BIOL223 Final Exam
A group of muscle _________wrapped together in a connective tissue layer is called a ______.
Fibers; Fascicle
What is the rotation of the arm so palms face anteriorly?
Supination
Major branches of spinal nerves are called_____.
Plexuses
A sudden decrease in blood pressure initiates a _____ reflex that ______ the heart.
Sympathetic; Excites
What is a bone destroying cell that plays a role in bone remodeling?
Osteoclast
What type of pathway is indicated when the pathway begins with the prefix spino-?
Ascending
The spinal cord is part of the _________ system.....
Nervous
Where is reticular connective tissue found?
lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow
This type of sensory receptor responds to light energy.
Photoreceptor
The sense of vision will have what type of receptor involved?
Photoreceptors
What is the function of the occipital lobe?
Receives and integrates visual input
The interaction of a stimulus and its sensory receptors initially produces a(n) ______.
Receptor Potential
Bone tissue comprised of trabeculae is called ___________ bone
Spongy
The type of bone tissue found in the interior of flat bones and epiphyses is called ______ bone.
Spongy or Cancellous
The spleen, pancreas, and kidneys are in what part of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Abdominal Cavity
Moving a body part towards the midline is called
Adduction
Simple squamous ET is best suited for what type of areas?
Areas that allow diffusion of substances across the ET.
What type of loose CT is found around blood vessels and nerves and under ET, holding these structures in place?
Areolar
What is the function of red bone marrow?
Blood Cell Production
Osteoblasts are activated when
Blood calcium levels are high
Which type of muscle cell are cylindrical, branched cells with a single, centrally located nucleus?
Cardiac Muscle Cells
Blood vessels are part of the ____________ system.
Cardiovascular
The arm is what region of the body?
Brachial
Which locations of the body are composed of nervous tissue?
Brain and Spinal Cord
The part of the brain called the ____________ extends from the base of the diecephalon to the spinal cord
Brainstem
Meninges are the connective tissue membrane that surrounds the ______________
Brian and Spinal Cord
Which area of the brain is considered a motor speech area?
Broca's area
What type of adipose tissue is found primarily in newborns and infants?
Brown
Increasing membrane permeability to Na+ will produce a __________ graded potential, whereas increasing membrane permeability to K+ will cause a ___________ graded potential.
Depolarizing; Hyperpolarizing
True or False: Cartilage heals slowly because it is very vascular.
False
True or False: Compact bone is loosely organized and its matrix is randomly arranged.
False
True or False: ET is highly vascular.
False
Bones that are thin and have a broad curved shape are classified as ____bones.
Flat
What is the movement that decreases the angle between two bones?
Flexion
Physiology is the study of the __________ of biological organisms and their parts.
Function
The functions of the epidermis include all of the following EXCEPT -prevention of the entry of chemicals and microorganism -protection abrasion and ultraviolet light -insulation and temperature regulation -vitamin D production -reduction of water loss
Insulation and temperature regulation
Hair, Nails, and Skin are all structures of what system?
Integumentary
Protection from the environmental hazards, such as battery acid, is a function of the ____________ system.
Integumentary
Which functional type of neuron conducts impulses within the CNS?
Interneuron
Neurons that are found between an afferent and efferent pathway are called what?
Interneurons
Action potentials are conducted more rapidly along an axon with a __________ diameter.
Larger
A point where two bones meet is called a(n) ___________.
Joint or Articulation
Structural composition and degree of movement are two ways to classify what?
Joints
When considering permeability to sodium and potassium, neuron plasma membranes have a higher permeability to _______
K+
What will the effect of increasing a membrane's permeability to K+ on membrane potential
K+ will diffuse out of the cell causing a depolarizing
The stratified squamous epithelium of the skin is classified as ________________, whereas the lining of the mouth is classified as _________________
Keratinized; Nonkeratinized
In an adult, the spinal cord extends down the vertebral column to the level of what vertebrae?
L1-L2
Which spinal nerves form the Lumbar Plexus?
L1-L4
Which spinal nerves form the Sacral Plexus?
L4-S4
Which organ system functions in defense against infection and disease?
Lymphatic
Lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, and the tonsils are part of what system?
Lymphatic System
The cardiac center, vasomotor center and respiratory center are found within the_____________ of the brain
MO
What is the component of the brainstem contains reflex centers for heart rate, breathing, swallowing and vomiting?
MO
Which component of the brainstem contains reflex centers for heart rate, breathing, swallowing and vomiting?
MO
Which division of the brain is the center for autonomic functions such as heart rate and breathing?
MO
The nucleus gracilis is located in the ________ and relays ______ to the thalamus.
MO; Somatic Sensory Information
What are large phagocytic cells that wander through CT.
Macrophages
Which CT cells ingests foreign and injured cells?
Macrophages
The primary function of the ANS is to _________
Maintain Homeostasis
Which CT cells release chemicals that increase inflammation?
Mast Cells
The front of the knee is the ______________ region.
Patellar
Which receptors can detect vibration, deep pressure, and are encapsulated?
Pecinian (Lamellated) Corpuscles
The anterior region of the chest is the ________________ region.
Pectoral
What specific type of tissue makes up the epidermis of the skin?
Stratified Squamous ET
Fibrous joints that bind the bones of the skull to each other are
Sutures
Lining body cavities and covering organs with body cavities are locations of what?
Serios Membranes
Which organ system provides support, protection of soft tissues, calcium storage, and blood formation?
Skeletal
Which organs system is the location of blood cell production?
Skeletal
Which reflex Protects structures from painful stimuli by promoting removal of body parts?
Withdrawal Reflex
Blood pressure and oxygen levels are processed _____ conscious involvement. (with or without)
Without
Because parasympathetic neurons are found in the cranial nerve nuclei or within the sacral region of the spinal cord, the parasympathetic division is also referred to as the ______ division.
Craniosacral
What are the functions of the brainstem?
Critical center for essential survival reflexes (such as heart rate) and even small areas of destruction can be fatal
The leg is in what region of the body?
Crural
The type of ET found in sweat glands, ovaries, and testes are stratified ____________ ET
Cuboidal
What is the outermost layer of the hair?
Cuticle
Decreased blood oxygen content leads to a bluish skin tone. This is called
Cyanosis
Which CT cells form matrix of CT?
Fibroblasts
What is the source of the sensory information transmitted by sensory fibers of the facial nerve?
Taste receptors of the anterior tongue
Which lobe of the brain receives and integrates auditory input, plays a role in memory and abstract thought, and receives and integrates input for smell?
Temporal Lobe
What bones are joined at the squamous suture?
Temporal and Parietal
Muscles are connected to bones by ________.
Tendons
Which division of the brain is the major sensory relay center?
Thalamus
The epidural space is located between what two structures?
The Vertebrae and the Dura Mater
What the importance of the absolute refractory period in the propagation of action potentials?
The absolute refractory period ensures one-way propagation of AP
Why is the propagation of action potentials only in one direction?
The absolute refractory period prevents the generation of an AP in the reverse direction
Skeletal muscle is described as striated. What does that mean?
The tissue exhibits alternating dark and light bands
When a cell is said to be "polarized", it means:
There is a difference in the charge between the cytoplasm and the extracellular fluid
The sense of temperature will have what type of receptor involved?
Thermoreceptors
Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels in the skin play a major role in what?
Thermoregulation
How do long bones adjust to changes in stress and weight on the bones?
They form more compact bone in the area of stress
The ______________ filament is composed of actin
Thin
What is the ventricle of the brain that is located within the diencephalon between the two halves of the thalamus?
Third Ventricle
Which ventricle of the brain that is located within the diencephalon between the two halves of the thalamus?
Third Ventricle
A single, brief contraction and relaxation cycle in a muscle fiber is called a muscle _______.
Twitch
How many neurons form the autonomic nervous system pathways?
Two
A sensory neuron with a single process extending from the cell body is a(n) ______neuron.
Unipolar
Creatine Phosphate creates how much time if energy?
Up to 10 seconds
Anaerobic respiration (fermentation) creates how much time of energy?
Up to three minutes
Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products are functions of the _____________ system.
Urinary
The ureters are part of the ____________ system.
Urinary
If your patient had very low levels of Vitamin D, what would you expect to find?
-A lower than normal concentration of calcium in the blood -A higher than normal concentration of calcium in the urine
What is the function of the fontanels in infants?
-Allows for brain growth in early years -Makes the skull flexible during the birthing process
What are some function of CT?
-Attachment of one tissue -Transport of nutrients, gases, enzymes and hormones -Provides support -Storage of high-energy molecules and minerals
Areas of the body with a large receptive field include the ______.
-Back -Thigh -Upper Arm
What are the sympathetic effects on the respiratory system?
-Bronchodilation -Increased airflow into and out of the lungs
What are the major regions of the hair?
-Bulb -Shaft -Root
Which events occur during the relaxation phase of the muscle twitch?
-Ca+ ions are actively transported back into the sacoplasmic reticulum -The troponin-tropomyosin complexes move to inhibit cross-bridge information
Indicate the characteristics of the epidermis that protect against abrasion
-Calluses develop in areas subject to heavy friction or pressure -As the outer cells of the S. Corneum slough off, they are replaced by cells from the S. Basale.
What properties of the skin that restrict the movement of water from the body or help in the prevention of dehydration?
-Cells of the stratum corneum contain the protein kertain -Intercellular spaces of the epidermis are filled with lipids -The skin has many layers of cells
What type of fibers are found in areolar CT?
-Collagen -Elastic -Reticular
What are the functional properties of all muscle tissue types?
-Contractility -Elasticity -Excitability -Extensibility
What are possible actions of muscle cells?
-Contraction of the heart chambers -Movement of blood through vessels -Contracting and shortening
What are the basic functions of the cerebrum?
-Controls voluntary motor activity -Controls thought -Controls conscious preception
What are part of intercalated discs?
-Desmosomes -gap junctions
In order for an ion to move passively through an ion channel in a cell membrane, there must be a(n) ______________
-Difference in the electrical or charge distribution between the areas -Difference in concentration of that ion on one side versus the other -Gradient of some type
What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
-E and NE
The epidermis is composed of _______tissue
-ET -Keratinized Stratified Squamous
What are the components of the diencephalon?
-Epithalamus -Thalamus -Hypothalamus
What is the function of the control center within the feedback mechanism?
-Establishes the set point -Receives and Processes information -Controls the effectors
Where is dense irregular CT found?
-Forming a tough fibrous sheath around the bones, nerves and most cartilage -Forming a protective capsule around some organs -Forming most of the dermis of the skin
What are the names of the cerebral lobes?
-Frontal -Parietal -Temporal -Occipital
What types of senses utilize mechanoreceptors?
-Hearing -Touch -Pressure -Balance
Describe the conditions in which there would be a net movement of Na+ through its ion channel to the inside of a cell.
-If the cytoplasm was very negative (-70mV) while the extracellular fluid was very positive, then Na+ ions would flow into the cell -If the concentration Na+ is higher in the extracellular fluid than the cytoplasm, Na+ ions would flow into the cell
Describe the effect calcitonin on bone cells
-Inhibits osteoclasts -Stimulates osteoblasts
What are the functions of the spinal cord?
-Integrates incoming information -Produces responses through reflex mechanisms -Serves as the link between the brain and the PNS
What areas of origination of signals that are carried within the fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis?
-Joints -Skin -Tendons -Muscles
Which cell types are found in connective tissues?
-Macrophages -Mast Cells -Fibroblasts
The symptoms of first degree burns include
-May result in redness, pain, and slight edema or swelling -Heal in a week or so without scarring
Graded potentials may be caused by ______.
-Mechanical Stimulation -Temperature Changes -Chemical Signs Binding to Receptors -Changes in Voltage Across the Plasma Membrane
What are the components of the brainstem?
-Midbrain (Mesencephalon) -Pons -MO
Where is nonkeratinized stratified squamous found in the body?
-Mucosa of the oral cavity -Lining of the esophagus
What are the four primary tissue types?
-Nervous -Muscle -Connective -Epithelial
What are the two criteria used to classify the different types of ET?
-Number of cell layers -Shape of epithelial cells
Which cranial nerves control the muscles that move the eyeball?
-Oculomotor III -Trochlear IV -Abducens VI
What structures are innervated by the cervical plexus?
-Posterior Portion of the Head -Skin of the Neck -Diaphram
What types of sensory information that are processed without conscious involvement?
-Postural Information -O2 Levels -Blood Pressure
Based on their location, receptors can be classified into what three groups?
-Proprioceptors -Cutaneous Receptors -Visceroreceptors
What are some of the functions of cerebrospinal fluid?
-Provides nutrients to the CNS tissues -Protects the brain against the shock of rapid head movements -Buoys the head
What are some specific effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?
-Pupil constriction -Increased digestive activity -Increased urine production -Decreased Heart Rate
What structures are lined pseudostratified by columnar ET?
-Respiratory tract to the bronchi -Lining of nasal cavity
What are the four sutures found on the adult skull?
-Sagital -Lambdoid -Squamous -Coronal
What are the three types of muscle tissue (MT)?
-Skeletal -Cardiac -Smooth
Neurons of the fasciculus cuneatus and fasciculus gracilis tracts carry sensory signals from ______.
-Skin -Muscles -Tendons -Joints
What types of senses utilize chemoreceptors?
-Smell -Taste
What are some examples of higher brain functions?
-Speech -Artistic ability -Memory
Both fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers can increase in _____as a result of exercise and training.
-Strength -Size -Capacity
What food items that are most likely high in carotene?
-Sweet Potatoes -Carrots -Squash
How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft?
-The Neurotransmitter is transported into the presynaptic terminal -The Neurotransmitter diffuses away from the synapse -The Neurotransmitter is broken down by an enzyme
If all of the calcium within a muscle fiber was removed, which of the following could still occur?
-The heads of the myosin molecules return to their resting positions and the recovery stroke occurs -An AP that was produced at the neuromuscular junction is propagated along the sarcolema
What are two structural differences between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?
-The locations of the preganglionic cell bodies within the CNS -The location of their autonomic ganglia
What occurs during recruitment?
-The number of fibers contracting increases -The amount of force produced during contraction increases
What are the characteristics that are responsible for establishing the resting membrane potential?
-The plasma membrane is impermeable to large, intracellular proteins -K+ concentration is higher inside and Na+ concentration is higher outside the cell
Describe cross bridges and what conditions are needed for their formation
-They can only perform when the myosin head is in the "cocked" position -They can only form when Ca+ is present in the sarcoplasm -They form when myosin binds to the active sites on actin
The myofilament composed of many elongated molecules shaped like golf clubs is the _____________ myofilament
-Thick -Myosin
When an action potential propagates, it
-Travels across the plasma membrane by stimulating the production of additional AP
The types of movements that occur at a joint are determined by the
-Types of CT -Tightness of Ligaments -Shape of the articulating surfaces
What are the different structural types of neurons?
-Unipolar -Bipolar -Multipolar
In what areas will cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) be found?
-Ventricles of the Brain -Central Canal of the Spine -Subarachnoid Space
What are some of the functions of the sweat produced by the eccrine glands of the skin.
-Waste elimination -Evaporative cooling of the body
What are the five major nerve plexuses?
1. Cervical 2. Brachial 3. Lumbar 4. Sacral 5. Coccygeal
What are the components of a reflex arc?
1. receptor 2. sensory neuron 3. integration center 4. motor neuron 5. effector
Arrange the layers of connective tissue surrounding a neuron in the correct order from superficial to deep: 1. Perineurium 2. Epineurium 3. Endoneurium
2, 1, 3
Put the steps of the sliding filament theory of contraction in order. 1. The myosin heads bind to active sites on the actin myofilaments to form cross-bridges. 2. Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. 3. An ATP molecule binds to each of the myosin heads, causing then to detach from the actin. 4. Calcium binds to the troponin complex. 5. Tropomyosin moves and exposes the active sites on the actin myofilaments 6. Energy stored in the myosin heads is used to move the myosin heads causing the actin myofilaments to slide past the myosin myofilaments.
2, 4, 5, 1, 6, 3
Place the nerve fiber types in order from smallest diameter to largest. 1. Type A 2. Type B 3. Type C
3, 2, 1
Put the steps of Vitamin D synthesis in the correct order: 1. Cholecalciferol is released to the blood and then travels to liver and kidneys 2. A precursor molecule is converted to cholecalciferol 3. The skin is exposed to UV light 4. Calcitriol is formed
3, 2, 1, 4
Place the events of a basic reflex arc in the order which action potentials will pass through: 1. Synapse with interneuron 2. Motor neuron sends action potential to an effector organ 3. Sensory receptor detects a stimulus 4. Synapse with a motor neuron 5. Sensory neuron conducts action potential to the CNS
3, 5, 1, 4, 2
The spinal cord consists of __________ segments that each gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves.
31
Place the events involved in skeletal muscular contraction in order beginning with events at the neuromuscular junction to contraction. 1. ACh binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane and stimulates the generation of an action potential. 2. Myosin binds to actin, allowing for muscular contraction. 3. An action potential reaches the terminal of the presynaptic membrane and triggers the opening of voltage gated Ca2+ channels. 4. Ca2+ ions diffuse into the sacroplasm and bind to troponin molecules 5. Ca2+ enters the presynaptic terminal and initiates the release of ACh via exocytosis 6. Impulse travels along the sarcolemma and spreads along the T tubules.
4, 3, 2, 5, 1, 6
Place the events of a chemical synapse in chronological order 1. Ca2+ diffuses into the presynaptic terminal 2. Depolarization or hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane 3. Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open 4. Neurotransmitters are released in the presynaptic terminal 5. An action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal 6.Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
5, 3, 1, 4, 6, 2
Which part of the sarcomere contains both actin and myosin monofilaments, contains the H zone and the M line, and extends the entire length of the myosin filaments?
A band
A dermatome is the area of the skin supplied with sensory innervation by
A pair of ventral Rami
The compound that binds to cholinergic receptors is ______.
ACh
Sensory receptors respond to stimuli by generating ______ propagated back to the CNS.
AP
The activities of the CNS such as response to stimuli, memories, emotions, and perception of our environment are all due to electrical signals known as
AP
The ______________ nerve allows for lateral eye movement.
Abducens Nerve VI
moving a body part away from the midline is called
Abduction
After a nerve cell responds to a stimulus, the period of time when the cell can not respond again, regardless of the stimulus, is called the _______ refractory period.
Absolute
Receptors in the skin can detect all but ____________
Acidity
Electrical signal, called _________potentials travel from the brain or spinal cord along the axons to muscle fibers and cause them to contract.
Action
Electrical signals that are propagated along axons in a non-decremental fashion are called ____ potentials.
Action
Not smelling the garbage after working in a dump and being exposed to the continued odor stimulus for hours is an example of sensory ______.
Adaptation
What is the function of the basement membrane?
Adhere epithelial cells to underlying connective tissue
Which CT cells store lipids?
Adipocytes
What is yellow bone marrow?
Adipose Tissue
Almost all postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are ______.
Adrenergic
If a sympathetic nerve secretes norepinephrine then the neuron is called a(n) _____ neuron.
Adrenergic
The mechanism of ATP production that requires oxygen is
Aerobic Respiration
In regards to ATP production, ________________ is more efficient than __________________
Aerobic respiration; Fermentation
A genetic lack of melanin production causes a condition called _________
Albinism
The study of the organization of body structures is called
Anatomy
Which are cholinergic neurons in the parasympathetic division?
All preganglionic and postganglionic neurons
The primary determinant for skin color is the ____________, not the _______________.
Amount of Melanin; Number of Melanocytes
Slightly moveable is what type of joint function classification?
Amphiarthroses
What is a plexus?
An intermingling of nerves.
The forearm is what region of the body?
Antebrachial
What are the two terms that mean toward the front of the body.
Anterior and Ventral
Keratinized stratified squamous lines the _____, while nonkeratinized stratified squamous lines the ____.
Anus; Mouth
In what type of gland is the top portion of the cell lost as the secretion is released?
Apocrine (Apical-top)
Bones increase in width or thickness because of ______growth beneath the periosteum.
Appositional
Which layer of the meninges is thin, lacks blood vessels and resembles cobwebs?
Arachnoid Mater
Which structure of the brain is a thin, web-like layer of meninges?
Arachnoid Mater
What structure of the cerebellum is formed from the white matter of the cerebellum that resembles a branching tree?
Arbor Vitae
The sternum is considered medial to the ____________
Arms
Proximal and distal are used for what body parts?
Arms and Legs
The layer of hyaline cartilage found covering the ends of bones within a synovial joint are also called ____________ cartilage
Articular
The ends of long bones are typically covered by _______.
Articular Cartilage
What type of pathways transmit information from the periphery to the brain?
Ascending/Sensory (Afferent)
Which fibers of the brain connect areas of cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere?
Association Fibers
What are the star-shaped neuroglia that help form the BBB?
Astrocyte
The division of the motor nervous system that is under involuntary control and innervates glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle is the ____________ division.
Autonomic
Which nervous system division is usually under involuntary control?
Autonomic
Smooth muscle is classified as involuntary but sometimes it is capable of contracting without nervous stimulation. This is referred to as ___________
Autorythmicity
The plasma membrane of the axon is called the
Axolemma
What is the process of a neuron that transmits AP away from the cell body?
Axon
What is the site where the axon originates?
Axon Hillock
Which type of joint are found in the articulation where a convex cylinder is in a concave depression on the other bone?
Ball-and-socket
The surface of an epithelial cell that faces the basement membrane is its ____________ surface
Basal
A group of functionally related nuclei located within the cerebrum, dienecephalon, and midbrain are ______________
Basal Nuclei
A group of nuclei located within the cerebrum that aid in controlling motor functions are ______ ______.
Basal Nuclei
A decrease in heart rate and blood pressure results when drugs such as propranolol block or inhibit ________________ receptors in the heart.
Beta
Callus formation occurs during
Bone Repair
Which spinal nerves form the cervical plexus?
C1-C5
Which spinal nerves form the Brachial Plexus?
C5-T1
The fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord and provides a protective cushion around the CNS is ______ fluid.
CSF
Ventricles of the brain contain______.
CSF
What do ventricles of the brain contain?
CSF
What is the relationship between the meninges, the ventricles and cerebrospinal fluid?
CSF is produced in a flows through the ventricles where it is reabsorbed within the meninges.
What class of tissue is comprised of widely-spaced cells and abundant extracellular material?
CT
The hormone _____________ inhibits osteoclasts to help lower blood calcium levels
Calcitonin
What is a hormone that functions to increase blood calcium levels?
Calcitonin
During endochondral ossification, bone is formed by replacing ________ with bone.
Cartilage
Symphyses and Synchondroses are examples of what type of joint?
Cartilaginous Joints
What is the the bundle of spinal nerves extending inferiorly from the conus medullaris?
Cauda Equina
What is found in the sympathetic chain ganglion and in the collateral ganglion? -Cell bodies of postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division -Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division -Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division -Cell bodies of postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division
Cell bodies of postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division.
The cells in the most superficial layer of the skin are dead because
Cells die as they move away from their nutrient supply to the dermis
The hollow space in the center of the spinal cord that allows for the circulation of CSF is called the_____________
Central Canal
What structure of the spinal cord contains cerebrospinal fluid and is continuous with the fourth ventricle of the brain?
Central Canal
The anatomical term that is usually synonymous with "superior" in humans and means towards the head is _____________.
Cephalic and Cranial
Which structure of the cerebellum connects the cerebellum and the brainstem?
Cerebellar Peduncles
The part of the brain that is important in maintaining posture and equilibrium and is attached to the brain posterior to the pons is the
Cerebellum
Which division of the brain controls muscle movement and tone and maintains balance?
Cerebellum
What structure connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?
Cerebral Aqueduct
What structure of the brain is the gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum?
Cerebral Cortex
The ear drum is protected from entry of dirt and small insects into the ear canal by the presence of ________________
Cerumen
What are waxy secretions produced by ceruminous glands in the external ear?
Cerumen
What is a synapse where one cell releases a neurotransmitter to communicate with another cell?
Chemical Synapse
The senses of smell and taste depend on the function of what type of receptor?
Chemoreceptor
The sense of taste will have what type of receptor involved?
Chemoreceptors
What is a cartilage cell that secretes matrix?
Chondroblast
What are immature cells that produce cartilage matrix?
Chondroblasts
What is a cartilage cell that has become enclosed in a lacunae?
Chondrocyte
What are mature cells surrounded by cartilage matrix
Chondrocytes
What is CSF secreted by?
Choroid Plexus
Structures found on the free surface of some ET which are motile and function to move materials across free surfaces are:
Cilia
Which spinal nerves form the Coccygeal Plexus?
Co1 and Co2
The fiber types that are strong and flexible but resists stretching are ___________ fibers.
Collagen
What are the branches of an axon?
Collaterals
The area of the midbrain consisting of the two superior and two inferior ____________ that are collectively referred to as the corpora quadrigemina
Colliculi
Pigments in the skin and blood flow through the skin are both major determinants of skin
Color or Tone
Which fibers of the brain connect the two cerebral hemispheres?
Commissural Fibers
Bone tissue comprised of osteons is called ________________ bone.
Compact
Which osseous tissue is found on the surface of all bones?
Compact
_________ bone is remodeled from spongy bone and its matrix is arranged in distinct layers known as lamellae.
Compact
When subjected to extremely frequent stimuli, the muscle cannot relax at all and twitches fuse into a smooth prolonged contraction called _________________________
Complete Tetanus
An osteon consists of circular layers of bone matrix surrounding a central canal. These circular layers of bone matrix are called _______________
Concentric Lamallae
The class of tissue that consists of cells separated from each other by large amounts of extracellular matrix is called ____________ tissue.
Connective
What class of CT does areolar, adipose, dense collagenous and elastic collagenous represent?
Connective tissue proper
Sympathetic neurons maintain a low, constant stimulation of the blood vessels, keeping them slightly ______.
Constricted
The synaptic vesicles of the presynaptic neuron of the neuromuscular junction:
Contain ACh and other neurotransmitters
The sarcomere is called the basic functional unit of a muscle fiber because it is the smallest part of the fiber that is capable of ______.
Contracting
The sarcomere is called the basic functional unit of a muscle fiber because it is the smallest part of the fiber that is capable of____________
Contracting
Golgi tendon organs occupy tendons and are stimulated when muscle tension increases; they initiate a reflex that inhibits muscle ______.
Contraction
Inferior to the lumbar enlargement the spinal cord tapers to a point. This region is known as the __________
Conus Medullaris
The stratum ________ is the most superficial layer of the epidermis and is composed of about 25 layers of dead keratinized cells.
Corneum
What cells of the epidermis are dead and filled with keratin?
Cornified cells
The large commisural fiber that connects the left and right hemispheres is the
Corpus Callosum
The left and right cerebral hemispheres are connected by a commissural structure called the ______ _______.
Corpus Collosum
What is the prominent C-shaped band of nerve tracts that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus Collosum
What structure of the brain are fibers connecting the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus Collosum
The gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called the cerebral _________
Cortex
The ___________ nerves are designated by roman numerals and by names that indicated their primary functions and/or the distribution of their fibers.
Cranial
What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the heart?
Decreases the Heart Rate
The hypodermis or subcutaneous layer is located ____________ to the dermis
Deep
Pacinian corpuscles respond to what types of stimuli?
Deep Pressure and Vibration
What is the process of a neuron that transmits AP toward the cell body?
Dendrites
The cells of the epidermis that are part of the immune system are the ________cells
Dendritic or Langerhans
The type of CT containing bundles of only collagen fibers that run in random directions is called _____________ ____________.
Dense Irregular
A special movement that lowers a body part inferiorly is called _______
Depression
Which layer of the skin is composed of loose and dense regular CT?
Dermis
Meissner corpuscles are found in the ______ and function in ______.
Dermis; Detecting light touch
What is the central shaft of a long bone?
Diaphysis
Where is the primary ossification center during endochondral ossification in a long bone?
Diaphysis
Freely moveable is what type of joint function classification?
Diarthrosis
The stomach, liver, and intestines are organs of what system?
Digestive
What system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients?
Digestive
Muscle contraction during exercise increases body temperature which leads to the release of body heat via
Dilation of blood vessels in the dermis
Collections of cell bodies of sensory neurons that form bulges on the dorsal root are called __________________
Dorsal Root Ganglion
What is the movement that points the toes up?
Dorsiflexion
The periosteal layer of the cranial cavity is formed by the _____mater of the meninges.
Dura
Which structure of the brain is the thickest layer of the meninges?
Dura Mater
What are the channels between the two layers of dura mater that contain venous blood are called?
Dural Sinuses
What are the channels between the two layers of dura mater that contain venous blood called?
Dural Sinuses
The specific type of glands located on the palms of hands as well as most other areas of the body are ________sweat glands.
Eccrine
What are simple, coiled, tubular glands that open directly onto the surface of the skin through sweat pores?
Eccrine sweat glands
The organ that carries out a response that changes the value of the variable is called a(n) ____________.
Effector
In the nervous system, the term ______refers to signals from the CNS to effectors.
Efferent
What cartilage is found in the auricle of the ear?
Elastic
The layer of connective tissue lining the internal surfaces and medullary cavity of a bone is called the ________.
Endosteum
The ability of muscle to recoil to its original resting length after is has been stretched is called_______.
Elasticity
What is a gap junction that allows an ionic current to flow between adjacent cells?
Electrical Synapse
The atlas and occipital bones are what type of joints?
Ellipsoid
The thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and ovaries are organs of the ___________ system.
Endocrine
The innermost connective tissue layer in nervous tissue is the
Endoneurium
Two areas of the spinal cord are thicker than the rest. The areas give rise to the nerves leading to the limbs. These areas are called the cervical and lumbar _____________
Enlargements
Which division of the ANS regulates digestive function?
Enteric Nervous System
What are the neuroglia that line the ventricles of the brain and the central canal of the spinal cord?
Ependymal Cells
Which layer of the skin is composed of stratified squamous ET?
Epidermis
What parts of the body are composed of keratinized stratified squamous ET.
Epidermis of palms and soles
What structure of the brain is a space above the dura mater filled with areolar and adipose connective tissue?
Epidural Space
What is a layer of dense connective tissue that surrounds a muscle?
Epimysium
The layer of dense connective tissue binding fascicles together to form a nerve is the
Epineurium
The structure found between the epiphysis and diaphysis in a child and is a site of growth is the _______________ ________________ (two words)
Epiphyseal Plate
In adults, what is the remnant of the growth plate called?
Epiphyseal line
An increase in blood flow to the skin makes the skin appear more red or pink in color. This color change is called _________.
Erythema
What is the formation of blood cells?
Erythropoiesis
What is the movement where the sole of the foot is faced laterally?
Eversion
Autonomic motor neurons can be ______, while somatic motor neurons are always excitatory.
Excitatory or Inhibitory
Glands that release their secretion onto a body surface are ____________ glands while glands that release their secretions into the blood are ____________ glands.
Exocrine; Endocrine
What is the movement that increases the angle between two bones?
Extension
The sensory receptors of the skin are critical for monitoring the ________environment.
External
What are the effectors for the motor fibers of the abducens nerve?
Extrinsic Muscle of the Eye
Identify the cranial nerve that is a mixed nerve that carries motor impulses to muscles of expression, tear glands and salivary glands?
Facial Nerve VII
Which Cranial Nerve controls muscles that promote facial expression, controls secretions of salivary glands and transmits sensory information from the tongue?
Facial Nerve VII
True or False: Positive feedback mechanisms are more common in healthy individuals than negative feedback mechanisms.
False
True or False: Tendons are part of the skeletal system.
False
True or False: The anatomical name of a joint is determined by the manner in which the bone ends are connected at the joint.
False
True or False: The collagenous fibers dense irregular CT are parallel and closely packed.
False
True or False: The epidermis is composed of keratinized simple squamous epithelium
False
True or False: The myelin sheath consists of connective tissue wrapped around the cell body and axon of a neuron.
False
True or False: The two types of bone development include endochondral and endosteal ossification
False
True or False: Three factors that generate the resting membrane. 1. Diffusion of ions across across a membrane 2. A selectively permeable membrane 3. The electrical attraction of oppositely charged ions.
False
True or False: When a neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on a postsynaptic membrane, a depolarization will always occur.
False
True or false: Each ascending tract carries various types of information from several different types of sensory receptors.
False
True or false: Neurons consist of a single cell body, a single dendrite and multiple axons.
False
True or false: The autonomic nervous system regulates conscious, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.
False
True or false: The sympathetic preganglionic fibers exit the spinal cord through spinal nerves C1 and C2.
False
Rapid, intense movements of short duration is the function of which muscle fiber type?
Fast-Twitch Glycolytic
Endurance activities in trained muscles is the function of which muscle fiber type?
Fast-twitch Oxidative Glycolytic
The thigh is what part of the body?
Femoral
What cartilage is found between vertabrae?
Fibrocartilage
A gomphosis is structurally classified as a ______________ joint
Fibrous
A joint that has a limited range of motion having no synovial cavity that is united by fibrous tissue is what type?
Fibrous Joints
Gomphoses, Sutures, and Syndesmoses are all what type of joint?
Fibrous Joints
The anatomical term digit refers to which part(s) of the body?
Fingers and toes
Blood is a type of what kind of tissue?
Fluid CT
Which structure of the cerebellum form the outer ridges of the cortex of the cerebellum?
Folia
What are the membranous areas in the sutures of infants are called?
Fontanels
The regions of intramembranous bone in infants that have not undergone ossification are known as:
Fontanels or Soft Spots
What is intramembranous ossification?
Formation of bone within a CT membrane
Which ventricle is in the brainstem anterior to the cerebellum?
Fourth Ventricle
In regards to the degree of movement allowed, most synovial joints are which type of joints?
Freely Moveable
The plane that cuts the body lengthwise and separates the body into anterior and posterior positions is the ____________ plane.
Frontal
The lobe of the cerebrum responsible for voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, sense of smell and decision making is the _______ lobe.
Frontal Lobe
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for voluntary motor functions, aggression and mood?
Frontal Lobe
What bones are joined at the coronal suture?
Frontal and Parietal
Electrical synapses allow ions to diffuse quickly from cell to cell via
Gap Junctions
Somatic and visceral senses are part of the ________________ senses.
General
Which Cranial Nerve transmits taste sensations and controls muscles involved in swallowing and secretions of salivary glands?
Glossopharangeal Nerve IX
Taste receptors of the anterior tongue are the source of sensory information conveyed via the sensory fibers of the __________ nerve.
Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX
What cranial nerve that is a mixed nerve that primarily carries motor impulses to muscles of the pharynx and salivary glands?
Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX
Which cranial nerve is a mixed nerve that primarily carries motor impulses to muscles of the pharynx and salivary glands?
Glossopharyngeal Nerve IX
What cell is a mucus secreting gland cell found in the epithelia of many mucous membranes?
Goblet Cells
Which sensory receptor will cause a golgi tendon reflex?
Golgi Tendon Organ
What type of reflex prevents contracting muscles from applying excessive tension on tendons by inhibiting muscle contraction?
Golgi Tendon Reflex
Which reflex prevents damage caused by excessive tension by inhibiting muscular contractions?
Golgi Tendon Reflex
From where would a spinal nerve of the sympathetic nervous system receive a postganglionic axon?
Gray Ramus Communicans
Where are sensory, association and motor areas found in the cerebrum? (Grey or White Matter)
Grey Matter
What are the ridges or convolutions seen on the surface of the cerebrum?
Gyri
What structure of the brain is a fold of tissue (convolution) of the cerebrum?
Gyrus
Most sebaceous glands open into:
Hair Follicles
Which type of joint are found in the articulation where a rounded bone surface is inside the depression of the other bone?
Hinge
The tendency of a living body to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in the external environment is known as __________.
Homeostasis
What structure of the brain regulates the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
Aerobic respiration creates how much time of energy?
Hours
During endochondral ossification, bone forms from structures composed of _______________ cartilage.
Hyaline
The type of cartilage which most bones are formed from and is important in bone growth in length is ________.
Hyaline
What cartilage is found at the tip of the ear?
Hyaline
An abnormal, forced extension of a joint beyond its normal range of motion is called
Hyperextension
The slow closing of voltage-gated potassium channels is the cause of
Hyperpolarization
What component of the skin best serves as thermal insulation?
Hypodermis
Which layer of the skin is composed of loose connective CT and adipose tissue?
Hypodermis
The cranial nerve numbered XII is the ______nerve
Hypoglossal Nerve
Which Cranial Nerve controls muscles of the tongue and throat?
Hypoglossal Nerve XII
The most inferior portion of the diencephalon is the ______.
Hypothalamus
The part of the diencephalon that is involved in regulating thirst and hunger sensations is the __________
Hypothalamus
What part of the sarcomere extends from each side of the Z line to the ends of the myosin myofilaments and consists of actin myofilamints on each side of the Z line.?
I Band
What is the effect of UC exposure on the skin?
Increased melanin synthesis
What effects can be attributed to increased weight and pressure on a bone?
Increased osteoblast activity
When the skin is flushed (turns red), the amount of heat loss (increases, decreases, remains the same)
Increases
The portion of the midbrain involved in dealing with auditory pathways is the ______
Inferior Colliculus
The hypothalamus is the most _______________ portion of the ________________.
Inferior; Diencephalon
The tip of the nose is __________ and __________ to the eyes.
Inferior; Medial
The skin __________dehydration.
Inhibits, stops, and prevents
Tropomyosin _____________ contraction in the absence of a signal from the nervous system (select all that are correct)
Inhibits/prevents
What is the movement where the sole of the foot is faced medially?
Inversion
Reflexes produce movements that are conducted without conscious thought. These are called ______ movements.
Involuntary
What is the function of smooth muscle cells?
Involuntary contraction of the GI tract
What is the function of cardiac muscle cells?
Involuntary contraction of the heart
Bones that have elaborate shapes are classified as ____ bones.
Irregular
What type of ventricles are located within the cerebral hemispheres?
Lateral Ventricles
The right cerebral hemisphere receives from and sends signals to the _______________ side of the body.
Left
A midsagittal plane divides the body into equal ____________.
Left and Right portions
The postsynaptic receptors for acetylcholine (ACh) are ______ion channels.
Ligand(Chemical)-gated
The group of structures with the brain are important in emotions, memory and motivation is called the ___________ system.
Limbic
Myelin has a high _________ concentration
Lipid
Bones that are longer than they are wide and generally have enlarged ends for articulations are classified as ______ bones.
Long
Subcutaneous tissue or hyperdemis and the papillary layer of the dermis are the regions that are composed of what kind of CT?
Loose
Reticular, areolar, and adipose are all types or what CT?
Loose CT
Sympathetic neurons regulated blood vessel constriction by transmitting ______. -low and inconsistent stimuli -high and inconsistent stimuli -low and constant stimuli
Low and Constant Stimuli
The concentration of sodium is ________________ in the cytosol of a resting cell than it is in the extracellular fluid.
Lower
The anterior spinocerebellar tract carries proprioceptive information to the cerebellum from the ______.
Lower trunk and limbs
The pleural cavity is the space between the two serous membranes surrounding each ____________.
Lung
The sense of touch will have what type of receptor involved?
Mechanoreceptors
What type of receptor responds to stimuli that deform the receptors?
Mechanoreceptors
The center of the hair shaft is called the ______.
Medulla
The hollow space in which osteocytes reside is called the
Medullary Cavity
Tactile corpuscles, also known as ______ corpuscles, are encapsulated receptors for fine touch, such as two-point discrimination.
Meissner
A group of pigments known collectively as ________ is responsible for protecting the genetic material of the skin cells from UV damage.
Melanin
The vesicles that contain melanin are called _______
Melanocytes
What are cells with long processes that extend between the keratinocytes of the stratum basale and stratum spinosum that are irregularly shape cells that produce melanin?
Melanocytes
The three layers of membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord are called the _______.
Meninges
A fibrocartilage pad found between the bones within the knee joint is called a(n) ______.
Meniscus
Exocrine glands that release their secretion by exocytosis are ___________ glands?
Merocrine
Embryonic CT is called ___________
Mesenchyme
Because of their phagocytic function, large numbers of _____ are found in areas of the CNS damaged by an infection
Microglia
What are the phagocytic neuroglia of the CNS?
Microglia Cells
The monocyte/macrophage lineage give rise to _______.
Osteoclasts
Which division of the brain serves as the visual reflex center?
Midbrian
The somatic motor system and the autonomic nervous system are part of the ______ division.
Motor
Ventral roots consist of only ______fibers.
Motor
Which functional type of neuron conducts impulses away from the CNS?
Motor
Ventral roots consist only of __________ fibers.
Motor (Efferent)
What is the thick secretion produced by goblet cells?
Mucus
What secretion line cavities that open to the outside of the bodies?
Mucus
Effector cells that respond to acetycholine released from postganglionic neurons possess ______ receptors on their cell membranes.
Muscarinic
Which sensory receptor will cause a stretch reflex?
Muscle Spindles
Action potentials are conducted more rapidly along ___________ axons
Myelinated
The axons of the white communicating ramus are ______. Myelinated Unmyelinated
Myelinated
What are the precursor cells of muscle fibers?
Myoblasts
The protein found in muscle cells that stores and then releases oxygen when needed is called ________.
Myoglobin
What is a part of the thick myofilament?
Myosin Molecules
The structures that protect the ends of the fingers and toes from damage and can be used in defense are_______________
Nails
If the area just inside the membrane of a cell is more negative than the outside, the resting membrane potential will have a ____________ value.
Negative
The voltage of a repolarizing neuron or muscle fiber is becoming more __________ with respect to the extracellular fluid around it
Negative
When the resting membrane potential be comes more ________ the condition is referred to as hyperpolarization.
Negative
Bodily changes are detected and responses are activated that reverse the change and restore stability and preserve normal body function during ______.
Negative Feedback
Bodily changes are detected and responses are activated that reverse the change and restore stability and preserve normal body function during ____________.
Negative Feedback
A bundle of axons wrapped in fibrous connective tissue in the peripheral nervous system is called a(n) _______________
Nerve
Communication within the body using electrical signals is the function of the ________ system.
Nervous
The category of cells of the nervous system that support and protect neurons are called ____________ cells.
Neuroglial
The basic structural unit of the nervous system is the _____.
Neuron
A chemical released at the distal end of an axon that either stimulates or inhibits an adjacent cell is called a(n) ___________________
Neurotransmitter
Synaptic vesicles within synaptic knobs contain chemicals called_________________
Neurotransmitters
Name the receptor molecule for acetylcholine from the preganglionic neuron in the autonomic nervous system.
Nicotinic
The sense of pain will have what type of receptor involved?
Nociceptor
Extreme stimulation of mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors, or thermoreceptors can in turn stimulate ______.
Nociceptors
On myelinated axons, small gaps exist between adjacent Schwann cells; these gaps are known as ______ __ _______.
Nodes of Ranvier
What is the name of the gaps found between segments of myelin along an axon?
Nodes of Ranvier
A synarthroses is what type of joint function classification?
Nonmoveable
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for evaluating visual sensations?
Occipital Lobe
What bones are joined at the lambdoid suture?
Occipital and Parietal
Which cranial nerve controls many of the muscles that move the eyeball, constricts the pupils and promotes lens accommodation?
Oculomotor III
Which cranial nerve controls muscles that change the shape of the eyeball for visual accommodation and controls many of the muscles that move the eyeball??
Oculomotor Nerve III
The cranial nerve that transmits information regarding the sense of smell is the ___________ nerve.
Olfactory Nerve I
What is a neuroglia cell that forms the myelin sheaths around neurons of the CNS?
Oligodendrocyte
The cranial nerve that transmits visual information is the ______ nerve.
Optic Nerve II
A group of tissues that work together for a specialized function is called a(n)
Organ
Mature bone is composed of ____________ material such as collagen and _____________ material such as hydroxyapetite
Organic; Inorganic
The liver, urinary bladder, heart, and stomach are all considered what?
Organs
The locations in the membrane where ossification begins are called ______.
Ossification Centers
What are immature bone cells?
Osteoblasts
When blood calcium levels rise above normal, bone cells called __________ are activated to create more bone matrix
Osteoblasts
Immature bone cells that produce bony matrix are called:
Osteoclasts
When blood calcium falls, the type of bone cells called ______ break down bone matrix and release calcium into the blood.
Osteoclasts
Mature bone cells found within lacunae of compact bone are called _______.
Osteocyte
What are mature bone cells found within lacunae of compact bone called?
Osteocytes
What are mature bone cells?
Osteocytes
Two terms which describe the entire process of bone formation are ______and ______.
Osteogenesis; Ossification
The structure of compact bone that consists of a central canal and all the concentric lamellae that surround it is called a haversian system or an ________.
Osteon
What is a central canal and all the layers of concentric lamellae that surround it?
Osteon
Twelve pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves with their ganglia make up the ______.
PNS
Low blood calcium levels stimulate the release of which hormone?
PTH
Which sensory receptor will cause a withdrawal reflex?
Pain (nociceptor) Receptor
Which organs can be found in both the endocrine and the digestive systems?
Pancreas
The dermis consists of two zones: the superficial _____________ layer and the deeper ______________ layer.
Papilary; Reticular
The division of the autonomic nervous system that decreases the heart rate is the___________ division
Parasympathetic Division
Which division of the ANS influences effectors under conditions of rest?
Parasympathetic Nervous System
The lobe of the cerebrum that receives and evaluates general senses (touch, pain,etc.) is the ______________ lobe.
Parietal
The lobe of the cerebrum that receives and evaluates general senses (touch, pain etc.) is the ________ lobe.
Parietal Lobe
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for evaluating the general senses?
Parietal Lobe
What serous membrane lines the cavity holding the heart?
Parietal Pericardium
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for evaluating olfactory and auditory sensations?
Parietral Lobe
The superior, middle and inferior cerebellar ________connect the cerebellum to the brainstem, allowing communication between the cerebellum and other parts of the CNS.
Peduncles
The Urinary Bladder and part of the large intestine are in what part of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Pelvic Cavity
What are the serous membranes associated with the heart?
Pericardial Membranes
The connective tissue layer surrounding groups of axons to form a nerve fascicle is the _______.
Perineurium
What is the membrane that surrounds bone?
Periosteum
The deepest meningeal layer that is tightly attached to the spinal cord is the _________ mater.
Pia Mater
The layer of the meninges that is directly attached to the brain and spinal cord is the ____ mater.
Pia Mater
What is the deepest meninx that is attached directly to the surface of the spinal cord?
Pia Mater
Which layer of the meninges is directly attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord?
Pia Mater
Fast glycolytic muscle fibers________
Respond rapidly to nervous stimulation and fatigue more quickly
Which type of joint are found in the articulation where a bony process is within a bony and/or ligament ring?
Pivot
The Proximal Radioulnar Joint is what type of joint?
Pivot Joint
Which type of joint are found in the articulation where two flat bone surfaces?
Plane
The serous membrane that adheres to the outside of the lung is known as the ______________ membrane.
Pleural
The plasma membrane has opposite charges across the membrane and causes the membrane to be ______
Polarized
The area of the brainstem superior to the medulla oblongata connects the cerebellum to the brainstem is the _______.
Pons
The midbrain is part of the brainstem located above the ______.
Pons
The midbrain is the part of the brainstem and is located superior to the
Pons
The back of the knee is the ___________ region.
Popliteal
The cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction is known as ____________ feedback.
Positive
A structure located toward the back or behind another is ____________ to it.
Posterior or Dorsal
What are unmyelinated and extend from the autonomic ganglion to the target cells? Preganglionic Neuron Postganglionic Neuron
Postganglionic Neuron
At a synapse, the neuron that responds to the neurotransmitter is the ___________ neuron.
Postsynaptic
During an action potential, repolarization is due to _______ions leaving the cell.
Potassium
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials are due to the opening of _____ channels.
Potassium
What are the enlarged end of the axon containing vesicles filled with neurotransmitter?
Presynaptic terminal
Which fibers of the brain connect parts of the cerebrum to other parts of the brain and spinal cord?
Projection fibers
What is the rotation of the arm so the palms face posteriorly?
Pronation
A person lying facedown is in the ____________ postion.
Prone
The ability to close your eyes and move your finger to your nose is an example of ______.
Proprioception
The nonvisual perception, usually subconscious, of the position and movements of the body is called
Proprioception
Jutting out the jaw is an example of ________.
Protraction
The primary role of the senses is to ______.
Provide information to the brain about perceived stimuli
In terms of position or direction in the body, the knuckles of the digits are ____________ to the nails.
Proximal
The ET that functions in secretion and movement of mucus is ciliated ____________ columnar ET.
Pseudostratified
The epithelial cell that has tall columnar cells where all cells have contact with the basal surface but do not reach the free surface is ____________ columnar epithelium.
Pseudostratified
A single layer of cells with all cells attached to the basement membrane but not all reach the free surface is what type of ET?
Pseudostratified ET
The type of connective tissue that binds bones and attaches muscles to bones is a dense _________ connective tissue.
Regular
When the force generated by a muscle increases due to an increasing number of motor units being utilized, it is called
Recruitment
A period of time after a nerve has responded to a stimulus in which it cannot be re-excited by a threshold stimulus is called a(n) ______________ period.
Refractory
The integumentary system does which if the following: -controls intellectual functions. -produces body movements. -regulates body temperature. -breaks down food into small particles for absorption.
Regulates body temperature
The ______refractory period lasts until the end of the hyperpolarization period.
Relative
Testes, Uterus, and ovaries are organs of what system?
Reproductive
Which of the organ systems can the body live without?
Reproductive
Gas exchange is the function of the ___________ system....
Resipiratory
The lungs, trachea, and nasal passages are components of the ____________ system.
Respiratory
What area of the brain regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness is the
Reticular Formation (RAS)
Which division of the brain controls cyclic activities such as the sleep-wake cycle?
Reticular formation (RAS)
Where would you find bipolar neurons?
Retina and nasal cavity
What is a condition caused by insufficient levels of vitamin D?
Rickets (Osteopenia)
The left cerebral hemisphere controls muscles and receives sensory input from the _____________ side of the body.
Right
What type of mechanoreceptors are found primarily in the dermis of the fingers and respond to continuous touch or pressure?
Ruffini End Organs
The highest rate of cell division in the epidermis occurs within the stratum ______.
S. Basale
The layer of the epidermis resting directly upon the dermis is the stratum ______
S. Basale
The carpals and metacarpals are what type of joints?
Saddle Joint
The structure within a muscle fiber that extends from one Z line to another Z line is a(n)
Sarcomere
The cytoplasm of a muscle cell is called the ____________________
Sarcoplasm
The _________________ in a muscle fiber stores calcium in between contractions.
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
The neuroglial cells of the PNS that surround cell bodies (somas) in ganglia are called ______.
Satellite Cells
The specific cell that is responsible for producing myelin in the PNS is the ______cells.
Schwann
What neuroglial cell types found in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann Cells and Satellite Cells
What is the largest peripheral nerve?
Sciatic Nerve
During bone formation, the epiphyses are sites of
Secondary Ossification Centers
Which functional type of neuron conducts impulses towards the CNS?
Sensory
Dorsal roots consists of only ______ fibers.
Sensory (Affarent)
Dorsal roots consist only of _________________ fibers.
Sensory (Afferent)
What are the two functional sub-divisions of the peripheral nervous system?
Sensory and Motor Divisions
What structures are found in a monosynaptic reflex?
Sensory and Motor Neuron
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) is composed of what types of neurons?
Sensory and Motor Neurons
How do sensory receptors respond to stimuli?
Sensory receptors generate AP that carry signals to the CNS
The olfactory nerve contains ___________ fibers and transmits impulses associated with the sense of _______________.
Sensory; Smell
The optic nerve contains __________ nerve fibers and transmits impulses associated with the sense of ___________
Sensory; Vision
When the body temperature declines below a certain level, the nervous system induces rapid skeletal muscle contractions called
Shivering
Bones such as the carpals that have the same length are width are classified as _____bones.
Short
A single layer where cells extend from the basement membrane to the free surface is known as what ET?
Simple
Which type of epithelium makes up the air sacs of the lungs, inner lining of the heart and blood vessels and the serous membranes of the viscera?
Simple Squamous
Kidney tubules and glands are locations where what type of ET will be found?
Simple cuboidal ET
Bones, ligaments and cartilage are organs and tissues of the _____________ system.
Skeletal
Maintaining Posture and Walking or Running are functions of what type of muscle?
Skeletal
Site for blood cell formation, formation of blood cells, storage, protection, and movement are all functions of what system?
Skeletal
Which type of muscle cells are long, cylindrical, non-branching cells with many peripherally located nuclei?
Skeletal Muscle Cells
What system stores 99% of our calcium and is critical for blood cell formation?
Skeletal System
Which type of muscle cells are spindle shaped cells with a single centrally located nucleus?
Smooth Muscle Cells
The posterior spinocerebellar tract carries proprioceptive information to the cerebellum from the ______.
Thoracic and upper limb areas
Myoglobin would be most abundant in what type of muscle fiber?
Slow Oxidative
Maintenance of posture and performance of endurance activities is the function of which muscle fiber type?
Slow-Twitch Oxidative
Which muscle tissue is composed of cells which are tapered, nonstriated, have a single nucleus and are under involuntary control?
Smooth
What structures are controlled by the ANS?
Smooth and Cardiac muscle as well as Glands
The cell body of a neuron is also known as the ______.
Soma
General body senses, providing touch, pressure, temperature, proprioception, and pain information about the body and its environment are ______ senses.
Somatic
The division of the peripheral nervous system that includes the skeletal muscles is the ______division.
Somatic
The motor division consists of the ______.
Somatic Motor and Autonomic Nervous Systems
The division of the nervous system that transmits electrical impulses towards skeletal muscle is the ______________ nervous system, while the division of the nervous system that transmits electrical impulses towards cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and glands is the _______________ nervous system
Somatic; Autonomic
Summation that results from EPSPs occurring at multiple synapses is called __________ summation.
Spatial
Proprioceptive information is to carried to the cerebellum by the ______ tract.
Spinothalamic
The bottom of the cells are bound to the basement membrane with hemidesmosomes, the keratinocytes of the have the highest rate of mitotic division when compared to any other layer of the epidermis, and melanin is produced only in this layer all describe what layer of the epidermis?
Statrum Basale
Ultimately, all of the normal epidermal cells originate from:
Stem cells in the S. Basale
Two-point discrimination is the ability to detect ______.
Stimulation from two distinct areas of the skin
More than one layer cells with only the deepest contacting the basement membrane is known as what type of ET
Stratified
Which reflex aids in maintaining posture by promoting muscular contraction when muscles are stretched?
Stretch Reflex
The space associated with the meninges that contains CSF is the ______ space.
Subarachnoid
The space associated with the meninges that contains cerbrospinal fluid is the _____________ space
Subarachnoid
Which structure of the brain is a space filled with blood vessels and CSF?
Subarachnoid Space
Skin is attached to the underlying bone and muscle by the __________ tissue
Subcutaneous
What tissue of the skin is like the foundation of a house?
Subcutaneous Tissue
The space between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is the __________ space.
Subdural
Which structure of the brain is the space below the dura mater?
Subdural Space
Shallow grooves found all over the surface of the cerebrum are called _______.
Sulci
A structure described as ____________ is closer to the surface.
Superficial
The eye is ____________ to the nose.
Superior
The portion of the midbrain involved in dealing with visual pathways is the ______
Superior Colliculus
Which brain nucleus acts as the body's biological clock?
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
The calf is what part of the body>
Sural
The epiphyseal plate is an example of what type of joint?
Sychondrosis
The fight-or-flight response is associated with the _____ division.
Sympathetic
The increased breakdown of lipids within adipose tissue and thus the release of fatty acids may be induced by the ______ nervous system.
Sympathetic
Which division of the ANS influences effectors during increased physical activity or stress?
Sympathetic Nervous System
The joints between the vertebrae are structurally classified as:
Symphyses
The epiphyseal plate is classified as a __________ joint
Synchondrosis
What is the most complex type of joint category?
Synovial
The ankle is what region of the body?
Talus
What would happen to bone if it were to lose its collagen component?
The bone would be very brittle
What is the difference between the general senses and the special senses?
The general senses are distributed over a large part of the body, while the special senses are localized in specific organs.
Excitable cells operate through the movement of ions across ________________
The plasma membrane
The optimal length of a muscle is the length at which:
The sarcomeres are in the ideal position to generate the greatest tension
The intercellular junction that holds cells together and form a permeability barrier is a _________ junction.
Tight
A group of similar cells with a common function is known as a(n)_____________
Tissue
A group of similar cells with a common function(s) is known as a(n)____________.
Tissue
Identify the thin plates of bone that comprise spongy bone called?
Trabeculae
The lining of the ureters, urinary bladder and portions of the urethra is composed of ________________ ET.
Transitional
A cut through the body parallel to the floor that divides the body into superior and inferior parts is called a ____________ plane.
Transverse
Which Cranial Nerve transmits cutaneous sensory information from the facial region, tongue and eye as well as control of muscles of mastication
Trigeminal Nerve V
Which cranial nerve functions to sense touch, pain and temperature on the upper and lower face and to transmit motor impulses needed for chewing?
Trigeminal Nerve V
What is a globular protein composed of 3 subunits that is bound to both actin and tropomyosin and has binding sites for Ca+ ions?
Troponin
True or False: An action potential occurs in a very small area of the plasma membrane and does not effect the entire plasma membrane at one time?
True
True or False: Directional terms are always used in relation to anatomical position, regardless of the person's actual body position.
True
True or False: Isometric contraction is important in postural muscles
True
True or False: Somatic neurons and autonomic preganglionic neurons release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine from their axon terminals.
True
True or False: The Endocrine system produces hormones.
True
True or false: Phasic receptors are rapidly adapting receptors.
True
A nerve plexus is formed when the ____________ rami of different spinal nerves combine
Ventral
What are the cavities in the brain that store CSF?
Ventricles
The part of the brain that consists of two hemispheres connected by a _______ is the cerebellum.
Vermis
A type of general senses associated with changes in internal organs such as the heart or digestive organs are _____ senses.
Visceral
The vitamin that is responsible for increasing the amount of calcium absorbed from the diet is
Vitamin D
When a cell is polarized, there is a(n) _________across the membrane.
Voltage difference
What is the function of the skeletal muscle cells?
Voluntary movement of the bones?
What type of receptor detects an increase in skin temperature?
Warm Receptor
Compound acinar gland
What is this structure?
The portions of the CNS that are composed primarily of myelinated axon bundles are often referred to as ___________ matter
White
The shoulder is what type of joint?
ball and socket
Stimulation of the reticular formation results in
increased consciousness
How are neurons classified?
structurally and functionally