____

1. water 2. Dehydration 3. infusions 4. GI tract 5. sweating; kidneys

what are the two means by which acetylcholine is removed?

1.Most destroyed by acetylchoineesterase 2. Small amount diffuses out of the synaptic space and is no longer available to act on the muscle fiber membrane

The total duration of the calcium pulse in the usual skeletal muscle fiber lasts

1/20 of a second

About how much fluid is in the space outside cells and is called what?

1/3; extracellular fluid

How much of the muscle does the muscle fiber span?

1/4

The Na+K+ pump requires about ____ of typical cells energy and up to ___ of neuron's energy

1/5; 2/3

Full excitation of the T tubule and sarcoplasmic reticulum system causes enough release of Ca ions to increase the concentration in the myofibrilar fluid about ____ required to cause a muscle contraction

10 x

The rate of ATP usage can increase

10 x above the resting level during maximal exercise

How much percentage leeway is there in the chart of ranges?

10%

Max molecular weight of particles that can diffuse regularly is ___, glucose is ___

100 180

Liver contains ____ of glycogen storage

100 g

The total amount of water that diffuses in each direction through the red blood cell membrane during each second is about

100 x as great as the volume of red blood cell itself

Max exercise intensity:

100% carbs as anaerobic metabolism becomes predominant source of energy at high intensity

About 1 person per _____ in the US is thought to have this disease. The male to female ratio is ____

1000 2:1

When the pancreas secretes large amounts of insulin the rate of glucose transport into most cells increases to

10x or more

How many liters does the interstitial fluid account for?

11 L

Plasma sodium is less than or equal to ___, which leads to ____

115 mmol/L; seizures, coma, death

The FDI, a small muscle in the hand contains _____ motor units its firing rates are reported in the range of ____ with a max recruitment threshold of ____

119 motor units 47-92 pulses per second 55% max voluntary contraction

Rigor mortis peaks approximately ___ after death and disappears ____ after death due to breakdown of muscle

12 hours 48-60 hours

When a nerve impulse reaches the NMJ, how many vesicles of acetylcholine are released form the terminals into the synaptic space?

125

In the case of glucose, at least _____ of a family of membrane proteins called GLUT have been discovered

14 members

Glycolysis occurs in moderate intensity exercise lasting

15 s-2 minutes

In hypernatremia, plasma sodium is greater than or equal to

158 mmol/L

Simple diffusion occurs in a

1:1 ratio; greater concentration = greater speed

Excitation contraction coupling is step ____

2

In shuffling pyruvate into mitochondria, ___ pyruvates are produced and then proceeded through the ____ into the mitochondria

2 krebs cycle

One myosin molecule is comprised of ____ heavy chains and ___ light chains

2 ; 4

For example; a solution of 1 mol/L NaCl corresponds to an osmolarity of

2 osmol/L Osmolarity is the number of MOLE that contribute to osmotic pressure; NaCl is ionizable. Thus, NaCl has one mol of Na + one mol of Cl = 2 moles / 1 L of water

I converting pyruvate to lactate, ____ pyruvates are reduced to ____

2 pyruvates 2 lactates and 2 H+ ions

In 20 grams of protein, there are

2-3 grams of leucine

How long is your rapid phase?

2-3 minutes

Capillaries have ___ more pressure on the inside of the cell than the outside

20 x

What percent of total body mass is the extracellular fluid?

20%

Small muscle mass: Whole body routine:

20-25 g of protein 40 g of protein

What should a typical daily protein distribution look like:

25 g of protein at each meal and leucine dispersion

How many erythrocytes are in each human?

25 trillion

Exercise blood lactate:

25-30 mmol/L

Bioimpedance spectroscopy uses how many different frequencies?

256

In the study, muscle length was ____ on average, and the fiber length ended up being about ___ of that

27 cm 1/3

How many liters does the intracellular fluid account for?

28 L

____ inside the cell will go out _____ outside the cell will go in

3 Na+ 2 K+

The Na+ K+ pump has binding sites for ____ on the inside of the cell and ____ on the outside of the cell

3 Na+; 2 K+

Fore every one g of glycogen we store ___ of water

3-4 g

Post exercise phosphagen repletion can occur in a relatively short period of time; complete resynthesis of ATP appears to occur within _____ and complete creatine phosphate resynthesis can occur within 8 minutes

3-5 minutes

What is the velocity of conduction of the skeletal muscle fibers

3-5 ms, about 1/13 the velocity conduction in the large myelinated nerve fibers that excite skeletal muscle

Success or failure of most human movement is determined in less than

300 ms

How many of these vesicles collect in the nerve terminals of a single skeletal muscle end plate?

300,000

Interneurons are ___ more abundant than anterior motor neurons

30x

According to the ATP chart, during a 3 second spring,

32% is intramuscular ATP 55% is intramuscular PC 10% is Lactate source (anaerobic glycolysis) 3% is from aerobic metabolism

At rest, _____ of ATP is derived from carbs and ____ from fat

33% ; 66%

A lean adults has ____ adipocytes

35 billion .4-.6 micrograms of triglycerides each 130,000 kcal stored

100 g of glucose can increase protein synthesis by ____ but does not come close to ___ of EAA

35% 6g

In women, Hematocrit accounts for

36%

The vastus lateralis exhibits relatively low firing rates with a max value reported in the range of _____ and a max recruitment threshold of ____ of the max voluntary contraction force level

37-50 pulses per second 85%

How many liters does plasma account for?

3L

In Men, hematocrit accounts for

40%

What percent total body mass is the intracellular fluid?

40%

Muscles contain ___ of glycogen storage

400 g

The tibialis anteior a smaller lower limb muscle contains ____ motor units whose firing rates exhibit larger values reportedly in the range of _____ and max recruitment threshold of ____

445 motor units 40-58 pulses per second 70% maximum voluntary contraction

An extremely obese has as many as ____ that amount of adipocytes

4x .8-1.2 micrograms of triglycerides each 1,000,000 kcal stored

The average blood volume is about

5 L

Hydrogen variations are usually less than

5 nanometers

Single frequency BIA is performed at a frequency of

50 kHz

About ___ of blood is plasma; ___ Red blood cells

50%; 40%

there are ___ different protein containing compounds in the body and ____ of them are in skeletal muscle

50,000 65%

At rest, the conductance of K+ ions is ____ greater than the conductance for Na+

50-100

Motor neurons are locate din the anterior portion of the cord. Motor neurons are ______ bigger than other neurons

50-100%

In the phosphagen system, ATP concentrations may only slightly decrease or decreases by up to _____ of the pre exercise levels during experimentally induced muscle fatigue

50-60%

Creatine phosphate can decrease markedly ____ during the first state (5-30 seconds) of high intensity exercise and can be almost eliminated as a result of very intense exercise to exhaustion

50-70%

most muscles are a ____ mix of type one and type two muscle fibers

50/50

During early stages of action potential, Na+ channels become activated to allow a ____ increase in Na conductance

5000x

How much of the adult human body is fluid

60%

In a normal 70 kg adult male, the total body water is about how much of total mass?

60%

BMR accounts for ____ of total calories per day

60-75%

Endurance trained:

65-80% of max oxygen consumption (thus can exercise at high intensity before reaching the threshold )

____ of the lactate aerobically metabolized, while ____ synthesize glucose and ____ synthesize gluconeogenic amino acids

70% 20% 10%

How many other cells perform different functions?

75 trillion, total = 100 trillion

Phosphagen is created during very high intensity exercise, lasing

8-10 seconds

Of your total body fat, ___ is adipose and ____ is other lipids and fats

80% 20%

Thus, ____ of monosaccharides are glucose

95%

Glycogen = 1% of FFM which ends up being

<1% of muscle

What is botulinum toxin?

A bacterial poison that decrease the quantity of acetylchoine released by the nerve terminals

Blood sodium varies by

A few milimoles/liter with large changes in sodium intake

In impedimed SFBF testing, Electrodes are at

A fixed distance (5 cm)

Colloid osmotic pressure is

A form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins, notably albumin, in a blood vessel's plasma (blood/liquid) that usually tends to pull water into the circulatory system

Disease is

A state of disrupted homesostasis

Ions, nutrients, etc are normally regulated within

A tight range of valus

Creating phosphate donates phosphate groups to form ATP from

ADP

The 2nd ATP replaces ____ and allows myosin head to detach from actin binding site

ADP

Intramuscular PC stores increased using ____ from aerobic metabolism, blood acidity is reduced

ATP

The more intense we exercise, the more rapidly we produce ____, the shorter the time is to produce it

ATP

What are the chemical reactions for the phosphagen systems ?

ATP --> (using myosin ATPase) --> ATP + Pi + energy ADP + creatine phosphate --> (with creatine kinase) --> ATP + creatine

Cross bridge flexion is caused by ____ breakdown to ____

ATP --> ADP via mATPase enzyme on the myosin head

Depletion of ____ and ____ does not appear to be the primary cause of decreased muscle force and fatigue

ATP and PC

Phosphagen (also called the ATP PC system) is formed when

ATP and creatine phosphate without oxygen

The pump uses activated ______, which uses ATP to break down to ____

ATPase ADP and Pi

Alpha motor neurons are large type _____ fibers

Aa

The channel is constricted, until two ___ attach to the two ____

Acetylcholine molecules Alpha sub unit proteins

What enzyme destorys eacetylcholine a few ms after it has been released from the synaptic vesicles?

Acetylcholinesterase

Lactate not cause acidity:

Acidity comes from ATP breakdown which increases H+ concentrations; thus acidity itself hurts performance

On the arms, the blue electrodes go on the

Acromial Process

What is steady state?

All energy needed is provided by aerobic metabolism

In hyponatremia, neurologic function is

Altered (confusion, seizures)

How does Myastenia gravis work?

Antibodies attack acetylchoine receptors at the post synaptic junction, muscle fiber depolarization does not occur

On the foot, the superior electrode is placed

At the level of the lateral malleoli

On the hand, the superior electrodes are placed

At the level of the ulnar styloid process

The vesicles are transported by ___ that streams through the core of the axon from the cell body in the spinal cord to the NMJ

Axoplasm

Gamma motor neurons are a smaller type of ____ fibers

Ay

How is arterial blood pressure regulated?

Baroreceptors

Despite different functions, all cells have the same

Basic composition

A practical tip: longer rest periods between sets and events =

Better recovery and performance

The ____ electrode must be placed 5 cm from the blue

Black

The electrode that bisects the malleoli is

Blue

Only the ____ electrodes are moved for the arm and leg measurements; all other electrodes stay in place and are constant

Blue and yellow

Total body water =

Body mass x .0.60

Plasma =

Body mass x 0.043

Interstitial fluid =

Body mass x 0.157

Extracellular fluid =

Body mass x 0.20

Intracellular fluid =

Body mass x 0.40

At high frequencies however the current passes through

Both the ICF and ECF

Define catabolism:

Breakdown of large proteins / fat/ carbohydrate molecules into smaller products yielding energy release

Visceral adipose tissue is realated to

CVD

Once the calcium ions have been released from the SR and diffused among myfirbris, mucle contraction continues as long as

Ca concention is high

The T tubule action potential causes release of ___ inside the muscle fiber

Ca ions

At rest, there is little ____ in the myofibril

Ca2+

In excitation contraction coupling, an action potential causes an increase in ____ in the myofibril

Ca2+

Rigor mortis has nothing to do with

Ca2+

When an action potential arrives in the nerve terminal, it opens ___ in the membrane of the nerve terminal beacuse of the abundance of ___

Calcium channels voltage gated calcium channels

What protein binds up to 40 x more calcium?

Calsequestrin

The respiratory system operating in association with the CNS regulates the concentration of

Carbon dioxide

What can cross the lipid bi layer on its own?

Carbon dioxide Oxygen Nitrogen

If a cell is placed in a HYPOtonic solution,

Cell concentration will be higher, water will rush into the cell, the cell will swell

Hyponatremia consequence is seen by

Cell swelling

What is an effector?

Changes values of controlled variable

Simple diffusion utilizes

Channel proteins

What is an example of positive feedback?

Childbirth

What does not pass thorough the channel?

Cl- ions; there is a strong negative charge in the mouth of the channel that repel the negative ions and attract the positive ones

What is protein digestibility corrected amino acid score?

Compares the AA profile of a specific dietary protein with the essential human AA requirements established by the food and agriculture organization corrected for digestibility

The Nernst equation provides balance between

Concentration and charge

Titn

Connects myosin to the z line

pyruvate may proceed in one of two directions:

Converted to lactate or shuttled into the mitochondria

The ____ is the shuttling of lactate to the liver whereby lactate is oxidized to form glucose

Cori cycle

Subjects were randomly assigned to either a

Cr or a Placebo group

Adding hypotonic solution to the ECF

Decrease the overall osmolarity of the solution (osmol/L, you are adding concentration lower than that of the starting concentration), increase the volume of the ECF, increase the volume of the ICF (water will rush into the cell due to a higher concentration on the inside than the outside)

Hyponatremia

Decreased sodium concentration relative to water

Concerns regarding _____ had been previously described in the mainstream press

Dehydration

Neurons consists of three basic components

Dendrites Cell bodies Axon

Explain how it is an example of positive feedback

Depolarizatoin starts, becomes more +, continues to become more positive

What is a sensor?

Detects controlled variable

What is an integrator?

Detects differences between set poitn and actual value of a variable

Total body water, ECT, and ICW volumes were assessed using

Deuterium oxide and sodium bromide dilution analyses

Electrolyte intake is governed by

Dietary habits

Dr stock said that the cross section of muscle was a key illustration.

Different colored muslce fibers, groups are innervated collectively by different neurons Grouped together biologically identical preferentially active different motor units without activating the other

The continual movement of molecules among one another in liquids or in gases is termed

Diffusion

Diffusion occurs

Down a concentration gradient

What is the relative refractory period?

During this period of time, a second action potential can be generated, but it takes greater stimuli than normal

In bioimpedance spectroscopy, impedance at zero frequency represents what?

ECF

What is the nernst equation?

EMF (mV) = +- 61 log (Ci / Co)

What is the K+ Nernst equation?

Ek = -61 x log Ki/Ko

If Ko = 4 mM and Ki = 140 mM, then

Ek = -61log (140/4) Ek = -61log (35) Ek = -94 mV

The method involves passing an extremely low strength _____ through the body and measuring the _____

Electrical current impedance to the flow of this current

The pump is said to be _______ because it creates an electrical potential across the cell membrane

Electrogenic

There is a time difference between the onset of electrical activity of the muscle and the onset of force/tension. This is known as

Electromechanical delay

These limited frequency devices employ _____ to estimate subject results

Empirical linear regression models

Using the Nernst equation, if Nao = 142 mM and Na i = 14 mM,

Ena = -61 log (14/142) Ena = -61log (0.1) Ena = +61 mV

Unlike diffusion, active transport reqruies

Energy (ATP)

There are three types of connective tissues in muscles:

Epimysium Perimysium Endomysium

Red blood cells are also called

Erythrocytes

Foods lack

Essential amino acids

Lactate threshold:

Exercise intensity at which blood lactic acid exceeds resting concentration

For each miliosmole of impermeant solute, about 19.3 mmHg of osmotic pressure is

Exerted across the cell membrane

Bicarbonate (anion) is more abundant in the

Extracellular fluid

Chlorine (anion) is more abundant in the

Extracellular fluid

Sodium (cation) is more abundant in the

Extracellular fluid

Body fluid is distributed mainly between two compartments

Extracellular fluid (made up of plasma and interstitial fluid) Intracellular fluid

What types of transport utilize carrier proteins?

Facilitated diffusion Active transport

The nonsignificant increase we observed accounted for 55.4% of the increase in TBW volume, which is

Fairly consistent with normal fluid distribution (approximately 2/3 of the TBW is intracellular)

Define bioenergetics?

Flow of energy in a biological system

Fluid and electrolyte balances are necessary in the long-term to maintain life. The balances are as follows:

Fluid loss = fluid intake Electrolyte loss = electrolyte intake

What is the purpose of synapsin anchoring the acetylcholine vesicles to the cytoskelton?

Free acetylcholine vesicles from the cytoskeleton, moves them into the active zone of the presynaptic neural membrane

Who introduced the term milieu interieur?

French physiologist Claude Bernard

Some devices will offer a choice of three on board algorithms: ____, therefore improving the accuracy of measurement at 50 kHz

General, child, obese

What is secreted when blood glucose is too low?

Glucagon

_____ typically cross the cell membranes via facilitated diffusion

Glucose and amino acids

How did Dr stock describe co transport?

Go on a trip and you have to bring a friend with you, you move in the same direction

In the formation of acetylcholine, small vesicles are formed by the

Golgi apparatus

____ moves across a cell membrane easily

H2O

How does K+ get through a potassium channel?

Have tetrametic structure Four identical protein sub units surrounding central ore and pore loops at the top that form a narrow selectivity filter Carbonyl oxygens line filter K+ interacts with carbonyl oxygens and shed water and K+ passes

These algorithms have been determined from ___; though one algorithm is not suitable for all subjects

Healthy subjects

Rapid swelling can cause ____. Because the skull is rigid, the brain cannot increase its volume by more than ____ without being forced down the neck (herniation)

Herniation 10%

This is related to interval training or many aerobic sports, where

High intensity bouts are accompanied by lower intensity recovery periods

____ is the most common electrolyte disorder an may occur in ____ of hospitalized patients

Hyponatremia 15-25%

In women, what are the Cross sectional area fiber type ratios?

I = IIA = IIB

In women, what are the fiber type percentages?

I > IIA> IIB

Aerobic enzyme content is greater in

I > IIa > IIx

Capillary density is greater in

I > IIa > IIx

Mitochondria content is greater in

I > IIa > IIx

Myoglobin is greater in

I > IIa > IIx

In the sliding filament theory, the ____ shortens, bu the ____ length does not change

I band A band

In men, what are the fiber type percentages?

IIA > I > IIB

In men, what are the Cross sectional area fiber type ratios?

IIA > IIB > I

Creatine kinase concentrations are the highest in

IIX muslce fibers

Acute force production is greater in

IIx > IIa > I

Endurance training increases

IM Glycogen

What is a set point?

Ideal value of controlled variable

Many solutes are relatively

Impermanent to cell membranes

Cell membranes are almost completely

Impermeable to many solutes

Hypernatremia

Increased sodium concentration relative to water

This process is known as

Indicator dilution principle

What is an efferent pathway?

Information from integrator to effector

What is an afferent pathway?

Information from sensory to integrator

Water is added to the body by

Ingested food or liquid (2100 ml/day) Synthesized in the body by oxidation of carbohydrates (200 ml/day)

Most of that fluid lies where and is known as what?

Inside cells; intracellular fluid

Water is found both

Inside the cells (ICF) Outside the cells (ECF)

What is secreted when blood glucose is high?

Insulin

Where is acetylchoine emptied to in the synaptic space?

Into Acetylchoine gated ion channels, which have acetylcholine receptors in the muscle fiber membrane. Located at the mouth of the subneural clefts lying immediately below the dense bar area

If the increase in body water presents inside the cells only, this could disrupt the balance between

Intracellular and extracellular fluids

Calcium (cation) and Magnesium (cation) summed up are more abundant in the

Intracellular fluid

Phosphate and organic anions are more abundant in the

Intracellular fluid

Potassium (cation) is more abundant in the

Intracellular fluid

Proteins (anion) are more abundant in the

Intracellular fluid

The key driver in the ATP source during 3 second spring is

Intramuscular Phosphocreatine

All different types of gases / ions have no help crossing the membrane. This includes

Ions, glucose, Water and urea.

H zone:

Just myosin

_____ have a selectivity filer that allow it to move in and out of cells

K Leak channels

This is especially true for

K and Na

Fractions of a ms after Na channels become inactive,

K channels become activated but their effect is much slower

Thus, Na entered is counteracted by

K leaving

Electrolyte output is regulated mainly by the

Kidneys

Fluid output is regulated mainly by the

Kidneys

What is the list of things that assist in "output" of body fluids?

Kidneys Lungs Feces Sweat Skin

Define simple diffusion

Kinetic movement of molecules or ions occurs through a membrane opening or through inter molecular spaces without any interaction with carrier proteins in the membrane

The acetyl CoA enters the

Krebs cycle

The formation of lactate is catalyzed by the enzyme

Lactate dehydrogenase

Unhydrated K+ are too

Large

Factors that affect IM glycogen in weight and sprint activities:

Length of training program Type of training

Define refractory period

Limit frequency of action potentials

The membrane consists of a

Lipid bilayer Protein molecules in the lipid that penetrate all the way through the membrane

In simple diffusion, lipid soluble molecules move readily across cell membranes. The rate of diffusion depends on

Lipid solubility

All the measurements were reassessed immediately after the

Loading and maintenance phases

The Cr group ingested 25 g/d of Cr for seven days, called the ____, and 5 g/d for the remaining 21 days, called the ____

Loading phase Maintenance phase

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment

What is protein efficiency ratio?

Measures the ability of a protein to support the growth of a weaning rat; calculated as the ratio of the weight gained to the amount of protein consumed

Define threshold potential

Membrane potential at which the action potential is initiated

What are examples of compounds that have similar effects on the muscle fiber as acetylcholine?

Methacholine Carbachol Nicotine

In type I, there are more _____ that support long term ATP production

Mitochondria

Define primary active transport

Molecules are pumped against an electrochemical gradient at the expense of energy (ATP)

Stimulus

Muscle contraction (tension)

The hydrogen atoms are carried by

NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain

What is the most abundant ion that flows through the channel?

Na

What travels through the channel?

Na K Ca

What are pairs of antiporters/countertransporters given in class?

Na and Ca Na and H Na and HCO3- Cl and H+

What are examples of symporter pairs given in class?

Na and amino aicsd Na and glucose Na and 2HCO3- basically, Na bound to a hitch hiker

The absolute refractory period is the time it takes the

Na channel to go from the inactive state to the resting state

K channels open at roughly the same time that

Na channels close

In the Na+K+ pump,

Na is high on the outside

The pump is responsible for maintaining

Na+ and K+ on the outside and inside of cells, respectively, as well as establishing a negative electrical voltage inside the cells

if a 32 year old male use anabolic steroids and now his hypothalamus and pituitary inhibit natural production, what is this an example of?

Negative feedback

Sodium channels are lined with _____ that literally pull the Na+ ion away from its water shell

Negatively charged amino acids

What are examples of drugs that inactivate acetylcholinesterase?

Neostigmine Physostigmine Diispropylfluorophosphate

What drug is given to people with myastenia gravis?

Neostigmine, or some other anticholinestase drug, which allows larger than normal amounts of acetylchoine to accumulate in the synaptic space

According to Dr stock's notes, Nerve fibers = Skeletal muscle fibers = Smooth muscle fibers = Astrocytes = Neurons = Erythrocytes =

Nerve fibers = -90 mV Skeletal muscle fibers = -85to 95 mV Smooth msucle fiers = -50 to -60 mV Astrocytes = -80 to -90 mV Neurons = -60 to -70 mV Erythrocytes = 8 to -12 mV

An example of a chemical ligand channel

Nicotinic aceltlycholine receptor channels

If a cell is placed in a ISOtonic solution,

No change occurs, concentrations are equivalent

Plasma (3l) is the ____ of blood

Noncellular portion

Abnormalities of extracellualr fluid Sodium Concentration is

Normal plasma Na = 140 - 145mmol/L

No ___ is required in glycolysis

O2 (anaerobic)

What is negative feedback?

Occurs when some function of the output of a system process or mechanism is fed back in a manner that tends to reduce the fluctuations in the output, whether caused by changes in the input or by other disturbances

Visceral adipose tissue

Omental (near pancreas) Mesenteric (around intestines) Epicardial (around heart)

Define the all or none principle

Once an action potential is initiated, it goes to completion

The blue lined image he gave us in class showed the Diffusion of a fluid molecule during

One thousandth of a second

The osmolal concentration of a solution is called osmolality when the concentration is expressed

Osmoles per kg of water

What compounds have extremely high solubility and almost function as though cell membranes do not exist?

Oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, alcohol

What is hematocrit?

Packed RBC volume

What two things make up the extracellular fluid and how many liters total are they?

Plasma and interstitial fluid 14 L

Because the ____ and ___ are separated, only be highly permeable capillary membranes, their ionic composition is ____

Plasma and interstitial fluid; similar (~2%)

Facilitated diffusion occurs in a fashion that is not linear, exhibiting a

Plateau effect at its V max

What is this an example of? Severe hemorrhage --> decrease in venous return --> decrease in cardiac output --> decrease in blood pressure --> decrease in coronary blood flow --> decrease in cardiac contractlity --> decrease in cardiac output

Positive feedback

What is the major element to know in the Intracellular fluid?

Potassium

Single frequency BIA relies on the ____ to calculate results

Prediction equations

What does the removal do?

Prevents continued muscle re excitation after the muscle fiber has recovered from its initial action potential

Define cell body (soma)

Processes the information contains a nucleus, command module

The most important difference is the greater concentration of ____ in the plasma

Protein

Define carrier protein

Proteins that bind with molecules or ions that are able to be transported and conformational changes in the protein molecules then move the substances through the interstices of the protein to the other side of the membrane

Resting metabolic rate

RMR Metabolic rate four hours after light meal with 30-60 minutes of resting quietly. Factors: ge sex body temp stress body surface area

Water moves

Rapidly across the cell membranes

What is net protein utilization ?

Ratio of amino acids converted to proteins

Define dendrite

Receives information

The ____ electrode is placed 5 cm from the yellow

Red

The hematocrit is the fraction of blood composed of

Red blood cells

What is the flowchart for negative feedback?

Reference point --> integrator/sensor --> effector --> controlled variable --> sensor --> integrator/sensor

Bioimpedance spectroscopy uses mathematical modeling to calculate the

Resistance at zero and infinite frequencies

In the creatine study talked about in class, 16 men and 16 women were involved in ___ volunteered for the study

Resistance training

Dr stock really emphasized that the opening and closing of channels in the heart are

SLOW so more can come in

Ca2+ is actively pumped back into the

SR

_____ is the propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of action potentials without needing to increases the diameter of the axon

Saltatory conduction

what is the order of the muscle cell, from outside to inside?

Sarcolemma, myfibril, myofilaments (actin and myosin)

What insulates the motor end plate?

Schwann Cells

Channel proteins and carrier proteins are usually _____ that are allowed to cross the membrane

Selective for the types of molecules or ions

In other words, the cell membranes are

Selectively permeable

When pressure rises too high, how do baroreceptors decrease blood pressure?

Send nerve impulses to the medulla of the brain that inhibits the vasomotor center which diminishes sympathetic activity causing diminished pumping by the heart and dilation of the peripheral blood vessels

In impedimed SFBF testing, sites should be

Shaved if needed and cleansed with alcohol (allow time to dry)

Hydrostatic pressure difference have only a _____ on fluid movement across a cell membrane

Small effect

What is the major element to know in the extracellular fluid?

Sodium

What is the SAID principle?

Specific adaptations to imposed demands

______ decreases membrane capacitance and ion flow 5,000 fold

Sphingomyelin

What is the stretch reflex?

Strike the pateller tendon with a hammer Muscle spindle stretch Type Ia afferent stimulates alpha motorneuon in L4 without interneruons (monosynpatic reflex arc) Antagonistic flexor relaxes via inhibitory interneorn alpha motor neuron stimulates quads to contract leg kicks

There are several types of adipose tissue

Subcutaneous visceral intramuscualr

Of the three fat types, ____ is not correlated with insulin sensitivity, but ____ are

Subcutaneous fat Subfascial adipose tissue and intermuscualr adipose tissue

The P groups ingested a ____ using the same protocol

Sucrose P

In Impedimed SFBF testing, the subject must lay

Supine; hands not touching the sides and feet/legs not touching

Perimysium

Surrounding each fasciculus or group of fibers

What does Ca calmodulin dependent protein kinase become when phosphorylated?

Synapsin proteins that anchor the acetylcoholine vesicles to the cytoskeleton

Where the T tubules originate from the cell membrane,

THey are open to the exterior of the muscle fiber, therefore they communicate with the extracellular fluid

What is energy?

The capacity to do work

As Na increases,

The cell depolarizes

As K increases

The cell repolarizes

If a cell is placed in a HYPERtonic solution,

The concentration of the solution will be higher, water will rush out of the cell, the cell will shrink

What is the difference?

The drugs are not destroyed by cholinesterase ; the action persits for many minutes to hours

The greater the motion

The higher the temperature

The indicator dilution principle is only valid if

The indicator disperses only in compartment measured The indictor disperses evenly in the compartment The indicator is not metabolized or excreted or correction must be made for excretion/metabolism

The most imporant means by which te body maintains a balance between water intake and output is by controlling the rates at which

The kidneys excrete urine

Impedimed SFBF testing must be conducted on

The left side of the body

The potential difference for K+ and Na+ are -94 mV and +61 mV, respectively. Wheat then causes the resting membrane potential to be -90 mV?

The membrane is far more permeable to K+

The osmole (Osm or osmol) is a non-SI unit of measurement that defines

The number of moles of solute that contribute to the osmotic pressure of a solution

What is end plate potential?

The opening of the acetylcholine gated channels to allow large numbers of sodium ions to pour inside the fiber, carries a large positive charge to create a local positive potential change

Epimysium

The outer layer

Between the components Plasma, Interstitial fluid (both make up the ECF) , and intracellular fluid,

The total osmolarity of each component is similar

Leucine threshold

Theoretical minimum dose of leucine required to stimulate an increase in muscle protein synthesis

Fluid intake is regulated by

Thirst mechanism, habits

Ordinarily, each impulse that arrives at the NMJ causes about ________ end plate potential as that required to stimulate the muscle fiber

Three times as much

The interstitial fluid (11L) bathes and surrounds the

Tissue cells

BIA was first used over 30 years ago to measure

Total body water

How does current flow deep in the muscle fibers to stimulate a contraction?

Transmission of action potentials along Transverse Tubules (T tubules) that penetrate all the way thorugh the muscle fiber one side to the other

Define secondary active transport

Transport is driven by the energy stored in the electrochemical gradient of another molecule (usually Na)

What do RBCs do?

Transport oxygen from the lungs to the tissues

Non lipid soluble molecules such as Na are able to make their way through the different cell membranes via

Transport proteins

Define antiporter

Transport substance in opposite direction of a driver ion like Na

Define symporters

Transport substance in the same direction as a driver ion like Na

Lactate concentrations are highest for

Type II muscle fibers

Afferent fibers

Type Ia and II

This stimulates sensory

Type Ia and II afferents

Afferent fibers

Type Ib

After an overnight fast, what was measured?

Urinary Cr Creatine concentrations Muscle Cr Concentrations body mass TBW ECW ICW

What are the causes of these prolonged contractions of the heart?

Usual voltage gated Na channels, which cause the spike Slower opening voltage gated Ca channels, which is largely responsible for the plateau Slower opening of K channels

While simple diffusion depends on the amount of substance present, facilitated diffusion reaches a max rate of diffusion called the

V max

Muscle Cr concentration was determined from the

Vastus lateralis muscle using a precutaneous needle biopsy technique

An example of a voltage gated channel

Voltage gated na+ channel

How would you set up an equation for: Volume of A = 1 mL Concentration of A = 10 mg/mL Concentration of fluid after dispersion = 0.01 mg/mL Volume of B?

Volume B = (1 mL x 10 mg/mL)/(0.01 mg/mL) Volume of B = 1000 mL

What is the general equation for measuring different fluid volumes?

Volume B = (Volume A x Concentration A)/(Concentration B)

You want to measure total body water in a patient. You inject 10 mL of a solution of antipyrine with a concentration of 150 mg/ml i.v. After equilibrium, the concentration of antipyrine in the blood is 0.03 mg/ml. what is the total body water of this patient, assuming no excretion?

Volume B = (Volume A x Concentration A)/(Concentration B) Volume B = (10 mL x 150 mg/ml)/(0.03 mg/mL) Volume B = 50 L

The maintenance of relatively constant ____ and stable composition of the ____ is essential for homeostasis

Volume; body fluids

Who coined the term homeostasis?

Walter cannon in 1929

Cell membranes are relatively impermeable to most solutes but are highly permeable to

Water

The lipid bilayer is a barrier to

Water and water soluble substances

When a current is passed through the body, the ___ primarily conduct the electrical current

Water containing fluids

The most reported side effect associated with creatine monohydrate supplementation has been

Weight gain due to increases in total body water

What is a controlled variable?

What is regualted

What causes the voltage gated calcium channels to open?

When an action potential spreads over the terminal, the channels open and allow calcium ions to diffuse from the synaptic space to the interior of the nerve terminal

Positive feedback

When there is a deviation of the controlled variable fro m the set point of the integrator may send a signal to move the controlled variable further away from a set point

Adding a hypertonic solution to the ECF

Would increase the osmolarity of the solution ( you are adding a solution with a larger concentration than the original starting point). the water will rush out of the cell due to a higher concentration on the outside than the inside, decreasing the ICF an increasing the ECF

The electrode bisecting the Ulnar Head is

Yellow

Electrodes must be hooked dup in order:

Yellow red, blue, black

How did Dr stock describe countertranpsort?

You have to go to Orlando but your friend has to go to tampa

Actin slides inward on myosin filaments pulling the

Z lines toward the center of the sarcomere

While channel proteins allow free movement, carrier proteins require

a binding of molecules or ions and result in a conformation change in the protein's structure

At no time during either exercise or rest does any single energy system provide

a complete supply

To counteract this,

a continually active Ca pump located in the walls of the SR pumps Ca ions away from myofibrils and back into the Sarcoplasmic Tubules

What is curare?

a drug that blocks the gating action of acetylchoine channels by competing for acetylchoine receptor sites

While neostigmine and physostigmine inactive acetylcholinesterase for a few ____ diisopropyl fluorophosphate inactivates it for ____

a few hours a few weeks

Secondary active transport was termed by dr stock as

a free ride

Every time the muscle fiber recovers , the depolarized area initiate a new action potential, aka

a muscle spasm

Diffusion occurs through the lipid bilayer or involves

a protein channel or carrier; simple diffusion by a channel, facilitated diffusion by a carrier

autogenic inhibition reflex

a sudden relaxation of muscle at very high muscle tensions to protect against muscle tear

These protein molecules penetrate all the way through the membrane, lying side by side in a circle to form

a tubular channel

In carbohydrate metabolism, what percentage is glucose?

about 80%

What is Westphal's sign?

absence or decrease in patellar reflex. could be caused by many things, including receptor damage peripheral nerve disease, lesion in motor cortex or pyramidal tracts, interruption of sensory and or motor impulse, transmission in femoral nerve

What happens to the choline?

absorbed actively into neural terminal to be reused for new acetylchoine

with these drugs, with each successive nerve impulse, additional acetylchooine

accumulates and simulates muscle fibers ; aka muscle spasm

Free fatty acids enter the mitochondria, are broken down, and form

acetyl-coA and hydrogen protons

Calcium concentration incraes, which increases the rate of fusion of

acetylcholine vesicles to the terminal membrane

After a few seconds, acetylcholine is split by ___ into acetate ion and choline

acetylcholinesterase

When there is a higher concentration of solute on one side of the cell membrane, water diffuses a

across the cell membrane toward the region of the higher solute concentration

Myosin head recocks and reattaches to

actin

Myosin head attaches to ____. This is known as ____

actin cross binding

I bands:

actin alone area between thick filaments in two adjacent sarcomeres bisected by a Z line

Intrafusal fibers do not contain

actin or myosin

Thin filaments are

actin, troponin, tropomyosin

What do the Ca ions do once releaed?

activate Ca calmodulin dependent protein kinase

When the membrane potential is changed from normal resting negative value to a positive value, there is an

activation of Na channels and a delayed activation of K channels

When a cell membrane moves molecules or ions uphill against a concentration gradient, the process is called

active transport

Almost all cells have the ability to reproduce

additional cells of their own kind

The movement to move against an energy gradient requires

additional sources of energy

In type one, there are more ____ enzymes for long term ATP production

aerobic

In shuffling pyruvate to the mitochondria, the rate of glycolsis is equal to the

aerobic metabolism of pyruvate produced from glycolysis

Pyruvate being shuttled into the mitochondria is known as

aerobic or slow glycolysis

When breakdown and subsequent depletion of PC does occur, an_____ is necessary to provide the energy to reform PC

aerobic recovery period

The oxidative system is an

aerobic system

Active transport occurs

against a concentration gradient and involves a protein carrier

In some muscles, two ____ of motor endplates may be found

aggregations (distal and proximal )

Cell membranes exhibit an

all or nothing principle that they are either open or closed at all times

The bioenergy currency in the cells of

all tissues

A motor unit is composed of either

all type one or all type 2 muscle fibers

innervation ratio can be determined by dividing the number of fibers in a muscle by the number of

alpha motor axons in the nerve supplying it

Extrafusal fibers are stimulated by

alpha motor neurons

Type Ia fibers stimulate ____ in spinal cord, causing contraction and shortening of entire muscle

alpha motor neurons

Afferent impulses to the spinal cord excite

alpha motor neurons, which results in contraction of muscle

A motor unit is defined as an

alpha motorneuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates

According to dr stock, the rate occurs in response to the

amount of myelin encased

How long these gated channels stay open depends on the

amount of time necessary for process to take place

Secondary active transport uses

an indirect use of energy

Resistance exercise is very ____ but also is ____ which results in a net negative balance

anabolic Catabolic

EPOC is higher with anaerobic and intense exercise due to

anaerobic metabolism Temperature hormones

the conversion to lactate is known as

anerobic or fast glycolysis

Calorimeter:

artight chamber surrounded by water jacket; heat from person increases temp of water jacket, allowing calculation of energy temp

How much protein needed to boost the anabolic effect of exercise?

as little as 3 grams of EAAs (.5 leucine) or 4.2 grams of whey is enough to significantly increase protein synthesis

The cori cycle produces glucose from lactate even

at rest

In myelinated axons, action potentials physically occur

at the nodes

Motor axons conduct electrical impulses _____ from the neuron's cell body

away

Motor axons raise from conical protrusion -

axon hillock

BMR

basal metabolic rate; metabolic rate in supine position 12-18 hours after meal immediately after waking up in thermoneutral environment

The slowed inactivation of K channels results in voltages

below the resting membrane potential at the end of the action potential. This is known as afterhyperpolarization.

What are some methods of measuring protein quality?

biological value Net protein utilization Protein efficiency ratio Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score

The muscle fibers with one motor unit have identical

biomechanical and functional properties

Glucose is then used to maintain

blood sugar or for liver glycogen

In the absence of insulin the amount of glucose required cant get into the cells except for the

brain and liver

The proteins contract and cause the pits to

break away to the interior of the membrane, forming new vesicles

Extrafusal fibers make up

bulk of muscle

What is a fascicle?

bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium

Once activated, these dihydropyridine receptor channels trigger the opening of

calcium release channels in the cisternae and their attahced lontigudinal tubules

The absolute refractory period is a period of time after an action potential in which an additional action potential

cannot be generated no matter how larger the stimulus

There is an inverse relationship between the rate of ATP production and its

capacity

In Type one, there are more _____ for increased O2 delivery

capillary density

What are the factors that result in the switch from carbs and fat to all carbs?

carbohydrate metabolism produces more energy per liter of oxygen more fast twitch fibers are recruited, which are glycolytic hormonal changes: increase in epinephrine stimulates glycolytic enzymes Increased lactate from glycolysis inhibit triglyceride metabolism by reducing triglyceride availability

The oxidative system uses primarily

carbohydrates and fats as substances

Facilitated diffusion is also called____ because a substance transported in the manner relies ion a carrier to make it through the membrane

carrier mediated diffusion

It is important to note that simple diffusion does notrequire ____, while facilitated diffusion does

carrier proteins

How do the drugs work?

cause localized areas of depolarization of the muscle fiber membrane at the motor end plate where the acetylchoine receptors are located

What is myastenia gravis?

causes muscle weakness because of the inability of the NMJ to transmit enough signals from the nerve fibers to the muscle fibers

The basic unit of the body is the

cell

Calcium ATPase Primary active transport is resent on the ___ and the ____

cell membrane and Sacroplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers

Hypernatremia consequence is seen in

cell shrinkage

ATP energizes the synthesis of

cellular components

Mutiple oscilliations of leg is a sign of

cerebellar disease

Bioenergetics is the conversion of ____ into ______

chemical energy (food) to mechanical energy (muscle contraction)

This releases free fatty acids from fat cells into blood where they can

circulate and enter muscle fibers

What is an example of a contracile protein?

clathrin

The activation of muscles that work in concert with the agonist is known as

co activation / cocontraction

Within a few seconds, ____ appear in the terminal nerve membrnae caused by contractile proteins in the nerve ending

coated pits

The slight difference between the plasma and interstitial fluid mosm/L is due to

colloid osmotic pressure

ATP energizes glandular secretions against

concentration gradients

Therefore, the net rate of diffusion into the cell is proportional to the

concentration on the outside minus the concentration on the inside

Isotonic can be subdivided into

concentric and eccentric

The attachment of the Acetylcholine to the alpha subunit causes a

conformational change that opens the channel

Adipose fat tissue is a type of ___ that stores energy as fat

connective

Adipose tissue, being the morphological dimension, can be defined anatomically as the panniculus adiposus including

connective tissue and microscopic blood supply and nerves

What is a z line?

connects thin filaments from adjacent z lines, defines the end of the sarcomere

The peripheral control system involves

contracting the agonist and relaxing the antagonist muscles

Response:

contraction of agonist, relaxation of antagonist

The fact that we are alive is the result of complex

control systems

What catalyzes this reaction?

creatine kinase

As K leaves, it brings postivitity with it, thereby

creating electropositivity outside the cell and electronegativity inside the cell

A group of drugs known as _____ prevent the passage of impulses from the nerve ending into the muscle

curariform drugs

What are myofibrils?

cylindrical bundles of thick and thin filaments within the muscle fiber

Calcium ATPsae primary active transport maintains a low

cytocolic calcium concentration

Acetylcholine is synthesized in the

cytosol of the nerve fiber terminal and the transported through the membrane of the vesicle to the interior , where it is highly concentrated

What is an example of this? how does it work?

d tubocurarine Block action of acetylcholineon the muscle fiber acetylchoine receptors, prevent increase in permeability of the membrane channels to initiate action potential

Muscle spindles are important for preventing jerkiness of the body movements. This is known as

dampening

It has been observed that during glow/ moderate force contractions, even when muscle FORCE REMAINS CONSTANT, a slight ____ in firing rate may occur without recruitment of additional motor units

decrease

You run as fast as you can for 30 minutes and run consistently, without walking. You take your velocity at 15 - 20 s segments. Your velocity will

decrease over time

Aerobic processes

depend on oxygen

Patients with MS have a difficult time

describing symptoms

What is oxygen deficit?

difference between the amount of oxygen actually consumed during exercise and what would be consumed if energy demands met solely through aerobic metabolism (indirect measure of anaerobic energy)

Why are some protein sources better than others?

difference sources can vary widely in their amino acid profile, digestibility, nutritional value

Glucose does not easily ____ across cell membranes

diffuse

If you assume a membrane is only permable to K, and there is a high K concentration on the inside of the nerve fiber, the tendency will be for the K to

diffuse outside

The smaller unhydrated Na+ ion can then

diffuse through the ion channel

As the action potential reaches the T tubule the voltage change is sensed by ______ that are linked to _____ also called ____ in the adjacent sarcoplasmic reticular cisternae

dihydropyridine receptors Calcium release channels / ryanodine receptor channels

Primary active transport uses a

direct use of energy

What type of reflex arc are golgi tendon organs?

disynaptic

Anaerobic processes

do not require the presence of oxygen

The vesicles then ____ at the release sites, ____ with the neural membrane, and empty their acetycholine into the synaptic space by ___

dock fuse Exocytosis

At low frequency, current passes through the ECF spaces and ____ penetrate the cell membrane

does not

The entire glycogen content of some muslce cells can become depleted

during exercise

Which type of contraction can cause significant muscle soreness damage and edema?

eccentric

As Na+ enters, it brings positivity with it, thereby creating

electopositivity inside the cell and electonegativity outside the cell

Electromechanial delay is primarily due to the time it takes for the

electrical signal to continue into the muscle and mechanically activate the muscle machinery which in turn must transfer force externally

Secondary active transport co-transport involves the use of an

electrochemcial gradient usually for Na

ATP energizes active transport of

electrolytes and various nutrients across membranes

Increased metabolic rate is due to

elevated hormones, body temp, heart rate, and breathing rate

Eccentric movement involves

elongating

Acetylcholine from the vesicles is then

emptied through the neural membrane adjacent to the dense bars

Type I fibers are mainly for ____ while type II fibers are mainly for ____

endurance Strength and power

This is because the motor control scheme is optimized for

endurance capacity

The hydrolysis of ATP ____ the cross bridge cycle

energizes

Adenosine Triphosphate is the only compound that the body can use for

energy driven processes

The phosphagen system through creatine phosphate and the creatine kinase reaction, serves an an

energy reserve for rapidly replenishing ATP

At relative intensities of exercise above 60%, of max oxygen uptake, muscle glycogen becomes an increasingly important

energy substrate

What is the effective stimulus for causing acetylcholine release from the vesicles?

entry of calcium ions

In other words, the osm of the ECF is ____the osm of the ICF

equal to

Function is to ____ force among muscle fibers

equalize

The nernst equation is also called the

equilibrium potential

Food sources of protein: food protein is only considered complete if it contains all

essential amino acids

The relative constancy of the body fluids is remarkable because there is continuous

exchange of fluids and solutes with external environment as well as within different body compartments

These calcium ions then cause contraction. This is called

excitation contraction coupling

In all, stretch on muscle ___ muscle spindles; provides excitation muscle impulse and signal that results in ____ and ___

excites Contraction of muscle and inhibition of antagonist

What does Acetylcholine do?

excites the muscle fiber membrane;

What factors influence metabolic rate

exercise activity lean body mass age thyroid hormone growth hormone testerone sympathetic system fever cold climate

The onset of blood lactate accumulation :

exercise intensity at which blood lactic lactic concentration is greater than 4 mM

Changes in coactivation are thought to be an important adaptation associated with

exercise training or learning a new skill

The rupturing of these vesicles allowing acetylene into the synaptic space is called

exocytosis

In turn, a shift occurs in tropomyosin, causing

exposure of the binding site on actin to be exposed to myosin

All cells live in essentially the same environment- ______- for this reason it is called the internal environment or ____

extracellular fluid milieu interieur

The lipid bilayer is not miscible with the

extracellular fluid or intracellular fluid

Simulation can excite 3 to >100 _____ muscle fibers

extrafusal

Glucsoe is able to pass into the interior of cells via

facilitated diffusion and glucose carrier proteins

The ability to produce force rapidly may also be related to

fall prevention in older adults

Type IIa muscles (fast oxidative glycolytic) and type IIx (fast glycoltyic) are

fast twitch fibers

Where is fat?

fat is everywhere

Fat tissue is not just

fat/lipids

Lactate is highly correlated with ____, but not the cause of it

fatigue

Stimulation of the nerve fiber at rates greater than 100 times per second for several minutes often diminishes the number of actylcholine vesicles, so much that impulses fail to pass into the NMJ. This is referred to as

fatigue of the NMJ

Type one muscle fibers are more

fatigue resistant

Oxidative (also called the areobic system): formation of ATP from the breakdown of

fatty acids using oxygen in mitochondria

A control system that responds in anticipation of a change

feed forward

Muscle spindle density varies according to function: larger muscles with course movements have ____, smaller muscles with fine movements have ____

fewer Many

Smaller muscles (first dorsal interosseous) rely more on

firing rate

Motor units can also vary their force output by changing their

firing rates

At any specified force level, there is an inverse relationship between

firing rates and recruitment threshold of motor units

Low threshold motor units are recruited ___ and have lower force capabilities than higher threshold motor units

first

The fetal acetycholine receptor complex is composed of ____ subunit proteins:

five Two alpha one beta one delta one gamma

In the diagram he showed in class, the channel protein had a _____ to get the ion across while the carrier protein _____

flap that moved Flipped over

The generation of action potential within one motor unti results in a

force twitch

Define anabolism:

formation of large molecule from small protein/ fat/ carbohydrate substrates requiring energy

Channel proteins allow ____ of water or ions along their concentration gradient

free movement

Anytime muscular effort (force torque power) is measured, it is important to remember that what is being observed is the net sum

from all of them muscle that surrounds a joint

At a certain point, the membrane's diffusion potential is reached, stopping further Na

from entering the cell. Note that a concentration gradient may still remain

Each cell is specifically adapted to perform a limited number of

functions

At a certain point the membrane diffusion potential is reached stopping

further K from leaving the cell. Note: concentration gradient may still remain

What are cross bridges ?

globulular region of myosin that projects toward thin filament

Immediately upon entering cells, glucose combines with _____ (liver) or hexokinase (other cells) to form _____

glucokinase glucose 6 phosphate

In Carbohydrate metabolism, the final products of carbohydrate digestion in the alimentary tract are almost all entirely

glucose Fructose Galactose

Fructose and galactose are converted to

glucose in liver

When you run a marathon what limits you?

glycogen

Muscles and liver contain

glycogen storage granules in the cytoplasm

Increases in IM glycogen affects ____ production of ATP

glycolytic and aerobic production

Each segment of the spinal cord has several million neurons in its

gray matter

The disparity is largely caused by

greater leakage of K+ through the channels

The rate at which molecules can be transported by facilitated diffusion can never be

greater than the rate at which the carrier protein molecule can undergo change back and forth between the two states

On the legs, the yellow electrode is placed 5 cm below the

greater trochanter (anterior portion of the thigh)

What are the points of the subnerual cleft?

greatly increase the surface area at which the synaptic transmitter can act

This can create a trade off of

health related issues

This is common is ___, where the plateau lasts for as long as ___ and cause prolonged contraction of the ____

heart muscle fibers 0.2-0.3 seconds Heart

The motion of particles is called

heat

Calories

heat required to raise the temp of one gram of water by one degree C

Disease that affects the kidney's ability to excrete waste may lead to

high blood pressure

All else being equal, substances will diffuse from an area of

high concentration to low concentration

Low threshold motor units have

high firing rates

Blood lactate accumulation is greatest following

high intensity intermittent exercise (e.g. resistance training)

However, golgi tendon organs signal muscle force thoruh the entire physiological range, not only at

high levels of tension

The motor units you turn on first tend to have

higher firing rates than the later recruited high threshold motor units

Interneurons are small and

highly excitable

Control systems are implemented to maintain

homeostasis

Triglycerides stored in fat cells can be broken down by

hormone sensitive lipase

The amount of PFK you have determines

how well your system works; high exercise will increase pfk and glycolytic activity will occur more readily

Hypernatremia may occur in patients with

hypothalamic leions or infants

Multiple sclerosis is an

immune mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the CNS

Some changes in enzymes will have more ___ than others will

impact

Excess postoxygen consumption:

improved description of oxygen dept as representing the energy borrowed from anaerobic metabolism to perform exercise

Where is actylcholine synthesize?

in the cytoplasm

Where are synaptic vesicles located?

in the terminals of a single endplate

Light activity postexercsie clears lactate more so than

inactivity

Food protein that lack one or more of the essential amount acid are termed _____ and not capable of causing growth, but instead can lead to protein malnutrition if eaten in isolation

incomplete

Eventually the resolution of the neurological deficits is ___ or their occurrence is ___ and the diagnostic dilemma begins

incomplete Too frequent

Overall, there is an ____ in the amount and availability of glycogen to be stored in response to exercise

increase

Thus, an increase in motor unit recruitment is not always necessary to

increase force

After exercise, recovery of muscle protein synthesis requires dietary protein of BCAAs to

increase tissue levels of leucine in order

ATP and PC are more likely to be ______ from hydrolysis of ATP and subsequent production of H+ as well as accumulation of _____ (also formed by hydrolysis of ATP)

increased acidity Pi

Higher pressure results in

increased energy available to cause net movement from high pressure to low pressure

As exercise intensity increases, the percent of atp from carbs

increases

Conversely, as muscle velocity decreases during slower movements, more cross bridges have time to attach and generate force, thus force

increases

Weight and sprint activities: studies have shown

increases and no change in glycogen

Muscle spindle reflexes oppose (correct for)

increases in muscle length (stretch)

In order to produce high forces ,the central nervous system

increases the recruitment of motor units and their firing rates

Changes in glycolytic enzymes may improve performance by

increasing ATP availability from glycolysis

The volume of a fluid in the body can be measured by placing an ______ in the compartment, allowing it to ____ evenly throughout the compartments fluid, and then ____ the extent to which the substance becomes diluted

indicator disperse analyzing

Define constant amplitude

info is coded by frequency, not amplitude

At the same time, synergistic muscles are activated, while antagonistic muscles are

inhibited

The normal resting state concentration of C ions is too little to elicit contraction. Therefore, troponin tropomyosin complex keeps the actin filaments ___ and maintains a relaxed state

inhibited

what does end plate potential do ?

initiates an action potential that spreads along the muscle membrane and causes a muscle contraction

Assuming that a membrane is only permeable to Na+, because of the high Na+ concentration outside the nerve fiber, there is a tendency for it to diffuse

inside

The rate of glucose transport is increased via

insulin

Together, ______ allow skeletal muscle to coordinate protein synthesis with physiological state and dietary intake

insulin and leucine

During exercise, the rate of glycogen depletion is related to

intensity

The leucine content of protein and how fast it can be digested will determine the

intensity of muscle protein synthesis

The extent to which each of the three energy systems contributes to ATP production depends on the

intensity of muscular activity and secondarily on the duration

Most of the signals from the brain terminate on

interneurons

Interstitial fluid is found in the ____ - the spaces between the cells also known as ____

interstices Tissue spaces

Plasma constantly exchanges substances with the

interstitial fluid

Function of gamma motoneruons: innervate

intrafusal fibers

Muscle spidles consist of _____ muscle fibers in parallel with ____

intrafusal muscle fiber extrafusal muscle fibers

Some free fatty acids come from

intramuscualr sources

During the slow phase, there is aerobic metabolism of

intramuscular and blood lactate

In the idea of muscle quality, studies show that when referencing the size of a muscle, you have to account for

intramuscular fat

Glycogen phosphorylase is an enzyme that contributes to the breakdown of

intramuscular glycogen to glucose

The signals from these two receptors are almost entirely for the purpose of

intrinsic muscle control.

In general there is an _____ relationship between a given energy system's max rate of ATP production and the total amount of ATP it is capable of producing over a long period of time

inverse

At any specified force level, there is an _____ between the firing rates and recruitment threshold of motor unit

inverse relationship (negative)

Muscle contraction under active tension can either be

isometric or isotonic

The action potential spreads along the entire membrane until until

it has been completely stimulated

The amount of force or tension that a muscle can produce at any given movement is intimately related to

its length

The amount of force that can be generated during a muscle contraction is closely related to

its velocity

Muscle spindle are removed, there is

jerkiness of muscle contraction

Significant amounts of tension in isometric contraction may be developed in muscle to maintain

joint angle in relatively static or stable position

Measured in _____ also known as calories

kilocalories

With increased exercise, pyruvate is converted to

lactate

Lactate shuttle hypothesis:

lactate may also be used by tissues including skeletal muscle to synthesize glycogen or pyruveate (which would enter aerobic metabolism)

blood lactate concentrations reflect both

lactate production and clearance

The sarcoplasmic reticlum is composed of two major parts

large chambers called terminal cisternae that abut the T tubules Long longitudinal tubules that surround all surfaces of the actual contracting myofibrils

Alpha motor neurons innervate

larger skeletal muscle fibers

These drugs can cause death if the spasm occurs in the

laryngeal area

Subcutaneous adipose tissue:

layer under the skin

Muscle spindles sense muscle

length and rate of change in length

Alpha motor neurons and gamma motor neurons are co activated so that muscle spindles can be sensitive to change in

length during contraction

Eccentric contractions involve the muscle _____under active tension

lengthening

Out of the three BCAAS, ____ is probably the most imperative

leucine

Untrained people need more for ____ than trained people

leucine threshold

Research suggests that out of the EAAs the branched chain amino acids are the most important. These include:

leucine, isoleucine, and valine

The sudden insurgence of sodium ions into the muscle fiber when the aceylcholine gated channels open causes the electrical potential inside the fiber at the ____ to increase in the positive direction

local area of the endplate

The opening of Na channels generates ____ that depolarizes adjacent portions of the membrane, thus opening ____ Na channels

local current more

This creates a

local potential called the end plate potential

In high intensity training, you need

longer rest periods, as shorter rest periods lead to worse performance

Since it takes time for cross bridge attachment, when filaments slide past one another during rapid movements, force is ____ due to the lower number of cross bridge that have become attached

low

At time, there is a need to keep a high concentration one side of the cell membrane despite a

low concentration the other side

We have ____ of lactate in our system constantly

low levels

Motor units are recruited in an orderly fashion

low threshold / type I muscle fibers before high threshold Type II muscle fibers

Larger motor units produce

lower firing rates

To get to the high threshold motor units, the body must first recruit

lower threshold motor units

Thus, the original stretch is opposed and muscle length is

maintained

A skewed daily protein distribution fails to max potential for muscle growth or

maintenance

In disease, compensatory mechanisms may allow

maintenance of homeostasis

In order to combat this we have systems to

make ATP

Larger, gross movements require

many muscle fibers per motor unit. Example: gastrocnemius - 1934 fibers / motor unit

For many small muscles, motor units are fully recruited far before

max force has been reached

In many movements the rate of force development is more important than the

max force that can be produced

What is biological value?

measures the amount of nitrogen retained in comparison to the amount of nitrogen consumed

What is direct calorimetry

measuring heat production to determine metabolic rate

In summary, an ion concentration difference across a permeable membrane can create a

membrane potential

A very small number of ions must be transferred inside or outside of the cell for a

membrane potential to exist

Muscle fibers differ in respect to

metabolic and contractile capabilities

Intramuscular fat is involved with

metabolic disease

In many muscles, most of the NMJ are located near the

middle of the muscle

Examples of complete food proteins

milk eggs meat poultry fish

Lowintensity activies that can be sustined for

minutes, hours, days

What supplies the ATP used for synthesis of Acetylchoine?

mitochondria

with decreased exercise, pyruvate is stored in the ____ via the krebs cycle and converted to ATP later

mitochondria

Number of synapses:

monosynaptic reflex arc (1 synapse)

As Americans, we need to eat

more for breakfast and less for dinner

Mechanism may be related to actin - myosin becoming

more sensitive to calcium released form the sarcoplamic reticulum during subsequent muscle contractions

In different cell types, AP will be different due to

morphology

Isometric prevents

motion

The properties of a muscle fiber are dictated by the

motorneuron that is innervated by

Isometric contraction may be used to prevent body segment from being

moved by external forces

IN other words, the AP propagates before

movement occurs

Define active transport

movement of ions or other substances across the membrane in combination with a carrier protein in such a way that the carrier protein causes the substance to move against an energy gradient

All molecules and ions in the body are in constant motion, with each particle

moving in a separate way

When the A band takes over, coloration gets

much darker

Intrafusal fibers run in parallel with extrafusal fibers, but they are

much shorter

Propriospinal fibers provide pathways for

multi segmented reflexes

ATP energizes

muscle contraction

Extrafusal fibers provide force for

muscle contraction

This production of H+ ions adds to

muscle fatigue

Repeated max stimulation of protein synthesis will increase / maintain

muscle mass

Gamma motor neurons constitute the middle of the

muscle spindle

Simulation at 8 Hz causes smooth contraction, illustrating smoothing effect of

muscle spindle system

A sudden stretch of the muscle excites

muscle spindles

Intrafusal fibers are encapsulated in sheaths to form

muscle spindles

Simulation of gamma motor neurons stimulates ____ in muscle spindles, a special type of sensory receptor

muscle spindles

Stimulus:

muscle stretch

Sudden relaxation of muscle may protect against

muscle tears

This is explained by the fact that at a sarcomere's resting length the max number of cross bridges are able to bind with the thin filaments, thereby producing

muscle tension

This perpetuates

muscular contraction

Axons may be covered with white substance high in lipid (fat) content called the

myelin sheath

In type one, there is more ____ (oxygen binding protein)

myoglobin

What are thick filaments?

myosin

Titin is important because it anchors

myosin, the myosin is in the middle, attached to actin

Positive feedback is often associated with

negative events or a viscous cycle, but it CAN be positive

Most control systems operate via

negative feedback

Recovery due to ____ can happen when 1 L of blood is lost. Death is caused by ____ when 2 liters of blood are removed

negative feedback positive feedback

ATP energizes

nerve conduction

It could be argued that the notion of muscle fiber type is really a

nervous system derived phenomenon, hence the term neuromuscular

High intensity exercise in absence of nutrition will result in

net breakdown

Interneurons comprise ____ for most reflexes

neural circuitry

Individual muscle fibers never behave independently. They are controlled by the

neuron which innervates them

In order for the continued function of this process

new vesicles need to be reformed rapidly

In diffusion...

no additional energy is required

Sheath is interrupted every 1-3 mm by a

node of ranvier

The plateau phase limits the

number of heart beats we can have

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is incrased in

obesity

Untrained lactic acid threshold:

occurs at 50-60% of max oxygen consumption

This process takes even longer in

older adults

How many seats are on the bus during facilitated diffusion?

one

Normal blood lactate levels return within

one hour postexercsie

Hydrogen ATPase primary active transport concentrates H ions up to

one million fold

Under normal circumstances, it is not possible to activate

one muscle

It is called osmolarity when it is expressed as

osmoles per liter of solution

The Na+K+ pump plays a critical role in regulating

osmotic balance

A bands:

overlapping of myosin and actin

The slow phase restores muscle and blood

oxygen stores

What is oxygen debt?

oxygen taken in above resting values after exercise

Patients with MS may present with ____ of a hand that resolves, followed in a couple months with ____ in a leg or ____

paresthesia Weakness visual disturbances

Hydrogen ATpase primary active transport is found in

parietal cells of gastric gland (HCl secretion) and intercalated cells o renal tubules (controls blood pH)

Active recovery promotes glycogen levels more than

passive recovery

Thick and Thin filaments slide

past each other

Lipid soluble substances can

penetrate the lipid bilayer

T tubules branch among themselves and form entire ___ of T tubules interlacing among all separate myofibrils

planes

Examples of incomplete proteins inlude

plant proteins corn lentils beans nuts soy is one of the few examples of a plant protein that is considered complete

Water soluble molecules cross cell membranes via channels or other transport proteins. Water is transported via

pores called aquaporins

Not all forms of feedback are negative; sometimes they are

positive

Action potentials are a classic example of

positive feedback

These sensory roots are also known as

posterior or dorsal roots

Intracellular fluid is made of

potassium magnesium phosphate

This is thought to be due to a condition known as ____, in which greater force becomes available from each twitch

potentiation

These examples are summed up in one comparison:

power vs precision. Power being gross movements, precision being fine motor control

VAT is more ____ and higher in ____

pro inflammatory higher in men

The major difference in plasma vs interstitial fluid is

protein

In rehab without nutrition, there is a shift toward

protein breakdown

In rehab with nutrition, there is a shit of

protein synthesis

Swinging of cross bridges, thin filaments and Z lies are

pulled toward the center of the sarcomere

The muscle fiber is a ____ to the neuron

puppet

Without the special neuronal circuits of the spinal cord, even the most complex motor control systems in the brain could not cause any

purposeful human movement

The end result of glycollysis is

pyruvate

Lactate dehydrogense (LHD) is an enzyme that converts

pyruvate to lactate

what does diffusion mean?

random molecular movement of substances molecule by molecule either through inter molecular spaces in the membrane or in combination with a carrier protein

Measurable fatigue occurs

rarely

Phosphofructokinase (PFK) is the

rate limiting step of glycolysis

When measuring membrane potential, it is important to note that we are

recording the difference in voltage between the extracellualr and intracellualr membrane

After exercise, heart rate and breathing are still elevated to enable

recovery

They are all ____ at the same time

recruited or derecruited

Larger muscles of mixed fiber types relay more on ___ and may have lower firing rates

recruitment

Leucine is important becuase it helps with

regeneration of muscle tissue

Response

relaxation of agonist , contraction of antagonist

Within the vesicular tubules in the SR is an excess of calcium ions, high in concentration, many of which are

released from each vesicle when an action potential occurs in an adjacent t tubule

In an isometric contraction, active tension is developed within muscle but joint angles

remain constant

During this period of time, K channels

remain open

From cell to cell, the concentrations of various intracellular constituents are

remarkably simliar

In some instances, the excited membrane does not

repolairze immediately after depolarization

When wanting to improve body mass

resistance exercise is better than aerobic activity

What may the patient die of in this disease?

respiratory failure

Gamma motor neurons adjust sensitivity of muscle spindle, so it will

respond appropriately during muscle contraction

The oxidative system is the primary source of ATP at

rest and during low intensity activities

Na channels go from

resting --> open --> inactive --> resting

The optimal length at which a sarcomere can produce force is near its

resting length

During the rapid phase, the majority of intramuscualr PC is

resynthesized

The binding of ATP breaks the linkage so lack of ATP produces

rigor mortis

This high volume is referred to as a

safety factor

Actin filaments attached to each end of the

sarcomere

The sliding filament theory is the shortening of

sarcomeres

Glycolysis occurs in the

sarcoplasm

Ca2+ is stored in the

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Muscle fibers from one motor unit are ___ throughout the muscle and are consequentially in proximity with other muscle fibers from other motor units

scattered

_____ surround the nerve axon forming a myelin sheath

schwann cells

Energy is stored in the chemical bond between the

second and third phosphate groups

What is an example of feed forward?

secretion of digestive enzymes by the pancreas during chewing Eating too much --> gain weight --> sad --> eat more --> gain more weight

When we are hungry we when we are cold we When we are afraid we

seek food seek warmth fight or flight

The use of appropriate exercise intensities and rest intervals allow for the

selection of specific energy systems during training and results in more efficient and productive regimens for specific athletic events with various metabolic demands

For example, there is no neuronal circuit anywhere in the brain that causes specific two and fro movements of the legs during walking. Instead the brain simply

sends commands to the spinal cord and reflex circuits control the details of the movement

Define axon

sends information out to other neurons or target cells (muscle fibers)

Sensory fibers enter the spinal cord almost entirely through the

sensory roots

Multiple Frequency BIA involves taking impedance measurement at less than

seven frequencies

How long is the slow phase?

several hours

Thick and then filaments DO NOT

shorten

Concentric movement involves

shortening

Concentric contractions involve muscle developing active tension as it

shortens

Moore Et al demonstrated that 40 g v 20 g of egg protein post exercise resulted in

similar muscle protein synthesis

Diffusion through the cell membrane can occur by

simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion

Each muscle has a different average motor unit ____. referred to as the innervation ratio

size

Motor units that contain type I slow twitch and type II fast twitch fibers are organized based on

size factor

This recruitment order of muscle fibers is according to the

size principle

Lactate is produced by

skeletal muscles and other tissues

Type I (sow oxidative) muscles are

slow twitch

Whole body exercise may require more protein EAAs to simulate muscle protein synthesis as opposed to

small muscle mass exercise

Intrafusal fibers are ____ than extrafusal fibers

smaller

Both Na+ and K+ are ____ when dehydrated

smaller (Na+ 3.58 A ---> .95 A; K+ 3.31 A --> 1.33 A)

As lactate threshold increases

so does endurance performance

This absolute refractory period is due to the inactivation of

sodium channels

Recalling information from previous lectures, a sudden increase in the membrane potential is sufficient to initiate more and more

sodium channels to open, leading to an action potential

Extracellular fluid is made of predominantly

sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide

Protein is not a significant

source of energy

Stretching muscle (increasing length) also stretches the

spindle

lysis means

split or break down

Relaxation occurs when the stimulation of the motor nerve

stops

glycolysis is the breakdown of carbohydrates, either

stored in the muscle or glucose delivered in the blood to resynthesize ATP

Your goals determine your

strategy

Athletes with higher creatine phosphate levels are well suited for

strength / power sports

This reflex opposes further

stretch of the muscle

They operate almost completely at a

subconsious level

What are the smaller folds of the membrane at the bottom of the gutter called?

subneural clefs

Glyco means

sugar

In converting pyruvate to lactate, The rate of glycolysis _____ aerobic metabolism of pyruvate produced from glycolysis

supersedes

Endomysium

surrounding individual fibers

ATP storeage is not

sustainable

The functional significance of this is that the neuromuscular system is better suited for

sustaining force than producing large amounts of max force

What type of sporting event would glycolsis take place?

swimming, longer springs,

Secondary active transport co transport uses protein cotransporters, classified as

symporters or antiporters

This fatigue of the NMJ is the same effect that causes fatigue of the

synapses in the CNS when the synapses are over excited

What is the invaginated membrane of the muscle fiber called?

synaptic gutter/ trough

What is the space between the muscle fiber and the terminal called?

synaptic space / synaptic cleft

What is acetylcholine absorbed into?

synaptic vesicles

Insulin and leucine are considered

synergists

Lactate is then transported to the liver and used to

synthesize glucose

myosin filaments are oriented with their

tails toward the center of the sarcomere

Golgi tendon organs are lcoated in the

tendon

Golgi tendon organs sense

tendon tension and rate of change in the tension

Low threshold mechanoreceptors are located in ____ that detect tension development in the muscle

tendons

During the activated state, Na ions can pour inward through the channel, increasing

the Na permeability of the membrane as much as 500-500 fold

The rate of diffusion is determined by

the amount of substance available, the velocity of kinetic motion, the number and sizes of openings in the membrane through which the molecules or ions can move

The cell body of each neuron is located within

the anterior (ventral) horn of the spinal cord

Glyclosis (also called the lactic acid system) is the ______ either stored in the muscle or glucose delivered in the blood to ____

the breakdown of carbohydrates resynthesize atp

The t tubules are actually internal extensions of

the cell membrane

Important observation: muscle fibers do not span

the entire length of the muscle

In the adult, what substitutes for the gamma protein?

the epsilon protein

What is a sarcomere?

the functional unit of a muscle fiber; contains all protein and biomachinery needed for a muscle to conract

Nerve signals are transmitted by action potentials which are rapid changes in the membrane potential that spread along

the nerve fiber membrane

Each action potential begins with a sudden change from

the normal resting potential to a positive potential and ends with an almost equally rapid change to the negative potential

This phenomenon was terms ____

the onion skin

The human body has thousands of control systems that exist within ___ and also ____

the organs; to control the interrelations among organs

If a cell starts to swell for any reason

the pump becomes activated

The rate of diffusion of water is called

the rate of osmosis

Dr stock used the image of a pool of muscle fibers.

the small circle in the picture represented the number of motor units needed for walking, while the larger circle represented the number of motor units needed to do a squat

The science of human physiology attempts to explain

the specific characteristics and mechanisms of the human being that make it a living being

Therefore, when the action potential spreads over a muscle fier membrane, a potential change also spreads along

the t tubules to the deep interior of the muscle fiber, eliciting a contraction

Electromechanical delay is the idea that if you measure electrical activity of a muscle and force output, max / submax delay is

the time to start vs when the force starts

Adaptations will depend on

the type of exercise and influenced by factors like muscle hypertrophy

The nernst potential (equilibrium potential) is the

theoretical intracellular electrical potential that would be equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the concentration force

Leucine saturation

theoretical minimal single oral dose of leucine required to maximally statute muscle protein synthesis

How many seats are on the bus in simple diffusion ?

there are unlimited seats on the bus

Protein channels are distinguished by two important characteristics:

they are often selectively permeable to certain substances many of the channels can be opened or closed by gates that are regulated by electrical signals (voltage gated channels) or chemicals that bind to the channel proteins (ligand gated channels)

Patients frequently do not bring these complaints do their dr because

they resolve

Contraction phase is step ___ out of four in sliding filament theory

three

Muscle spindles are distributed

throughout muscles

The physiological basis for his relationship is that the force generated by a muscle is directly related to the

total number of cross bridges attached

T tubules run

transverse to myofibrils

Myelin helps to insulate the nerve impulse conduction as it

travels down the axon

Ca2+ binds to ____

troponin, a protein on actin filament

when you are sedentary, you cannot

turn on all muscle fibers. This can be alleviated by strength training

this also results in motor units ____ at higher force level than that at which they were recruited

turning off (derecruitment)

Formed by branches of

type IIb afferents

The deeper you get into the muscle, the more

type one fibers you see (slow)

What was the difference between the Type II fiber type in a 48 vs 88 yr old?

type two muscle fiber diameter decreased in the 88 year old

Actin and myosin return to their

unbound state

The action potential moves along the nerve fiber

until it reaches the end

What is a channel protein?

uses watery spaces all the way through the molecule and allow free movement of water, as well as selected ions and molecules.

Indirect calorimetry

using oxygen utilized Co2 produced and their ratio at calculate metabolic rate ; also provides insight into amount of carbs vs fat being burned

Explain how childbirth is an example of positive feedback

uterine contractions strong enough for baby head to push through cervix --> stretching the cervix sends signals to uterus muscle --> Stronger contraction

Myelination increases

velocity and conserves energy

EAA + exercise =

very anabolic

Type IIa and IIx fibers are

very fatigable

Smaller, more precise movements require

very low muscle fibers per motor unit Example: rectus lateralis (eye) = 5 fibers / motor unit

These channels typically open and close

very rapidly; fractions of a ms

Gated channels exist as

voltage and chemical

Action potentials are largely a function of the behavior of

voltage gated Na and K channels

What is located at each side of the dense bars?

voltage gated calcium channels

Additional transport molecules have to

wait until everything returns to normal

BIA is based on the fact that body contains

water and conducting electrolytes

What is the relationship between glycogen and water?

water follows glycogen at a 1-3/4 gram ratio

Thus, lactate is viewed not as a waste product but as a

way to shuttle glucose around the body

Enzymes increase due to

weight, spring, endurance training

In simpler terms, potentiaion is

when the individual produces more force voluntarily than showed to be produced by motor units at any point in time

However, the muscle fibers within a single motor unit are not located

within a single cluster

Where are baroreceptors located?

within bifurcation region of the carotid arteries in the neck as well as the arch of the aorta in the thorax

Adding isotonic solution to the ECF

would increase the ECF, but not the ICF

IF you dont recruit it

you cant adapt it