Biology 2 Spring Semester Exam

The arrangement of fascicles in orbicularis is __________

circular

Muscle tissue has the ability to shorten when adequately stimulated, a characteristic known as ________

contractibility

Oxygenated blood nourishing the myocardium comes from vessels that branch off the aorta called ________

coronary arteries

The process of eliminating indigestible residues from the GI tract is called ________.

defecation

When feces are forced into the rectum by mass movements and the wall of the rectum becomes stretched, the ________ reflex is initiated.

defecation

The prime mover of arm abduction is the __________ muscle

deltoid

The process of physically and chemically breaking food particles down is referred to as _______

digestion

Enzymes and bile are carried by the hepatopancreatic ampulla into the ________.

duodenum

Which of the following is NOT a subdivision of the large intestine?

duodenum

What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine?

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

What ceramic-like substance covers the crown of a tooth?

enamel

Sandra is playing the piano for her recital. Which muscle is NOT involved in the movement of her hands and/or fingers:

extensor digitorium longus

Which sphincter operates under voluntary controll?

external anal sphincter

What does each femoral vein become as it enters the pelvis?

external iliac vein

A smooth, sustained contraction, with no evidence of relaxation, is called ______

fused, or complete, tetanus

What organ stores bile when food digestion is not occurring?

gallbladder

The hormone responsible for promoting the release of pepsinogens, mucus, and hydrochloric acid in the stomach is called ________

gastrin

Which muscle forms the curved calf of the posterior leg?

gastrocnemius

Which muscle group includes the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus?

hamstring group

The anterior portion of the palate that is supported by bone is called the ______

hard palate

Sustained elevated arterial blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg is a condition known as ________.

hypertension (high blood pressure)

Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the hip

iliopsoas

The anterior chisel-shaped teeth that are adapted for cutting are called ________

incisors

Contractions in which muscles shorten and produce movement are known as ______

isotonic contractions

Which organ is responsible for drying out undigestible food residue through water absorption and the elimination of feces?

large intestine

The walls of the _______ are sustainably thicker because that chamber acts as the more powerful systemic pump of the heart

left ventricle

Which of the following is a type of isometric exercise in which muscles increase in strength?

lifting weights

Pulmonary circulation involves blood flow to and from the heart and the _______

lungs

What is the flow of blood through a capillary bed called?

microcirculation

One neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates is known as a ________.

motor unit

An inherited disease that causes muscles to degenerate and atrophy is known as

muscular dystrophy

What is the muscular layer of the heart wall?

myocardium

According to the sliding filament theory, how does muscle contraction occur?

myosin heads from cross bridges and pull thin filaments, causing them to slide

The area in the mouth contained by the teeth is known as ________.

oral cavity proper

The point of muscle attachment to an immovable or less movable bone is known as the ______

origin

What organs are targeted by the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin to release pancreatic juice and bile into the small intestine for digestion?

pancreas, gallbladder, liver

Which set of salivary glands are situated anterior to the ear?

parotid glands

Which of these muscles is located on the ventral (anterior) side of the body?

pectoralis major

Hydrochloric acid is necessary in the stoamch for the conversion of pepsinogen active protein-digesting form called _________

pepsin

The transportation of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart is known as ________ circulation.

pulmonary

Which vessels return oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart?

pulmonary veins

The alternating expansion and recoil of an artery that occurs with each beat of the left ventricle creates a pressure wave known as a ________

pulse

Which sphincter, or valve, controls food movement from the stomach into the small intestine?

pyloric

Which muscle helps compress the abdominal contents during defecation or childbirth?

rectus abdominus

Which of the following is often called the pacemaker of the heart?

sinoatrial (SA) node

Which term does NOT describe smooth muscle cells?

skeletal

Which type of muscle tissue contracts most quickly upon stimulation?

skeletal

What does salivary amylase digest?

starch

Veins draining the head and arms empty into the ________, which carries blood to the right atrium of the heart.

superior vena cava

Which term means heart contraction?

systole

Which of the following muscles acts as a synergist to masseter and closes the jaw?

temporalis

Jason injured his hamstring muscle group during football practice. He will be unable to perform ________.

thigh extension and knee flexion

What is the purpose of mastication?

to chew, grind, and tear food into smaller pieces while in the mouth

Which of these muscles is the prime mover of elbow extension

triceps brachii

Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

tricuspid valve

The vessel that carries oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood to the fetus is the _______

umbilical vein

Large veins have ________ to prevent the backflow of blood.

valves

What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the diameter of blood vessels?

vasoconstriction

During atrial diastole, blood flows from the atria to the ________.

ventricles

What are the finger-like projections of the small intestine that increase the absorptive surface area?

villi

Which fascicle muscle is considered the "smiling" muscle since it raises the corners of the mouth?

zygomaticus

Which of the following is NOT a modification designed to increase surface area for absorption within the small intestine?

Peyer's Patches

What is acetylcholine?

a neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle to contract

What is one of the main functions of the small intestine?

absorption of nuterients

during skeletal muscle contraction, to what do myosin heads bind?

actin filaments

What is the unstoppable electrical current that travels down the length of the entire surface of a sarcolemma?

action potential

Which muscle group adducts the thighs?

adductor group

Which method of regenerating ATP during muscle contraction can produce lactic acid?

anaerobic glycolysis

Muscles that perform opposite actions to one another are termed ______

antagonists

Blood leaves the left ventricle through an artery known as the ________.

aorta

What is the largest artery in the body?

aorta

Which valve is closed during heart relaxation to prevent blood from backflowing from the aorta into the heart?

aortic semilunar valve

What large blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?

arteries

The two superior receiving chambers of the heart are known as the ______ , while the two inferior discharging chambers of the heart are known as the _______

atria, ventricles

Which of the following muscles are anatagonists?

biceps brachii and triceps brachii

Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system?

blood cell formation

Like the biceps brachii muscle, which muscle is a prime mover in elbow flexion?

brachialis

A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that adults also use for whistling or blowing a trumpet called the:

buccinator

Why are calcium ions necessary for skeletal muscle contraction?

calcium ions trigger the binding of myosin heads to actin filaments

Striated involuntary muscle tissue is classified as ________ muscle.

cardiac

Striated involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart is ______

cardiac muscle

The normal resting heart rate is about ______ times per minute

75

What creates the alternating light and dark bands that provides the striation pattern on skeletal muscle tissue?

A bands and I bands

What are the collections of lymphatic tissue found in the submucous of the small intestine?

Peyer's Patches

The pointed, inferior portion of the heart, known as the ________, rests on the diaphragm and is oriented toward the left hip.

apex

Anaerobic glycolysis requires _______ to make ATP

glucose only

Skeletal muscle, as a whole, can generate different amounts of force, and different degrees of shortening, in response to stimuli. What is this concept called?

graded response

What is the first digestive process, which involves placing food into the mouth, to occur?

ingestion

What organs are served by the renal arteries and veins?

kidneys

What is the main function of the quadriceps group?

knee extension

Which of the following consists of two large, flat muscles that cover the lower back.

latissimus dorsi

What anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its movement?

lingual frenulum

Jaundice indicates that bile has backed up into the ________ rather than entering the small intestine.

liver

Bile is formed by the ________ and stored in the ________

liver, gallbladder

What organs release secretions into the duodenum of the small intestine?

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Which of the following represents the correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal?

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Arteries are normally depicted as red while veins are colored blue due to the oxygenation of the blood being transported by each type of vessel. The exception to this rule are the ________ arteries and veins.

pulmonary

How many baby teeth will a child have by 2 years of age?

20

The portion of the tooth embedded in the jawbone is the ________

root

Large wrinkle-like folds in the stomach lining, present when the stomach is empty, that allow for expansion when the stomach is filling are called __________.

rugae