Biology 2 Spring Semester Exam
The arrangement of fascicles in orbicularis is __________
circular
Muscle tissue has the ability to shorten when adequately stimulated, a characteristic known as ________
contractibility
Oxygenated blood nourishing the myocardium comes from vessels that branch off the aorta called ________
coronary arteries
The process of eliminating indigestible residues from the GI tract is called ________.
defecation
When feces are forced into the rectum by mass movements and the wall of the rectum becomes stretched, the ________ reflex is initiated.
defecation
The prime mover of arm abduction is the __________ muscle
deltoid
The process of physically and chemically breaking food particles down is referred to as _______
digestion
Enzymes and bile are carried by the hepatopancreatic ampulla into the ________.
duodenum
Which of the following is NOT a subdivision of the large intestine?
duodenum
What are the three subdivisions of the small intestine?
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
What ceramic-like substance covers the crown of a tooth?
enamel
Sandra is playing the piano for her recital. Which muscle is NOT involved in the movement of her hands and/or fingers:
extensor digitorium longus
Which sphincter operates under voluntary controll?
external anal sphincter
What does each femoral vein become as it enters the pelvis?
external iliac vein
A smooth, sustained contraction, with no evidence of relaxation, is called ______
fused, or complete, tetanus
What organ stores bile when food digestion is not occurring?
gallbladder
The hormone responsible for promoting the release of pepsinogens, mucus, and hydrochloric acid in the stomach is called ________
gastrin
Which muscle forms the curved calf of the posterior leg?
gastrocnemius
Which muscle group includes the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, and semitendinosus?
hamstring group
The anterior portion of the palate that is supported by bone is called the ______
hard palate
Sustained elevated arterial blood pressure above 140/90 mm Hg is a condition known as ________.
hypertension (high blood pressure)
Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the hip
iliopsoas
The anterior chisel-shaped teeth that are adapted for cutting are called ________
incisors
Contractions in which muscles shorten and produce movement are known as ______
isotonic contractions
Which organ is responsible for drying out undigestible food residue through water absorption and the elimination of feces?
large intestine
The walls of the _______ are sustainably thicker because that chamber acts as the more powerful systemic pump of the heart
left ventricle
Which of the following is a type of isometric exercise in which muscles increase in strength?
lifting weights
Pulmonary circulation involves blood flow to and from the heart and the _______
lungs
What is the flow of blood through a capillary bed called?
microcirculation
One neuron and all the skeletal muscles it stimulates is known as a ________.
motor unit
An inherited disease that causes muscles to degenerate and atrophy is known as
muscular dystrophy
What is the muscular layer of the heart wall?
myocardium
According to the sliding filament theory, how does muscle contraction occur?
myosin heads from cross bridges and pull thin filaments, causing them to slide
The area in the mouth contained by the teeth is known as ________.
oral cavity proper
The point of muscle attachment to an immovable or less movable bone is known as the ______
origin
What organs are targeted by the hormones secretin and cholecystokinin to release pancreatic juice and bile into the small intestine for digestion?
pancreas, gallbladder, liver
Which set of salivary glands are situated anterior to the ear?
parotid glands
Which of these muscles is located on the ventral (anterior) side of the body?
pectoralis major
Hydrochloric acid is necessary in the stoamch for the conversion of pepsinogen active protein-digesting form called _________
pepsin
The transportation of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart is known as ________ circulation.
pulmonary
Which vessels return oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart?
pulmonary veins
The alternating expansion and recoil of an artery that occurs with each beat of the left ventricle creates a pressure wave known as a ________
pulse
Which sphincter, or valve, controls food movement from the stomach into the small intestine?
pyloric
Which muscle helps compress the abdominal contents during defecation or childbirth?
rectus abdominus
Which of the following is often called the pacemaker of the heart?
sinoatrial (SA) node
Which term does NOT describe smooth muscle cells?
skeletal
Which type of muscle tissue contracts most quickly upon stimulation?
skeletal
What does salivary amylase digest?
starch
Veins draining the head and arms empty into the ________, which carries blood to the right atrium of the heart.
superior vena cava
Which term means heart contraction?
systole
Which of the following muscles acts as a synergist to masseter and closes the jaw?
temporalis
Jason injured his hamstring muscle group during football practice. He will be unable to perform ________.
thigh extension and knee flexion
What is the purpose of mastication?
to chew, grind, and tear food into smaller pieces while in the mouth
Which of these muscles is the prime mover of elbow extension
triceps brachii
Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?
tricuspid valve
The vessel that carries oxygenated and nutrient-rich blood to the fetus is the _______
umbilical vein
Large veins have ________ to prevent the backflow of blood.
valves
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the diameter of blood vessels?
vasoconstriction
During atrial diastole, blood flows from the atria to the ________.
ventricles
What are the finger-like projections of the small intestine that increase the absorptive surface area?
villi
Which fascicle muscle is considered the "smiling" muscle since it raises the corners of the mouth?
zygomaticus
Which of the following is NOT a modification designed to increase surface area for absorption within the small intestine?
Peyer's Patches
What is acetylcholine?
a neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle to contract
What is one of the main functions of the small intestine?
absorption of nuterients
during skeletal muscle contraction, to what do myosin heads bind?
actin filaments
What is the unstoppable electrical current that travels down the length of the entire surface of a sarcolemma?
action potential
Which muscle group adducts the thighs?
adductor group
Which method of regenerating ATP during muscle contraction can produce lactic acid?
anaerobic glycolysis
Muscles that perform opposite actions to one another are termed ______
antagonists
Blood leaves the left ventricle through an artery known as the ________.
aorta
What is the largest artery in the body?
aorta
Which valve is closed during heart relaxation to prevent blood from backflowing from the aorta into the heart?
aortic semilunar valve
What large blood vessels carry blood away from the heart?
arteries
The two superior receiving chambers of the heart are known as the ______ , while the two inferior discharging chambers of the heart are known as the _______
atria, ventricles
Which of the following muscles are anatagonists?
biceps brachii and triceps brachii
Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system?
blood cell formation
Like the biceps brachii muscle, which muscle is a prime mover in elbow flexion?
brachialis
A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that adults also use for whistling or blowing a trumpet called the:
buccinator
Why are calcium ions necessary for skeletal muscle contraction?
calcium ions trigger the binding of myosin heads to actin filaments
Striated involuntary muscle tissue is classified as ________ muscle.
cardiac
Striated involuntary muscle tissue found in the heart is ______
cardiac muscle
The normal resting heart rate is about ______ times per minute
75
What creates the alternating light and dark bands that provides the striation pattern on skeletal muscle tissue?
A bands and I bands
What are the collections of lymphatic tissue found in the submucous of the small intestine?
Peyer's Patches
The pointed, inferior portion of the heart, known as the ________, rests on the diaphragm and is oriented toward the left hip.
apex
Anaerobic glycolysis requires _______ to make ATP
glucose only
Skeletal muscle, as a whole, can generate different amounts of force, and different degrees of shortening, in response to stimuli. What is this concept called?
graded response
What is the first digestive process, which involves placing food into the mouth, to occur?
ingestion
What organs are served by the renal arteries and veins?
kidneys
What is the main function of the quadriceps group?
knee extension
Which of the following consists of two large, flat muscles that cover the lower back.
latissimus dorsi
What anchors the tongue to the floor of the mouth and limits its movement?
lingual frenulum
Jaundice indicates that bile has backed up into the ________ rather than entering the small intestine.
liver
Bile is formed by the ________ and stored in the ________
liver, gallbladder
What organs release secretions into the duodenum of the small intestine?
liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Which of the following represents the correct order through which food passes in the alimentary canal?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
Arteries are normally depicted as red while veins are colored blue due to the oxygenation of the blood being transported by each type of vessel. The exception to this rule are the ________ arteries and veins.
pulmonary
How many baby teeth will a child have by 2 years of age?
20
The portion of the tooth embedded in the jawbone is the ________
root
Large wrinkle-like folds in the stomach lining, present when the stomach is empty, that allow for expansion when the stomach is filling are called __________.
rugae
